How we'll fight the next deadly virus | Pardis Sabeti

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Milenka Okuka

You may never have heard of Kenema, Sierra Leone

Možda nikada niste čuli za Kenemu u Sijera Leoneu

or Arua, Nigeria.

ili Aruu u Nigeriji.

But I know them as two of the most extraordinary places on earth.

Ali ja ih znam kao jedne od najizuzetnijih gradova na svetu.

In hospitals there, there's a community of nurses, physicians and scientists

U njihovim bolnicama postoje zajednice medicinskih sestara, doktora i naučnika

koji su godinama vodili tihu borbu

that have been quietly battling

one of the deadliest threats to humanity for years:

sa jednom od najsmrtonosnijih pretnji za čovečanstvo:

Lassa virus.

sa virusom Lasa.

Lassa virus is a lot like Ebola.

Virus Lasa je u mnogo čemu sličan eboli.

It can cause a severe fever and can often be fatal.

Može izazvati tešku groznicu, a često je i smrtonosan.

But these individuals, they risk their lives every day

Ali ovi ljudi svakodnevno rizikuju svoj život

to protect the individuals in their communities,

kako bi zažtitili druge iz svoje zajednice,

and by doing so, protect us all.

a zapravo, tako štite nas sve.

But one of the most extraordinary things I learned about them

Ali jedna od najizuzetnijih stvari koje sam naučila o njima,

on one of my first visits out there many years ago

prilikom jedne od mojih prvih poseta pre mnogo godina,

was that they start each morning --

jeste da oni svako jutro započinju

these challenging, extraordinary days on the front lines -- by singing.

te izuzetno zahtevne i teške dane - pevajući.

They gather together, and they show their joy.

Okupe se i pokazuju radost.

They show their spirit.

Pokazuju svoj duh.

And over the years,

I vremenom,

from year after year as I've visited them and they've visited me,

kako sam ih posećivala godinu za godinom, a i oni mene,

I get to gather with them and I sing

i bih im se pridružila i pevala

and we write and we love it,

i pišemo, i volimo to

because it reminds us that we're not just there to pursue science together;

jer nas to podseća da nismo tu samo da bismo izučavali nauku zajedno;

we're bonded through a shared humanity.

vezani smo kroz zajedničku ljudskost.

And that of course, as you can imagine, becomes extremely important,

I to, naravno, možete pretpostaviti, postaje veoma važno,

even essential, as things begin to change.

čak i neophodno, jer stvari počinju da se menjaju.

And that changed a great deal in March of 2014,

A to se mnogo promenilo u martu 2014. godine,

when the Ebola outbreak was declared in Guinea.

kada je epidemija ebole proglašena u Gvineji.

This is the first outbreak in West Africa,

To je bio prvi slučaj u Zapadnoj Africi,

near the border of Sierra Leone and Liberia.

nadomak granice Sijera Leonea i Liberije.

And it was frightening, frightening for us all.

Bilo je zastrašujuće, zastrašujuče za sve nas.

We had actually suspected for some time

Zapravo, neko vreme smo sumnjali

that Lassa and Ebola were more widespread than thought,

da su Lasa i ebola rasprostranjeniji nego što se mislilo

and we thought it could one day come to Kenema.

i mislili smo da bi jednog dana mogli doći u Kenemu.

And so members of my team immediately went out

Članovi mog tima odmah su otišli tamo

and joined Dr. Humarr Khan and his team there,

i pridružili se dr. Humaru Kanu i njegovom timu,

and we set up diagnostics to be able to have sensitive molecular tests

i uspostavili smo dijagnozu da bismo mogli da radimo molekularne testove

to pick up Ebola if it came across the border

da pokupimo ebolu ako pređe granicu

and into Sierra Leone.

Sijera Leonea.

We'd already set up this kind of capacity for Lassa virus,

Već smo odredili kapacitet virusa Lasa,

we knew how to do it,

znali smo kako da to uradimo,

the team is outstanding.

tim je izvanredan.

We just had to give them the tools and place to survey for Ebola.

Trebalo je samo da im damo alat i mesto gde će nadzirati ebolu.

And unfortunately, that day came.

I, nažalost, došao je taj dan.

On May 23, 2014, a woman checked into the maternity ward at the hospital,

23. maja 2014. godine, jedna žena je bila na pregledu na odeljenju za trudnice,

and the team ran those important molecular tests

i tim je uradio one važne molekularne testove

and they identified the first confirmed case of Ebola in Sierra Leone.

i identifikovali su prvi potvrđen slučaj ebole u Sijera Leoneu.

This was an exceptional work that was done.

Odradili su fantastičan posao.

They were able to diagnose the case immediately,

Mogli su odmah da ustanove dijagnozu

to safely treat the patient

kako bi bezbedno lečili pacijentkinju

and to begin to do contact tracing to follow what was going on.

i započeli potražnju kontakata da prate šta se dešava.

It could've stopped something.

To je moglo da zaustavi nešto.

But by the time that day came,

Ali do tada,

the outbreak had already been breeding for months.

virus se već mesecima širio.

With hundreds of cases, it had already eclipsed all previous outbreaks.

Sa stotinama slučajeva, već je zasenio sve prethodne epidemije.

And it came into Sierra Leone not as that singular case,

I u Sijera Leone nije došao kao samo jedan slučaj,

but as a tidal wave.

već kao veliki talas.

We had to work with the international community,

Morali smo da radimo sa međunarodnom zajednicom,

with the Ministry of Health, with Kenema, to begin to deal with the cases,

sa Ministarstvom zdravlja, sa Kenemom, da bismo počeli da rešavamo slučajeve

as the next week brought 31,

jer ih je naredne nedelje bilo 31,

then 92, then 147 cases -- all coming to Kenema,

zatim 92, zatim 147 slučajeva, svi dolaze u Kenemu,

one of the only places in Sierra Leone that could deal with this.

jedino mesto u Sijera Leoneu koje je moglo da se izbori s tim.

And we worked around the clock trying to do everything we could,

Radili smo non-stop, davali sve od sebe,

pokušavali da pomognemo ljudima, pokušavali da privučemo pažnju,

trying to help the individuals, trying to get attention,

but we also did one other simple thing.

ali uradili smo još nešto, jednostavno.

From that specimen that we take from a patient's blood to detect Ebola,

Taj uzorak koji uzmemo iz krvi pacijenta obolelog od ebole

we can discard it, obviously.

možemo, naravno, baciti.

The other thing we can do is, actually, put in a chemical and deactivate it,

Ali možemo uraditi i nešto drugo, ubaciti hemikaliju i deaktivirati ga,

so just place it into a box and ship it across the ocean,

zatim ga spakovati u kutiju i poslati brodom preko okeana,

and that's what we did.

a to smo i uradili.

We sent it to Boston, where my team works.

Poslali smo ga u Boston, gde moj tim radi.

And we also worked around the clock doing shift work, day after day,

Radili smo po ceo dan, svaki dan.

and we quickly generated 99 genomes of the Ebola virus.

Brzo smo proizveli 99 genoma virusa ebole.

This is the blueprint -- the genome of a virus is the blueprint.

To je shema - genom virusa je shema.

We all have one.

Svi je imamo.

It says everything that makes up us,

Govori o svemu što nas čini,

and it tells us so much information.

i daje mnogo informacija.

The results of this kind of work are simple and they're powerful.

Rezultati ovakvog rada su jednostavni i moćni.

We could actually take these 99 different viruses,

Mogli smo da uzmemo tih 99 različitih virusa,

look at them and compare them,

da ih gledamo i uporedimo

and we could see, actually, compared to three genomes

i mogli smo zapravo da vidimo, u poređenju sa 3 genoma

that had been previously published from Guinea,

koji su bili objavljeni prethodno u Gvineji,

we could show that the outbreak emerged in Guinea months before,

mogli smo da pokažemo da epidemija koja se pojavila u Gvineji mesecima ranije

once into the human population,

kada jednom dospe u ljudsku populaciju,

and from there had been transmitting from human to human.

prenosi se sa čoveka na čoveka.

Now, that's incredibly important

Dakle, to je veoma važno

when you're trying to figure out how to intervene,

kada pokušavaš da dokučiš kako da intervenišeš,

but the important thing is contact tracing.

ali važno je i traženje kontakata.

We also could see that as the virus was moving between humans,

Mogli smo takođe videti da, prelazeći sa čoveka na čoveka,

it was mutating.

virus je mutirao.

And each of those mutations are so important,

I svaka od ovih mutacija je toliko važna,

because the diagnostics, the vaccines,

jer dijagnoza, vakcine,

the therapies that we're using,

terapije koje koristimo,

are all based on that genome sequence, fundamentally --

sve su zasnovane na nizu genoma, u osnovi -

that's what drives it.

tako ide.

And so global health experts would need to respond,

Zbog toga bi svetski zdravstveni eksperti morali da odgovore,

would have to develop,

morali bi da razviju,

to recalibrate everything that they were doing.

da ponovo kalibriraju sve što su radili.

But the way that science works, the position I was in at that point

Ali način na koji nauka funkcioniše, pozicija u kojoj sam bila tada

is, I had the data,

je: imala sam podatke,

and I could have worked in a silo for many, many months,

i mogla sam da radim u silosu mnogo, mnogo meseci,

analyzed the data carefully, slowly,

da pažljivo i polako analiziram podatke,

submitted the paper for publication, gone through a few back-and-forths,

da predam dokumenta za objavu, prođem sve ponovo,

and then finally when the paper came out, might release that data.

i napokon kada dokumenti budu objavljeni, mogu i podaci.

That's the way the status quo works.

Tako je to funkcionisalo.

Well, that was not going to work at this point, right?

Ali, tada to nije moglo tako da funkcioniše, zar ne?

We had friends on the front lines

Imali smo prijatelje na mestu dešavanja

and to us it was just obvious that what we needed is help,

i nama je bilo očigledno da nam je bila potrebna pomoć,

lots of help.

velika pomoć.

So the first thing we did is,

Prvo što smo uradili,

as soon as the sequences came off the machines,

čim su analize bile gotove,

we published it to the web.

objavili smo ih na internetu.

We just released it to the whole world and said, "Help us."

Objavili smo ih da ceo svet vidi, i rekli: "Pomozite nam."

And help came.

I pomoć je stigla.

Before we knew it,

Pre nego što smo saznali,

we were being contacted from people all over,

kontaktirali su s nama ljudi iz celog sveta,

surprised to see the data out there and released.

koji su bili iznenađeni što su podaci objavljeni.

Some of the greatest viral trackers in the world

Neki od najvećih istraživača virusa na svetu

were suddenly part of our community.

odjednom, postali su deo naše zajednice.

We were working together in this virtual way,

Radili smo zajedno virtualno,

sharing, regular calls, communications,

razmenjivali pozive, dopise,

trying to follow the virus minute by minute,

pokušavali da pratimo virus iz minuta u minut

to see ways that we could stop it.

kako bismo pronašli način da ga zaustavimo.

And there are so many ways that we can form communities like that.

Ima toliko načina da se takve zajednice stvore.

Everybody, particularly when the outbreak started to expand globally,

Svi su hteli da nauče, da učestvuju, da se angažuju,

was reaching out to learn, to participate, to engage.

pogotovo kada je virus počeo globalno da se širi.

Everybody wants to play a part.

Svi žele da budu deo toga.

The amount of human capacity out there is just amazing,

Neverovatno je koliko ima ljudi,

and the Internet connects us all.

a internet nas spaja sve.

And could you imagine that instead of being frightened of each other,

I možete li da zamislite da smo, umesto da se bojimo jedni drugih,

that we all just said, "Let's do this.

rekli: ''Hajde da uradimo to.

Let's work together, and let's make this happen."

Hajde da radimo zajedno i ostvarimo ovo.''

But the problem is that the data that all of us are using,

Ali problem su ti podaci koje svi mi koristimo,

Googling on the web, is just too limited to do what we need to do.

pretražujući po internetu, previše su ograničeni za ono što radimo.

And so many opportunities get missed when that happens.

I propuštamo toliko prilika kada se to dogodi.

So in the early part of the epidemic from Kenema,

U ranom delu epidemije u Kenemi,

we'd had 106 clinical records from patients,

imali smo 106 kliničkih dosijea od pacijenata,

and we once again made that publicly available to the world.

i opet smo to objavili da vidi ceo svet.

And in our own lab, we could show that you could take those 106 records,

U sopstvenoj laboratoriji, pokazali smo da možete uzeti tih 106 dosijea,

we could train computers to predict the prognosis for Ebola patients

mogli smo da obučimo kompjutere da predvide prognoze virusa ebole

to near 100 percent accuracy.

do preciznosti od 100%.

And we made an app that could release that,

Napravili smo aplikaciju koja to može da objavi,

to make that available to health-care workers in the field.

da ga učini dostupnim medicinskim radnicima širom sveta.

But 106 is just not enough to make it powerful,

Ali 106 prosto nije dovoljno da je učini moćnom,

to validate it.

da je utvrdi.

So we were waiting for more data to release that.

Čekali smo na još podataka da objavimo to,

and the data has still not come.

a podaci nisu stizali.

We are still waiting, tweaking away,

Još čekamo i nerviramo se u silosu

in silos rather than working together.

umesto da radimo zajedno.

And this just -- we can't accept that.

A ovo - nismo mogli da prihvatimo.

Right? You, all of you, cannot accept that.

Zar ne? Svi vi ne možete to prihvatiti.

It's our lives on the line.

Naši životi su u pitanju.

And in fact, actually,

Zapravo,

many lives were lost, many health-care workers,

izgubljeno je mnogo života, mnogo medicinskih radnika,

including beloved colleagues of mine,

uključujući meni drage kolege,

five colleagues: Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi,

pet kolega: Mbalu Foni, Aleks Moigboi,

Dr. Humarr Khan, Alice Kovoma and Mohamed Fullah.

dr. Humar Kan, Alis Kovoma i Muhamed Fulah.

These are just five of many health-care workers

Ovo je samo pet od mnogih zdravstvenih radnika

at Kenema and beyond

u Kenemi i dalje

that died while the world waited and while we all worked,

koji su umrli dok je svet čekao i dok smo svi radili,

quietly and separately.

tiho i odvojeno.

See, Ebola, like all threats to humanity,

Vidite, ebola, kao i sve druge pretnje čovečanstvu,

it's fueled by mistrust and distraction and division.

uspeva iz nepoverenja, ometanja i podele.

When we build barriers amongst ourselves and we fight amongst ourselves,

Kada između sebe izgradimo zidove i međusobno se borimo,

the virus thrives.

virus uspeva.

But unlike all threats to humanity,

Ali za razliku od svih pretnji po čovečanstvo,

Ebola is one where we're actually all the same.

ebola je takva da smo svi isti.

We're all in this fight together.

Svi se zajedno borimo.

Ebola on one person's doorstep could soon be on ours.

Ebola na mom pragu može uskoro biti na vašem.

And so in this place with the same vulnerabilities,

U ovom mestu, sa istim ranjivostima,

the same strengths, the same fears, the same hopes,

istim snagama, strahovima i nadama,

I hope that we work together with joy.

nadam se da ćemo zajedno raditi s radošću.

A graduate student of mine was reading a book about Sierra Leone,

Jedna od mojih studetnkinja čitala je knjigu o Sijera Leoneu

and she discovered that the word "Kenema,"

i otkrila je da reč "Kenema",

the hospital that we work at and the city where we work in Sierra Leone,

to je bolnica gde smo radili i grad gde smo bili,

is named after the Mende word for "clear like a river, translucent

ima poreklo u reči iz Mendea koja znači "čist kao reka, providan

and open to the public gaze."

i otvoren pogledima javnosti."

That was really profound for us,

To nam je zaista bilo dubokoumno

because without knowing it, we'd always felt

jer smo bez tog saznanja uvek osećali

that in order to honor the individuals in Kenema where we worked,

da kako bismo odali poštu pojedincima s kojima smo radili u Kenemi,

we had to work openly, we had to share and we had to work together.

morali smo da radimo otvoreno, da delimo i da radimo zajedno.

And we have to do that.

I moramo da radimo to.

We all have to demand that of ourselves and others --

Svi to moramo zahtevati od sebe i od drugih -

to be open to each other when an outbreak happens,

da budemo međusobno otvoreni kada se epidemija desi,

to fight in this fight together.

da se borimo zajedno.

Because this is not the first outbreak of Ebola,

Pošto ovo nije prva epidemija ebole,

it will not be the last,

neće biti poslednja

and there are many other microbes out there that are lying in wait,

i postoje mnogi drugi mikrobi koji stoje i čekaju,

like Lassa virus and others.

poput virusa Lasa i drugih.

And the next time this happens,

I naredni put kada se ovo desi,

it could happen in a city of millions, it could start there.

može se desiti u milionskom gradu, može tamo početi.

It could be something that's transmitted through the air.

Može biti nešto što se prenosi vazdušnim putem.

It could even be disseminated intentionally.

Može se čak namerno širiti.

And I know that that is frightening, I understand that,

Znam da je ovo zastrašujuće, razumem to,

but I know also, and this experience shows us,

ali takođe znam, a ovo iskustvo nam to pokazuje

that we have the technology and we have the capacity

da imamo tehnologiju i kapacitete

to win this thing,

da pobedimo u ovoj stvari,

to win this and have the upper hand over viruses.

da pobedimo i budemo u prednosti nad virusima.

But we can only do it if we do it together

Ali to možemo uraditi samo radeći zajedno

and we do it with joy.

a to radimo s radošću.

So for Dr. Khan

Za dr Kana

and for all of those who sacrificed their lives on the front lines

i sve druge koji su žrtvovali svoje živote u prvim redovima borbe

in this fight with us always,

i koji se uvek bore uz nas,

let us be in this fight with them always.

borimo se uvek uz njih.

And let us not let the world be defined

I hajde da ne dozvolimo da svet definiše

by the destruction wrought by one virus,

uništenje jednog virusa,

but illuminated by billions of hearts and minds

već da ga osvetle milijarde srca i umova

working in unity.

koji rade zajedno.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)