How we'll fight the next deadly virus | Pardis Sabeti

Translator: Gita Arimanda Reviewer: Mardiyanto Saahi

You may never have heard of Kenema, Sierra Leone

Mungkin Anda belum pernah mendengar Kenema, Sierra Leone

or Arua, Nigeria.

atau Arua, Nigeria.

But I know them as two of the most extraordinary places on earth.

Namun saya tahu keduanya adalah tempat yang luar biasa di dunia.

In hospitals there, there's a community of nurses, physicians and scientists

Rumah sakit di sana memiliki komunitas perawat, dokter, dan ilmuwan

that have been quietly battling

yang diam-diam berjuang melawan

one of the deadliest threats to humanity for years:

ancaman paling mematikan bagi manusia selama bertahun-tahun:

Lassa virus.

Virus Lassa

Lassa virus is a lot like Ebola.

Virus Lassa sangat mirip dengan Ebola.

It can cause a severe fever and can often be fatal.

Ia bisa menyebabkan demam tinggi dan sering berakibat fatal.

But these individuals, they risk their lives every day

Namun orang-orang ini mempertaruhkan hidup mereka setiap hari

to protect the individuals in their communities,

demi melindungi orang-orang di masyarakat mereka

and by doing so, protect us all.

dan sekaligus, melindungi kita semua.

But one of the most extraordinary things I learned about them

Satu hal luar biasa yang saya pelajari tentang mereka

pada kunjungan pertama saya beberapa tahun lalu adalah

on one of my first visits out there many years ago

was that they start each morning --

mereka mengawali hari --

these challenging, extraordinary days on the front lines -- by singing.

hari-hari luar biasa yang penuh tantangan di garis depan --

dengan menyanyi.

They gather together, and they show their joy.

Mereka berkumpul dan menunjukkan kegembiraan mereka.

They show their spirit.

Mereka menunjukkan semangat mereka.

And over the years,

Pada tahun-tahun itu,

from year after year as I've visited them and they've visited me,

ketika kami saling mengunjungi,

I get to gather with them and I sing

kami berkumpul dan bernyanyi bersama

and we write and we love it,

dan kami suka berkirim surat,

because it reminds us that we're not just there to pursue science together;

sebab itu mengingatkan bahwa kami tak hanya mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan;

we're bonded through a shared humanity.

tapi juga dipersatukan lewat rasa kemanusiaan.

And that of course, as you can imagine, becomes extremely important,

Anda tentu bisa bayangkan, hal itu menjadi sangat penting,

even essential, as things begin to change.

bahkan krusial, ketika perubahan terjadi.

And that changed a great deal in March of 2014,

Perubahan besar terjadi bulan Maret 2014,

when the Ebola outbreak was declared in Guinea.

ketika Guinea dinyatakan terjangkit Ebola.

This is the first outbreak in West Africa,

Ini wabah bertama di Afrika Barat,

near the border of Sierra Leone and Liberia.

dekat perbatasan Sierra Leone dan Liberia.

And it was frightening, frightening for us all.

Sangat menakutkan, menakutkan bagi kami semua.

We had actually suspected for some time

Kami sebenarnya sudah menduga bahwa

that Lassa and Ebola were more widespread than thought,

penyebaran Lassa dan Ebola lebih luas dari perkiraan

and we thought it could one day come to Kenema.

dan kami perkirakan akan sampai ke Kenema.

And so members of my team immediately went out

Anggota tim saya langsung bertindak

and joined Dr. Humarr Khan and his team there,

dan membantu Dr. Humarr Khan dan timnya di sana,

and we set up diagnostics to be able to have sensitive molecular tests

kami mempersiapkan diagnosa melalui tes molekul sensitif

to pick up Ebola if it came across the border

untuk mendeteksi jika Ebola menyebar

and into Sierra Leone.

ke Sierra Leone.

We'd already set up this kind of capacity for Lassa virus,

Kami sudah menggunakan cara ini untuk virus Lassa,

we knew how to do it,

kami tahu caranya,

the team is outstanding.

timnya pun sangat hebat.

We just had to give them the tools and place to survey for Ebola.

Kami hanya perlu memberi alat dan tempat untuk mensurvei Ebola.

And unfortunately, that day came.

Sayangnya, hari itu datang juga.

On May 23, 2014, a woman checked into the maternity ward at the hospital,

23 Mei 2014, seorang wanita dirawat di bangsal bersalin rumah sakit,

and the team ran those important molecular tests

tim melakukan tes molekul penting tersebut

and they identified the first confirmed case of Ebola in Sierra Leone.

dan mereka menemukan kasus Ebola pertama di Sierra Leone.

This was an exceptional work that was done.

Sungguh kerja yang sangat bagus.

They were able to diagnose the case immediately,

Mereka dapat mendiagnosa kasus itu dengan cepat,

to safely treat the patient

menangani pasien dengan aman

and to begin to do contact tracing to follow what was going on.

dan mulai melacak kontak virus untuk menyelidiki keadaan.

It could've stopped something.

Wabah ini seharusnya bisa dihentikan.

But by the time that day came,

Namun pada saat itu,

the outbreak had already been breeding for months.

wabah telah berlangsung berbulan-bulan.

With hundreds of cases, it had already eclipsed all previous outbreaks.

Dengan ratusan kasus, Ebola telah melampaui wabah lain sebelumnya.

And it came into Sierra Leone not as that singular case,

Wabah menyebar ke Sierra Leone bukan hanya sekali,

but as a tidal wave.

namun bergelombang.

We had to work with the international community,

Kami harus bekerja dengan masyarakat internasional,

with the Ministry of Health, with Kenema, to begin to deal with the cases,

dengan Departemen Kesehatan dan Kenema untuk mulai menangani kasus,

as the next week brought 31,

ketika minggu selanjutnya menjadi 31 kasus,

then 92, then 147 cases -- all coming to Kenema,

lalu 92, dan lalu 147 kasus -- semua korban datang ke Kenema,

one of the only places in Sierra Leone that could deal with this.

salah satu tempat di Sierra Leone yang bisa menanganinya.

And we worked around the clock trying to do everything we could,

Kami bekerja tanpa henti mencoba semua yang kami bisa,

trying to help the individuals, trying to get attention,

mencoba menolong pasien, mencoba menarik perhatian,

but we also did one other simple thing.

dan juga melakukan hal sederhana lainnya.

From that specimen that we take from a patient's blood to detect Ebola,

Sampel darah pasien yang kami ambil untuk mendeteksi Ebola,

we can discard it, obviously.

tentu saja kami bisa membuangnya.

The other thing we can do is, actually, put in a chemical and deactivate it,

Kami juga bisa memberinya bahan kimia dan menonaktifkannya,

so just place it into a box and ship it across the ocean,

dimasukkan di dalam kotak dan dikirim ke tempat lain,

and that's what we did.

itu yang kami lakukan.

We sent it to Boston, where my team works.

Kami mengirimnya ke Boston, ke tim saya.

And we also worked around the clock doing shift work, day after day,

Kami juga terus bekerja shift, hari demi hari,

and we quickly generated 99 genomes of the Ebola virus.

dan kami dengan cepat menemukan 99 genom virus Ebola.

This is the blueprint -- the genome of a virus is the blueprint.

Inilah cetak birunya -- genom virus adalah cetak birunya.

We all have one.

Kita semua memiliki genom.

It says everything that makes up us,

Genom berisi data susunan diri kita,

and it tells us so much information.

dan banyak sekali informasi di dalamnya.

The results of this kind of work are simple and they're powerful.

Hasil kerja seperti ini sederhana dan sangat penting.

We could actually take these 99 different viruses,

Kami sebenarnya bisa mengambil 99 jenis virus ebola,

look at them and compare them,

meneliti dan membandingkannya

and we could see, actually, compared to three genomes

dan kami bisa tahu, dengan membandingkannya dengan 3 genom

that had been previously published from Guinea,

yang diumumkan di Guinea sebelumnya,

we could show that the outbreak emerged in Guinea months before,

kami bisa menunjukkan bahwa wabah Ebola di Guinea beberapa bulan sebelumnya,

once into the human population,

pertama-tama masuk ke populasi manusia

and from there had been transmitting from human to human.

dan menular dari orang ke orang.

Now, that's incredibly important

Sangat penting

when you're trying to figure out how to intervene,

untuk mencari cara menghentikannya,

but the important thing is contact tracing.

tapi pelacakan kontak juga penting.

We also could see that as the virus was moving between humans,

Kami tahu saat virus ditularkan antar manusia,

it was mutating.

virus bermutasi.

And each of those mutations are so important,

Setiap bentuk mutasi ini sangat penting,

because the diagnostics, the vaccines,

karena diagnosa, vaksin,

the therapies that we're using,

dan terapi yang kami pakai,

are all based on that genome sequence, fundamentally --

pada dasarnya semua berdasarkan urutan genom tersebut,

that's what drives it.

itu yang menggerakkannya.

And so global health experts would need to respond,

Ahli kesehatan dunia perlu merespon,

would have to develop,

mengembangkan,

to recalibrate everything that they were doing.

dan menyesuaikan lagi semua yang telah mereka kerjakan.

But the way that science works, the position I was in at that point

Berdasarkan cara kerja sains, dalam posisi saya waktu itu,

seharusnya: saya memiliki data,

is, I had the data,

and I could have worked in a silo for many, many months,

dan menelitinya sendiri selama berbulan-bulan,

menganalisa data dengan hati-hati, perlahan,

analyzed the data carefully, slowly,

submitted the paper for publication, gone through a few back-and-forths,

mendaftarkan naskah untuk publikasi, berulang kali,

and then finally when the paper came out, might release that data.

dan ketika publikasi berhasil, data bisa diumumkan.

That's the way the status quo works.

Itu cara status quo.

Well, that was not going to work at this point, right?

Tapi cara ini tidak mungkin pada saat itu, kan?

We had friends on the front lines

Kolega kami berada di garis depan

and to us it was just obvious that what we needed is help,

dan jelas kalau kami butuh bantuan,

lots of help.

banyak bantuan.

So the first thing we did is,

Jadi, hal pertama yang kami lakukan,

as soon as the sequences came off the machines,

segera setelah mendapatkan urutan genom,

we published it to the web.

kami mengumumkannya di internet.

We just released it to the whole world and said, "Help us."

Kami umumkan ke seluruh dunia dan bilang, "Tolong kami."

And help came.

Dan bantuan datang.

Before we knew it,

Tidak lama,

we were being contacted from people all over,

kami dihubungi dari segala penjuru,

surprised to see the data out there and released.

terkejut mengetahui datanya sudah diluncurkan.

Some of the greatest viral trackers in the world

Beberapa pelacak virus terbaik dunia

were suddenly part of our community.

langsung bergabung dengan komunitas kami.

We were working together in this virtual way,

Kami bekerja bersama secara virtual,

sharing, regular calls, communications,

berbagi, menelepon, berkomunikasi,

trying to follow the virus minute by minute,

mencoba mengikuti virus dari menit ke menit,

to see ways that we could stop it.

dan mencari cara untuk menghentikannya

And there are so many ways that we can form communities like that.

Ada banyak cara untuk membentuk komunitas seperti itu.

Everybody, particularly when the outbreak started to expand globally,

Semua orang, terutama ketika wabah mulai mendunia,

was reaching out to learn, to participate, to engage.

saling menghubungi untuk mencari tahu, berpartisipasi dan ikut serta.

Everybody wants to play a part.

Semua orang ingin urun andil.

The amount of human capacity out there is just amazing,

Besarnya kemampuan manusia sungguh menakjubkan,

and the Internet connects us all.

dan internet menghubungkan kita.

And could you imagine that instead of being frightened of each other,

Bisakah Anda bayangkan alih-alih takut akan satu sama lain,

that we all just said, "Let's do this.

kami katakan, "Ayo kita kerjakan.

Let's work together, and let's make this happen."

Ayo bekerja sama dan mewujudkannya."

But the problem is that the data that all of us are using,

Namun masalahnya adalah data yang kami gunakan,

Googling on the web, is just too limited to do what we need to do.

hasil pencarian di internet, terlalu terbatas untuk penelitian kami.

And so many opportunities get missed when that happens.

Jadinya, begitu banyak kesempatan yang terlewatkan.

So in the early part of the epidemic from Kenema,

Di awal terjadinya wabah di Kenema,

we'd had 106 clinical records from patients,

kami memiliki rekaman klinis dari 106 pasien,

and we once again made that publicly available to the world.

dan lagi-lagi kami membukanya untuk publik.

And in our own lab, we could show that you could take those 106 records,

Di lab kami, Anda bisa mengambil 106 rekaman tersebut,

we could train computers to predict the prognosis for Ebola patients

dan memprogram komputer untuk memprediksi prognosa pasien Ebola

to near 100 percent accuracy.

dengan akurasi hampir 100%.

And we made an app that could release that,

Kami membuat aplikasi untuk mengumumkannya

to make that available to health-care workers in the field.

dan membaginya dengan pekerja medis di lapangan.

But 106 is just not enough to make it powerful,

Namun 106 prognosa tidak cukup kuat,

to validate it.

untuk keabsahannya.

So we were waiting for more data to release that.

Maka kami menunggu lebih banyak data untuk mempublikasikannya.

and the data has still not come.

Namun datanya tidak juga datang.

We are still waiting, tweaking away,

Kami masih menunggu, mengutak-atik,

in silos rather than working together.

sendiri alih-alih bekerja sama.

And this just -- we can't accept that.

Semestinya tidak begini.

Right? You, all of you, cannot accept that.

Anda semua tidak bisa menerimanya, bukan?

It's our lives on the line.

Nyawa kami taruhannya.

And in fact, actually,

Dan sebenarnya,

many lives were lost, many health-care workers,

banyak pekerja medis yang gugur

including beloved colleagues of mine,

termasuk kolega saya,

five colleagues: Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi,

5 orang: Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigbol,

Dr. Humarr Khan, Alice Kovoma and Mohamed Fullah.

Dr. Humarr Khan, Alice Kovoma dan Mohamed Fullah.

These are just five of many health-care workers

Ini hanya 5 orang dari banyak pekerja medis

at Kenema and beyond

di Kenema dan sekitarnya

that died while the world waited and while we all worked,

yang meninggal saat dunia hanya menunggu ketika kami bekerja,

quietly and separately.

dalam diam dan kesendirian.

See, Ebola, like all threats to humanity,

Ebola, seperti ancaman kemanusiaan lain,

it's fueled by mistrust and distraction and division.

dikompori oleh ketidakpercayaan, pengalihan isu, dan pengkotak-kotakan.

When we build barriers amongst ourselves and we fight amongst ourselves,

Ketika kita membangun batas dan pertengkaran antara kita,

the virus thrives.

virus terus tumbuh dengan subur.

But unlike all threats to humanity,

Tidak seperti ancaman kemanusian lain,

Ebola is one where we're actually all the same.

dalam kasus Ebola, kita semua sama.

We're all in this fight together.

Ini pertempuran kita bersama.

Ebola on one person's doorstep could soon be on ours.

Ebola yang menyerang seseorang bisa menjangkiti kita.

And so in this place with the same vulnerabilities,

Di tempat dengan kerawanan yang sama,

the same strengths, the same fears, the same hopes,

kekuatan, ketakutan, dan harapan yang sama,

I hope that we work together with joy.

saya berharap kita bisa bekerjasama dengan suka cita.

A graduate student of mine was reading a book about Sierra Leone,

Mahasiswa pasca sarjana saya membaca buku tentang Sierra Leone

and she discovered that the word "Kenema,"

dan ia menemukan kata "Kenema,"

the hospital that we work at and the city where we work in Sierra Leone,

rumah sakit dan kota tempat saya bekerja di Sierra Leone,

is named after the Mende word for "clear like a river, translucent

dinamai dalam bahasa Mende yang artinya, "jernih seperti sungai,

bening dan terbuka untuk umum."

and open to the public gaze."

That was really profound for us,

Ini bermakna dalam bagi kami,

because without knowing it, we'd always felt

Karena tanpa sadar, kami selalu merasa

that in order to honor the individuals in Kenema where we worked,

bahwa untuk menghargai penduduk Kenema tempat kami bekerja,

we had to work openly, we had to share and we had to work together.

kami harus terbuka, berbagi dan bekerja sama.

And we have to do that.

Kami mesti melakukannya.

We all have to demand that of ourselves and others --

Kami harus berusaha bahwa kami dan siapa saja --

to be open to each other when an outbreak happens,

mesti terbuka satu sama lain ketika wabah terjadi,

to fight in this fight together.

untuk memeranginya bersama.

Because this is not the first outbreak of Ebola,

Karena ini bukan wabah Ebola pertama,

it will not be the last,

dan bukan yang terakhir,

and there are many other microbes out there that are lying in wait,

banyak mikroba di luar sana yang sedang menunggu,

like Lassa virus and others.

seperti virus Lassa, dll.

And the next time this happens,

Apabila ini terjadi lagi,

it could happen in a city of millions, it could start there.

bisa saja mulai terjadi di kota dengan jutaan penduduk.

It could be something that's transmitted through the air.

Bisa jadi ditularkan lewat udara.

Bahkan bisa juga disebarkan dengan sengaja.

It could even be disseminated intentionally.

And I know that that is frightening, I understand that,

Saya tahu itu menakutkan, saya paham,

but I know also, and this experience shows us,

tapi saya tahu, pengalaman ini mengajarkan kita,

that we have the technology and we have the capacity

bahwa kita punya teknologi dan kemampuan

to win this thing,

untuk berhasil melawannya,

to win this and have the upper hand over viruses.

dan mampu menangani virus,

But we can only do it if we do it together

Namun kita hanya bisa melakukannya bersama

and we do it with joy.

dan dengan suka cita.

So for Dr. Khan

Maka untuk Dr. Khan

and for all of those who sacrificed their lives on the front lines

dan semua yang telah berkorban di garis depan

in this fight with us always,

dalam perlawanan ini bersama kami,

let us be in this fight with them always.

mari kita selalu berjuang.

And let us not let the world be defined

Dan jangan kita biarkan dunia dibatasi

by the destruction wrought by one virus,

oleh kehancuran yang disebabkan satu virus,

but illuminated by billions of hearts and minds

namun diterangi oleh milyaran jiwa dan pikiran

working in unity.

yang bekerja bersama.

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)