How we'll fight the next deadly virus | Pardis Sabeti

Prevoditelj: Tilen Pigac - EFZG Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Možda nikada niste čuli za Kenemu iz Sierra Leone

You may never have heard of Kenema, Sierra Leone

or Arua, Nigeria.

ili Aruu iz Nigerije.

But I know them as two of the most extraordinary places on earth.

Ali ja ih znam kao dva izvanredna mjesta na zemlji.

In hospitals there, there's a community of nurses, physicians and scientists

U njihovim bolnicama postoji zajednica sestara, liječnika i znanstvenika

koji su vodili tihu borbu

that have been quietly battling

one of the deadliest threats to humanity for years:

sa jednom od najsmrtonosnijih prijetnji čovječanstvu:

Lassa virus.

sa Lassa virusom.

Lassa virus je sličan Eboli.

Lassa virus is a lot like Ebola.

It can cause a severe fever and can often be fatal.

Može izazvati tešku groznicu i često je smrtonosan.

Ali ovi pojedinci svakodnevno riskiraju svoje živote

But these individuals, they risk their lives every day

kako bi zaštitili druge iz svoje zajednice,

to protect the individuals in their communities,

and by doing so, protect us all.

a tako, zapravo štite i sve nas.

Ali jedna od najnevjerojatnijih stvari koje sam naučila o njima

But one of the most extraordinary things I learned about them

na jednom od mojih prvih posjeta prije mnogo godina

on one of my first visits out there many years ago

was that they start each morning --

je da svako jutro započnu --

these challenging, extraordinary days on the front lines -- by singing.

te izuzetno zahtjevne i teške dane -- pjevanjem.

They gather together, and they show their joy.

Svi zajedno se okupe i iskazuju svoju radost.

Pokazuju svoj duh.

They show their spirit.

And over the years,

I s vremenom,

from year after year as I've visited them and they've visited me,

iz godine u godinu, kako sam ih posjećivala, a i oni mene,

I get to gather with them and I sing

i ja im se pridružim i pjevam

and we write and we love it,

također i pišemo i volimo to,

jer nas podsjeća da se ne nalazimo tu da bi zajedno progonili zanost;

because it reminds us that we're not just there to pursue science together;

we're bonded through a shared humanity.

mi smo povezani kroz zajedničko čovječanstvo.

And that of course, as you can imagine, becomes extremely important,

I naravno, kao što možete pretpostaviti, to postaje vrlo važno,

even essential, as things begin to change.

čak i bitno, kada se stavri počinju mijenjati.

And that changed a great deal in March of 2014,

A mnogo se promijenilo, u ožujuku 2014. godine,

when the Ebola outbreak was declared in Guinea.

kada je u Gvinjeji proglašeno da je izbila ebola.

This is the first outbreak in West Africa,

To je bio prvi slučaj u zapadnoj Africi,

near the border of Sierra Leone and Liberia.

nadomak granica Sierra Leone i Liberije.

Bilo je zastrašujuće, zastrašujuće za sve nas.

And it was frightening, frightening for us all.

We had actually suspected for some time

Neko vrijeme smo sumnjali,

that Lassa and Ebola were more widespread than thought,

da su Lassa i Ebola raširenije i više nego što smo očekivali

and we thought it could one day come to Kenema.

i mislili smo da će jednog dana zaraza doći i do Keneme.

And so members of my team immediately went out

Članovi moga tima su odmah otišli tamo

and joined Dr. Humarr Khan and his team there,

i pridružili se dr. Humarr Khanu i njegovom timu,

and we set up diagnostics to be able to have sensitive molecular tests

i postavili smo dijagnozu kako bi mogli provoditi molekularne testove

to pick up Ebola if it came across the border

koji bi mogli detektirati Ebolu, ukoliko prijeđe granicu

and into Sierra Leone.

i dođe u Sierru Leone.

We'd already set up this kind of capacity for Lassa virus,

Već smo odredili kapacitet za Lassa virus,

we knew how to do it,

i znamo kako to napraviti,

tim je izvanredan.

the team is outstanding.

We just had to give them the tools and place to survey for Ebola.

Samo smo im trebali dati alate i mjesto za nadziranje Ebole.

And unfortunately, that day came.

I nažalost, došao je taj dan.

On May 23, 2014, a woman checked into the maternity ward at the hospital,

23. svibnja 2014. godine, žena je bila na pregledu na odjeljenju za trudnice,

and the team ran those important molecular tests

i tim je proveo te važne molekularne testove

and they identified the first confirmed case of Ebola in Sierra Leone.

i identificirali su prvi potvrđeni slučaj Ebole u Sierri Leone.

Odradili su fantastičan posao.

This was an exceptional work that was done.

They were able to diagnose the case immediately,

Mogli su odmah postaviti dijagonzu,

to safely treat the patient

kako bi sigurno mogli liječiti pacijenticu

and to begin to do contact tracing to follow what was going on.

i započeto je traganje kontakta, kako bi pratili što se događa.

It could've stopped something.

Moglo je nešto zaustaviti.

But by the time that day came,

Ali do tada,

the outbreak had already been breeding for months.

virus se razmnožavao mjesecima.

Sa stotinama slučajeva, već je zasjenio sve prethodne epidemije

With hundreds of cases, it had already eclipsed all previous outbreaks.

And it came into Sierra Leone not as that singular case,

I u Sierru Leone nije stigao kao samo jedini slučaj,

but as a tidal wave.

već kao plimni val.

Morali smo surađivati s internacionalnom zajednicom,

We had to work with the international community,

with the Ministry of Health, with Kenema, to begin to deal with the cases,

s Ministarstvom zdravlja, Kenemom, kako bi počeli rješavati slučajeve,

sljedeći tjedan ih je bilo 31,

as the next week brought 31,

then 92, then 147 cases -- all coming to Kenema,

zatim 92, nakon toga 147 slučajeva -- svi su dolazili u Kenemu

one of the only places in Sierra Leone that could deal with this.

jedino mjesto u Sierri Leone, koje se moglo s time suočiti.

And we worked around the clock trying to do everything we could,

Radili smo neprestano, pokušavajući sve što je u našoj moći,

pokušali smo pomoći ljudima, pokušali smo privući pažnju,

trying to help the individuals, trying to get attention,

ali smo napravili nešto jako jednostavno.

but we also did one other simple thing.

From that specimen that we take from a patient's blood to detect Ebola,

Uzorak koji uzmemo iz krvi pacijenta oboljelog od Ebole,

we can discard it, obviously.

možemo naravno odbaciti.

The other thing we can do is, actually, put in a chemical and deactivate it,

Ali možemo učiniti i nešto drugo, ubaciti kemikaliju i deaktivirati ga,

samo ga treba spakirati u kutiju i poslati brodom preko oceana

so just place it into a box and ship it across the ocean,

and that's what we did.

i upravo to smo i učinili.

Poslali smo ga u Boston, gdje moj tim radi.

We sent it to Boston, where my team works.

And we also worked around the clock doing shift work, day after day,

Radili smo non-stop, u smjenama, dan za danom,

and we quickly generated 99 genomes of the Ebola virus.

i ubrzo smo proizveli 99 genoma Ebola virusa.

This is the blueprint -- the genome of a virus is the blueprint.

Ovo je nacrt -- genom virusa je nacrt.

We all have one.

Svi posjedujemo jedan.

It says everything that makes up us,

Govori o svemu što nas čini,

and it tells us so much information.

i daje nam mnogo informacija.

The results of this kind of work are simple and they're powerful.

Rezultati ovog istaživanja su jednostavni i moćni.

We could actually take these 99 different viruses,

Mogli bi zapravo uzeti 99 različitih virusa,

look at them and compare them,

pogledati ih i usporediti,

and we could see, actually, compared to three genomes

i ono što bi vidjeli, je to, da ta tri genoma

that had been previously published from Guinea,

koja su prethodno bila objavljena u Gvineji,

mogli smo pokazati da epidemija, koja je izbila u Gvineji mjesecima ranije

we could show that the outbreak emerged in Guinea months before,

once into the human population,

kada jednom dospije u ljudsku populaciju,

and from there had been transmitting from human to human.

prenosi se s čovjeka na čovjeka.

Now, that's incredibly important

Dakle, to je veoma važno,

when you're trying to figure out how to intervene,

kada pokušavate shvatiti kako intervenirati,

but the important thing is contact tracing.

ali ono što je važno, je kontakno praćenje.

We also could see that as the virus was moving between humans,

Također smo mogli vidjeti, kako se virus kretao među ljudima,

it was mutating.

mutirao je.

I svaka ta mutacija, je jako važna,

And each of those mutations are so important,

because the diagnostics, the vaccines,

jer dijagnoze, cijepiva,

the therapies that we're using,

terapije koje koristimo,

sve se temelje na nizu genoma, u suštini --

are all based on that genome sequence, fundamentally --

that's what drives it.

to je ono što ga pokreće.

And so global health experts would need to respond,

I tako bi globalni zadravstveni stručnjaci trebali odgovoriti,

would have to develop,

razviti,

to recalibrate everything that they were doing.

ponovo rekalibrirati sve na čemu su radili.

Ali način na koji znanost funkcionira, i pozicija na kojoj sam tada bila,

But the way that science works, the position I was in at that point

is, I had the data,

je da sam imala podatke,

and I could have worked in a silo for many, many months,

i mogla sam raditi u silosu, mnogo, mnogo mjeseci,

analizirala sam podatke pažljivo i polako,

analyzed the data carefully, slowly,

submitted the paper for publication, gone through a few back-and-forths,

predala sam članak za objavu, koji je još nekoliko puta pregledan,

and then finally when the paper came out, might release that data.

i kada je napokon bio objavljen, možda se objave i podaci.

That's the way the status quo works.

Na taj način funkcionira satus quo.

Well, that was not going to work at this point, right?

Ali u tom trenutntku, to tako nije moglo funkcionirati, jesam li u pravu?

We had friends on the front lines

Imali smo prijatelje,

and to us it was just obvious that what we needed is help,

i bilo je više nego očito, da nam je potrebna pomoć,

lots of help.

velika pomoć.

So the first thing we did is,

Prva stvar što smo učinili je,

as soon as the sequences came off the machines,

čim su analize bile gotove,

objavili smo ih na internetu.

we published it to the web.

We just released it to the whole world and said, "Help us."

Objavili smo ih, da ih cijeli svijet vidi i rekli: "Pomozite nam."

And help came.

I pomoć je stigla.

Before we knew it,

Prije nego što smo znali,

we were being contacted from people all over,

kontaktirali su nas ljudi iz cijeloga svijeta,

surprised to see the data out there and released.

koji su bili iznenađeni što su podaci objavljeni.

Some of the greatest viral trackers in the world

Neki od najvećih istraživača virusa na svijetu

were suddenly part of our community.

odjednom su postali dio naše zajednice.

Radili smo zajedno na virtualan način,

We were working together in this virtual way,

sharing, regular calls, communications,

razmjenjivali pozive, komunicirali,

trying to follow the virus minute by minute,

pokušavajući pratiti virus iz minute u minutu,

to see ways that we could stop it.

kako bi pronašli načine, da ga zaustavimo.

Ima toliko načina kako stvoriti takve zajednice.

And there are so many ways that we can form communities like that.

Everybody, particularly when the outbreak started to expand globally,

Svi, osobito kada se epidemija počela širiti globalno,

was reaching out to learn, to participate, to engage.

svi su htjeli naučiti, učestvovati i angažirati se.

Everybody wants to play a part.

Svi su htjeli biti dio toga.

The amount of human capacity out there is just amazing,

Nevjerojatno je koliko ima ljudi,

and the Internet connects us all.

a Internet nas sve spaja.

And could you imagine that instead of being frightened of each other,

Umjesto da se bojimo jedni drugih,

that we all just said, "Let's do this.

mi smo samo rekli: "Ajmo to napraviti.

Ajmo raditi zajedno, i pokušajmo ovo ostvariti."

Let's work together, and let's make this happen."

But the problem is that the data that all of us are using,

Ali problem su podaci s kojima se svi mi koristimo,

Googling on the web, is just too limited to do what we need to do.

googlajući webom, podaci su limitirani, i ne omogućuju nam da napravimo to što trebamo.

And so many opportunities get missed when that happens.

A kada se to dogodi, propuste se mnoge prilike.

U ranome dijelu epidemije iz Keneme,

So in the early part of the epidemic from Kenema,

we'd had 106 clinical records from patients,

imali smo 106 kliničkih podataka pacijenata,

and we once again made that publicly available to the world.

i još jednom smo i to uspjeli objaviti svijetu.

And in our own lab, we could show that you could take those 106 records,

A u našem laboratoriju, smo dokazali da možete uzeti tih 106 podataka,

we could train computers to predict the prognosis for Ebola patients

i da možemo osposobiti računala da predvide koje su prognoze za pacijente koji boluju od Ebole,

to near 100 percent accuracy.

i to skoro do točnosti od 100%.

And we made an app that could release that,

Izradili smo i aplikaciju,

to make that available to health-care workers in the field.

koja bi bila dostupna i zdravstvenim djelatnicima na terenu.

But 106 is just not enough to make it powerful,

Ali 106 jednostavno nije dovoljano snažan,

to validate it.

da to potvrdi.

So we were waiting for more data to release that.

Stoga smo čekali na još podataka, kako bi objavili tu aplikaciju,

and the data has still not come.

ali podaci još nisu stigli.

We are still waiting, tweaking away,

Još uvijek čekamo, podešavamo,

u silosima, umjesto da radimo zajedno.

in silos rather than working together.

And this just -- we can't accept that.

A to -- ne možemo prihvatiti.

Right? You, all of you, cannot accept that.

Je li tako? Vi, svi vi, to ne možete prihvatiti.

Naši životi su na kocki.

It's our lives on the line.

And in fact, actually,

A zapravo,

many lives were lost, many health-care workers,

mnogo je života izgubljeno, mnogi zdaravstveni radnici,

uključujući i moje voljene kolege,

including beloved colleagues of mine,

five colleagues: Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi,

pet kolega: Mbalu Fonnie, Alex Moigboi,

Dr. Humarr Khan, Alice Kovoma and Mohamed Fullah.

dr. Humarr Khan, Alice Kovoma i Mohamed Fullah.

These are just five of many health-care workers

To je samo pet, od mnogih drugih zdravstvenih radnika

at Kenema and beyond

u Kenemi i drugdje

koji su umrli kada je svijet čekao, a mi smo radili,

that died while the world waited and while we all worked,

tiho i odvojeno.

quietly and separately.

Vidite, Ebola, kao i sve druge prjetnje čovječanstvu,

See, Ebola, like all threats to humanity,

je prepuna nepovjerenja, odvlačenja pažnje i podjele.

it's fueled by mistrust and distraction and division.

Kada među sobom izgradimo zid, i borimo se jedni protiv drugih,

When we build barriers amongst ourselves and we fight amongst ourselves,

the virus thrives.

virus uspjeva.

But unlike all threats to humanity,

Ali za razliku od drugih prijetnji čovječanstvu,

Ebola is one where we're actually all the same.

Ebola, je ta, gdje smo svi isti.

Svi smo u toj borbi zajedno.

We're all in this fight together.

Kada Ebola pokuca na vrata jedne osobe, uskoro može i na naša.

Ebola on one person's doorstep could soon be on ours.

I tako na ovome mjestu s istim slabostima,

And so in this place with the same vulnerabilities,

snagom, istim stahovima i istim snovima,

the same strengths, the same fears, the same hopes,

I hope that we work together with joy.

nadam se da ćemo raditi skupa s radošću.

A graduate student of mine was reading a book about Sierra Leone,

Moja apsolventica je čitala knjigu o Sierri Leone,

and she discovered that the word "Kenema,"

i otkrila je da riječ "Kenema"

the hospital that we work at and the city where we work in Sierra Leone,

znači bolnica u kojoj radimo i grad u Sierri Leone u kojem radimo,

is named after the Mende word for "clear like a river, translucent

nosi ime po riječi iz Mende jezika "jasan poput rijeke, proziran

and open to the public gaze."

i otvoren za javnost."

That was really profound for us,

To je bilo jako bitno za nas,

jer ako to ne bi znali, uvijek bi se osjećali,

because without knowing it, we'd always felt

kako bi odali čast pojednicima u Kenemi, gdje smo radili,

that in order to honor the individuals in Kenema where we worked,

we had to work openly, we had to share and we had to work together.

da moramo raditi otvoreno i dijeliti i raditi zajedno.

A to smo trebali i napraviti.

And we have to do that.

We all have to demand that of ourselves and others --

Svi to trebamo zahtjevati od nas samih i od drugih --

biti otvoreni jedni prema drugima, kada epidemija izbije,

to be open to each other when an outbreak happens,

to fight in this fight together.

boriti se u toj borbi zajedno.

Because this is not the first outbreak of Ebola,

Zato što to nije prvo izbijanje Ebole,

it will not be the last,

a neće biti ni posljednje,

a postoje i mnogi drugi mikrobi, koji čekaju,

and there are many other microbes out there that are lying in wait,

like Lassa virus and others.

poput Lassa virusa i drugih.

And the next time this happens,

A sljedeći put kada se to dogodi,

it could happen in a city of millions, it could start there.

moglo bi se dogoditi u gradu, gdje žive milijuni ljudi, moglo bi početi tamo.

It could be something that's transmitted through the air.

Moglo bi se pojaviti nešto, što se prenosi zrakom.

Također bi se moglo i diseminirati namjerno.

It could even be disseminated intentionally.

And I know that that is frightening, I understand that,

I znam da je to zastrašujuće, razumijem,

but I know also, and this experience shows us,

ali znam i da nam je iskustvo pokazalo,

that we have the technology and we have the capacity

da imamo tehnologiju i sposobnost

to win this thing,

da to pobijedimo,

to win this and have the upper hand over viruses.

da to pobijedimo i imamo prednost spram virusa.

But we can only do it if we do it together

Ali to možemo učiniti, samo ako radimo zajedno

i s radošću.

and we do it with joy.

So for Dr. Khan

Za dr. Khana

and for all of those who sacrificed their lives on the front lines

i za sve koji su žrtvovali svoje živote

in this fight with us always,

u ovoj su borbi s nama uvijek,

i budimo u ovoj borbi s njima uvijek.

let us be in this fight with them always.

And let us not let the world be defined

I nemojmo dopustiti da nas svijet definira,

by the destruction wrought by one virus,

po destrukciji koja je izazvana jednim virusom,

but illuminated by billions of hearts and minds

već po prosvjetljenju milijardi duša i umova,

working in unity.

koji rade u jedinstvu.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)