How we'll fight the next deadly virus | Pardis Sabeti

86,996 views ใƒป 2016-02-25

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Roni Ravia
00:13
You may never have heard of Kenema, Sierra Leone
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืงื ืžื”, ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ
00:15
or Arua, Nigeria.
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ืื• ืืจื•ืื”, ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
00:17
But I know them as two of the most extraordinary places on earth.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:21
In hospitals there, there's a community of nurses, physicians and scientists
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื, ื™ืฉื ื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
00:27
that have been quietly battling
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ืฉื ืœื—ืžืช ื‘ืฉืงื˜
00:28
one of the deadliest threats to humanity for years:
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืฉื ื™ื:
00:31
Lassa virus.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืœืืกื”.
00:33
Lassa virus is a lot like Ebola.
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ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืœืืกื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื‘ื•ืœื”.
00:35
It can cause a severe fever and can often be fatal.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื.
00:39
But these individuals, they risk their lives every day
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™
00:43
to protect the individuals in their communities,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
00:45
and by doing so, protect us all.
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื ื–ืืช, ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
00:49
But one of the most extraordinary things I learned about them
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื
00:52
on one of my first visits out there many years ago
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื
00:54
was that they start each morning --
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ --
00:56
these challenging, extraordinary days on the front lines -- by singing.
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ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช -- ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”.
01:01
They gather together, and they show their joy.
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ื”ื ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื—ืชื.
01:05
They show their spirit.
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ืžืจืื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื—ื.
01:06
And over the years,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
01:07
from year after year as I've visited them and they've visited me,
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ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจืช ืื•ืชื ืื• ื”ื ืื•ืชื™,
01:10
I get to gather with them and I sing
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ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืืกืฃ ื•ืœืฉื™ืจ ืื™ืชื
01:12
and we write and we love it,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื,
01:15
because it reminds us that we're not just there to pursue science together;
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืฉื ืจืง ืœืฉื ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ;
01:18
we're bonded through a shared humanity.
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ืืœื ืื ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
01:21
And that of course, as you can imagine, becomes extremely important,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื, ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
01:25
even essential, as things begin to change.
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ื•ืืฃ ื ืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™, ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
01:28
And that changed a great deal in March of 2014,
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2014,
01:33
when the Ebola outbreak was declared in Guinea.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ืื”.
01:36
This is the first outbreak in West Africa,
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
01:38
near the border of Sierra Leone and Liberia.
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ืœื™ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื”.
01:42
And it was frightening, frightening for us all.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
01:44
We had actually suspected for some time
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ื—ืฉื“ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”
01:46
that Lassa and Ebola were more widespread than thought,
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ืฉืœืืกื” ื•ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขื“ ืื–,
01:49
and we thought it could one day come to Kenema.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงื ืžื”.
01:51
And so members of my team immediately went out
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ื•ื›ืš ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื™ืฆืื• ืžื™ื™ื“
01:54
and joined Dr. Humarr Khan and his team there,
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ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืžืืจ ืงืืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืฉื,
01:56
and we set up diagnostics to be able to have sensitive molecular tests
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืงืžื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื
02:00
to pick up Ebola if it came across the border
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ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ
02:02
and into Sierra Leone.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ.
02:03
We'd already set up this kind of capacity for Lassa virus,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืžื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืœืืกื”,
02:06
we knew how to do it,
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
02:08
the team is outstanding.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
02:09
We just had to give them the tools and place to survey for Ebola.
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ืจืง ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
02:13
And unfortunately, that day came.
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข.
02:14
On May 23, 2014, a woman checked into the maternity ward at the hospital,
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ื‘ 23 ื‘ืžืื™ 2014, ืื™ืฉื” ืื•ืฉืคื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
02:19
and the team ran those important molecular tests
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
02:23
and they identified the first confirmed case of Ebola in Sierra Leone.
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ื•ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ.
02:28
This was an exceptional work that was done.
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ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
02:30
They were able to diagnose the case immediately,
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ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
02:32
to safely treat the patient
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ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื”
02:34
and to begin to do contact tracing to follow what was going on.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
02:37
It could've stopped something.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช
02:39
But by the time that day came,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื–ื”,
02:42
the outbreak had already been breeding for months.
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ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”, ืžื–ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:45
With hundreds of cases, it had already eclipsed all previous outbreaks.
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ืขื ืžืื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืืคื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช.
02:48
And it came into Sierra Leone not as that singular case,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ ืœื ื›ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“,
02:52
but as a tidal wave.
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ืืœื ื›ื’ืœ ืื™ืžืชื ื™.
02:54
We had to work with the international community,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
02:56
with the Ministry of Health, with Kenema, to begin to deal with the cases,
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ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืขื ืงื ืžื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
03:00
as the next week brought 31,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ื”ื‘ื™ื 31,
03:02
then 92, then 147 cases -- all coming to Kenema,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ 92 ื•- 147 ืžืงืจื™ื -- ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงื ืžื”,
03:05
one of the only places in Sierra Leone that could deal with this.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื›ื–ื”.
03:09
And we worked around the clock trying to do everything we could,
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื ื•
03:13
trying to help the individuals, trying to get attention,
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
03:16
but we also did one other simple thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:18
From that specimen that we take from a patient's blood to detect Ebola,
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ืžื”ืžื“ื’ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ืœืงื— ืžื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื” --
03:22
we can discard it, obviously.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืœืคื— --
03:24
The other thing we can do is, actually, put in a chemical and deactivate it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ืœื ื˜ืจืœื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ,
03:28
so just place it into a box and ship it across the ocean,
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ื•ืื– ืจืง ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคืกื” ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
03:30
and that's what we did.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
03:32
We sent it to Boston, where my team works.
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ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
03:34
And we also worked around the clock doing shift work, day after day,
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช, ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื,
03:38
and we quickly generated 99 genomes of the Ebola virus.
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช 99 ื’ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
03:42
This is the blueprint -- the genome of a virus is the blueprint.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ -- ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื‘.
03:45
We all have one.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื›ื–ื•.
03:46
It says everything that makes up us,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ืžืžื” ืื ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
03:48
and it tells us so much information.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื‘.
03:50
The results of this kind of work are simple and they're powerful.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช.
03:54
We could actually take these 99 different viruses,
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ื™ื›ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช 99 ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:56
look at them and compare them,
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
03:58
and we could see, actually, compared to three genomes
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ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื’ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ืื”
04:01
that had been previously published from Guinea,
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ืฉืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
04:04
we could show that the outbreak emerged in Guinea months before,
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ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ืื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ --
04:07
once into the human population,
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ืขื ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
04:09
and from there had been transmitting from human to human.
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ื•ืžืฉื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
04:12
Now, that's incredibly important
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”
04:13
when you're trying to figure out how to intervene,
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ื›ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘,
04:16
but the important thing is contact tracing.
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ืืš ื’ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืชืจ ืืช ืืœื• ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
04:18
We also could see that as the virus was moving between humans,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ืข ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื,
04:21
it was mutating.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
04:23
And each of those mutations are so important,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
04:25
because the diagnostics, the vaccines,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื,
04:27
the therapies that we're using,
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื• ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื,
04:29
are all based on that genome sequence, fundamentally --
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืจื™ืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ื, ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก --
04:32
that's what drives it.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื.
04:33
And so global health experts would need to respond,
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืื,
04:36
would have to develop,
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ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
04:37
to recalibrate everything that they were doing.
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ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
04:41
But the way that science works, the position I was in at that point
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื,
04:44
is, I had the data,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
04:45
and I could have worked in a silo for many, many months,
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
04:48
analyzed the data carefully, slowly,
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ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
04:50
submitted the paper for publication, gone through a few back-and-forths,
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืคืจืกื•ื, ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื,
04:53
and then finally when the paper came out, might release that data.
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ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชืคืจืกื, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื™.
04:56
That's the way the status quo works.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“.
04:59
Well, that was not going to work at this point, right?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:01
We had friends on the front lines
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช
05:03
and to us it was just obvious that what we needed is help,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื–ืจื”,
05:06
lots of help.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื–ืจื”.
05:07
So the first thing we did is,
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ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื”,
05:09
as soon as the sequences came off the machines,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืจืฆืคื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
05:12
we published it to the web.
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ืคืจืกืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
05:13
We just released it to the whole world and said, "Help us."
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคืจืกืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”: "ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื•".
05:16
And help came.
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ื•ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื”.
05:17
Before we knew it,
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”,
05:18
we were being contacted from people all over,
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ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืืœื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
05:21
surprised to see the data out there and released.
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ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
05:23
Some of the greatest viral trackers in the world
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ื›ืžื” ืžืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:25
were suddenly part of our community.
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:28
We were working together in this virtual way,
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช,
05:30
sharing, regular calls, communications,
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ื—ืœืงื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข, ืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื•, ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื ื•,
05:33
trying to follow the virus minute by minute,
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ,
05:36
to see ways that we could stop it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
05:39
And there are so many ways that we can form communities like that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื•.
05:43
Everybody, particularly when the outbreak started to expand globally,
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ื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
05:47
was reaching out to learn, to participate, to engage.
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ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“, ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ, ืœืชืจื•ื.
05:51
Everybody wants to play a part.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง.
05:53
The amount of human capacity out there is just amazing,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
05:56
and the Internet connects us all.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
05:57
And could you imagine that instead of being frightened of each other,
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ื•ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื, ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™,
06:01
that we all just said, "Let's do this.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืืžืจื ื•, "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
06:03
Let's work together, and let's make this happen."
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื ื™ืจืชื ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”".
06:05
But the problem is that the data that all of us are using,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
06:08
Googling on the web, is just too limited to do what we need to do.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•.
06:12
And so many opportunities get missed when that happens.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืžืฆื•ืช.
06:15
So in the early part of the epidemic from Kenema,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืงื ืžื”,
06:17
we'd had 106 clinical records from patients,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• 106 ืชื™ืงื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
06:20
and we once again made that publicly available to the world.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืคืจืกืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืขื•ืœื.
06:23
And in our own lab, we could show that you could take those 106 records,
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ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช 106 ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
06:26
we could train computers to predict the prognosis for Ebola patients
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ื•ืœืืžืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื”
06:30
to near 100 percent accuracy.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 100 ืื—ื•ื–.
06:32
And we made an app that could release that,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ
06:34
to make that available to health-care workers in the field.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
06:37
But 106 is just not enough to make it powerful,
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ืื‘ืœ 106 ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืžื ื”,
06:40
to validate it.
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ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืงืฃ.
06:41
So we were waiting for more data to release that.
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ืื– ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”.
06:44
and the data has still not come.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข.
06:46
We are still waiting, tweaking away,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื›ื™ื, ืžืจื•ื˜ื™ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื
06:49
in silos rather than working together.
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ื‘ื—ืฉืื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“.
06:51
And this just -- we can't accept that.
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ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ -- ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
06:54
Right? You, all of you, cannot accept that.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ืืชื, ื›ื•ืœื›ื, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
06:58
It's our lives on the line.
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ืืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืง.
06:59
And in fact, actually,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืขืฆื,
07:01
many lives were lost, many health-care workers,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื“ื•, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
07:04
including beloved colleagues of mine,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
07:05
five colleagues: Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi,
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช: ืžื‘ืœืื• ืคื•ื ื™, ืืœื›ืก ืžื•ื™ื’ื•ื‘ื™,
07:09
Dr. Humarr Khan, Alice Kovoma and Mohamed Fullah.
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ื“ืจ. ื”ื•ืžืืจ ืงืืŸ, ืืœื™ืก ืงื•ื‘ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืคื•ืœื.
07:13
These are just five of many health-care workers
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
07:16
at Kenema and beyond
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ื‘ืงื ืžื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:18
that died while the world waited and while we all worked,
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ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ื›ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื ื•,
07:21
quietly and separately.
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ื‘ื—ืฉืื™ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
07:23
See, Ebola, like all threats to humanity,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•, ืื‘ื•ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
07:25
it's fueled by mistrust and distraction and division.
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ืžืชื•ื“ืœืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
07:29
When we build barriers amongst ourselves and we fight amongst ourselves,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื•,
07:32
the virus thrives.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžืฉื’ืฉื’.
07:34
But unlike all threats to humanity,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
07:36
Ebola is one where we're actually all the same.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
07:39
We're all in this fight together.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“.
07:41
Ebola on one person's doorstep could soon be on ours.
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ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืชื ื• ืฉืœื ื•.
07:44
And so in this place with the same vulnerabilities,
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช,
07:47
the same strengths, the same fears, the same hopes,
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ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืชื ืคื—ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืชืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ืช,
07:49
I hope that we work together with joy.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื™ืจืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœื.
07:54
A graduate student of mine was reading a book about Sierra Leone,
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ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ ืงืจืื” ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ,
07:57
and she discovered that the word "Kenema,"
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” "ืงื ืžื”ืด,
07:59
the hospital that we work at and the city where we work in Sierra Leone,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื•ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืกื™ื™ืจื” ืœืื•ืŸ,
08:03
is named after the Mende word for "clear like a river, translucent
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ืžืฉืžืขื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื ื“ื”: "ืฆืœื•ืœ ื›ืžื• ื ื”ืจ,
ืฉืงื•ืฃ ื•ืคืชื•ื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืด.
08:07
and open to the public gaze."
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08:09
That was really profound for us,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
08:11
because without knowing it, we'd always felt
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื–ืืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื•
08:13
that in order to honor the individuals in Kenema where we worked,
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ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื ืžื”, ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื•
08:16
we had to work openly, we had to share and we had to work together.
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™, ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
08:21
And we have to do that.
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ื•ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
08:22
We all have to demand that of ourselves and others --
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ืžืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ืžืื—ืจื™ื --
08:26
to be open to each other when an outbreak happens,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช,
08:28
to fight in this fight together.
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ืœืฆืืช ืœืงืจื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
08:30
Because this is not the first outbreak of Ebola,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
08:33
it will not be the last,
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ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
08:35
and there are many other microbes out there that are lying in wait,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
08:38
like Lassa virus and others.
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ื›ืžื• ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืœืืกื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:39
And the next time this happens,
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ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”,
08:41
it could happen in a city of millions, it could start there.
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ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื” ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืฉื.
08:44
It could be something that's transmitted through the air.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ื™ืจ.
08:47
It could even be disseminated intentionally.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
08:49
And I know that that is frightening, I understand that,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื–ื”,
08:52
but I know also, and this experience shows us,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื” ืœื ื•,
08:54
that we have the technology and we have the capacity
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
08:58
to win this thing,
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ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื–ื”.
08:59
to win this and have the upper hand over viruses.
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ืœื ืฆื— ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื.
09:02
But we can only do it if we do it together
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืจืง ืขื ื ืคืขืœ ื™ื—ื“
09:05
and we do it with joy.
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ื•ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœื.
09:06
So for Dr. Khan
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจ. ืงืืŸ
09:08
and for all of those who sacrificed their lives on the front lines
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืฉื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช
09:12
in this fight with us always,
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ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืชื ื• ืชืžื™ื“,
09:15
let us be in this fight with them always.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“.
09:17
And let us not let the world be defined
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ
09:19
by the destruction wrought by one virus,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืจืก ืฉื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื—ื“,
09:21
but illuminated by billions of hearts and minds
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ืืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช
09:24
working in unity.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
09:25
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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