How we could teach our bodies to heal faster | Kaitlyn Sadtler

Prevodilac: Maša Milošević Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

What if you could take a pill or a vaccine

Šta ako biste mogli da popijete lek ili primite vakcinu

and, just like getting over a cold,

i, kao što izlečite prehladu,

you could heal your wounds faster?

možete brže da iscelite i rane?

Today, if we have an operation or an accident,

Danas, ako imamo operaciju ili nesreću,

we're in the hospital for weeks,

u bolnici smo nedeljama

and often left with scars and painful side effects

i često izađemo sa ožiljcima i bolnim nuspojavama

of our inability to regenerate or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.

zbog naše nemogućnosti da se regenerišemo

ili ponovo stvorimo zdrave, neoštećene organe.

I work to create materials

Ja radim na stvaranju materijala

that instruct our immune system to give us the signals to grow new tissues.

koji daju instrukcije našem imunom sistemu

da nam da signale za izgradnju novih tkiva.

Just like vaccines instruct our body to fight disease,

Baš kao što vakcine daju instrukcije našem telu da se bori protiv bolesti,

we could instead instruct our immune system

možemo umesto toga dati instrukcije našem imunom sistemu

to build tissues and more quickly heal wounds.

da izgradi tkiva i brže isceli rane.

Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere might seem like magic,

Ponovno izrastanje novih delova tela niotkuda možda deluje kao magija,

but there are several organisms that can achieve this feat.

ali postoji nekoliko organizama koji mogu postići ovaj uspeh.

Some lizards can regrow their tails,

Nekim gušterima može ponovo da izraste rep,

the humble salamander can completely regenerate their arm,

daždevnjaci mogu potpuno regenerisati svoju ruku,

and even us mere humans can regrow our liver

a čak i mi, ljudi, možemo ponovo da izgradimo svoju jetru

after losing more than half of its original mass.

nakon što izgubimo i više od polovine njene originalne mase.

To make this magic a bit closer to reality,

Kako bismo približili ovu magiju realnosti,

I'm investigating how our body can heal wounds and build tissue

istražujem kako naše telo može da isceli rane i izgradi tkiva

through instructions from the immune system.

pomoću instrukcija našeg imunog sistema.

From a scrape on your knee to that annoying sinus infection,

Od ogrebotine na kolenu do te dosadne infekcije sinusa,

our immune system defends our body from danger.

naš imuni sistem brani naše telo od opasnosti.

I'm an immunologist,

Ja sam imunolog,

and by using what I know about our body's defense system,

a koristeći ono što znam o odbrambenom sistemu našeg tela,

I was able to identify key players

bila sam u mogućnosti da identifikujem ključne igrače

in our fight to build back our cuts and bruises.

u našoj bici da izlečimo posekotine i modrice.

When looking at materials that are currently being tested

Kada je naš tim gledao materijale čije se mogućnosti regeneracije mišića

for their abilities to help regrow muscle,

trenutno testiraju,

our team noticed that after treating an injured muscle with these materials,

primetio je da se, nakon tretiranja povređenog mišića ovim materijalima,

there was a large number of immune cells

pojavio veliki broj imunih ćelija u tom materijalu i okolnom mišiću.

in that material and the surrounding muscle.

So in this case,

Tako, u ovom slučaju,

instead of the immune cells rushing off towards infection to fight bacteria,

umesto da imune ćelije jure prema infekciji da unište bakterije,

they're rushing toward an injury.

one jure prema rani.

I discovered a specific type of immune cell,

Otkrila sam specifični tip imune ćelije,

the helper T cell,

pomoćnu T ćeliju,

was present inside that material that I implanted

koja je bila prisutna u materijalu koji sam ugradila

and absolutely critical for wound healing.

i koja je apsolutno ključna za isceljenje rane.

Now, just like when you were a kid and you'd break your pencil

Baš kao kada ste bili dete i polomili ste olovku

and try and tape it back together again,

i pokušali da je zalepite lepljivom trakom,

we can heal,

možemo se isceliti,

but it might not be in the most functional way,

ali može se desiti da to na nije najfunkcionalniji način,

and we'll get a scar.

pa će nam ostati ožiljak.

So if we don't have these helper T cells,

Tako, kada ne bismo imali ove pomoćne T ćelije,

instead of healthy muscle,

umesto zdravih mišića,

our muscle develops fat cells inside of it,

naši mišići bi razvili masne ćelije u sebi,

and if there's fat in our muscle, it isn't as strong.

a ako imamo masnoću u mišiću, on nije toliko jak.

Now, using our immune system,

Koristeći naš imuni sistem,

our body could grow back without these scars

naše telo bi moglo da se vrati u prvobitno stanje bez ožiljaka

and look like what it was before we were even injured.

i da izgleda kao i pre nego što je bilo povređeno.

I'm working to create materials

Radim na tome da napravim materijale

that give us the signals to build new tissue

koji nam daju signale za izgradnju novog tkiva

by changing the immune response.

menjanjem imunog odgovora.

We know that any time a material is implanted in our body,

Znamo da će imuni sistem odgovoriti kad god neki materijal ugradimo u telo.

the immune system will respond to it.

This ranges from pacemakers to insulin pumps

Ovo se kreće od pejsmejkera i insulinskih pumpi

to the materials that engineers are using to try and build new tissue.

do materijala koje inženjeri koriste za pokušaj stvaranja novih tkiva.

So when I place that material, or scaffold, in the body,

Tako, kada postavim taj materijal, ili biomembranske skele, u telo,

the immune system creates a small environment of cells and proteins

imuni sistem stvara malu sredinu ćelija i proteina

that can change the way that our stem cells behave.

koja može da promeni ponašanje naših matičnih ćelija.

Now, just like the weather affects our daily activities,

Baš kao što vreme utiče na naše dnevne aktivnosti,

like going for a run

kao odlazak na trčanje

or staying inside and binge-watching an entire TV show on Netflix,

ili ostajanje kod kuće i gledanje čitave TV serije na Netfliksu,

the immune environment of a scaffold

sredina biomembranskih skela imunog sistema

affects the way that our stem cells grow and develop.

utiče na rast i razvoj naših matičnih ćelija.

If we have the wrong signals,

Ako imamo pogrešne signale,

say the Netflix signals,

na primer, signale Netfliksa,

we get fat cells instead of muscle.

dobijamo masne ćelije umesto mišića.

These scaffolds are made of a variety of different things,

Ove biomembranske skele su izgrađene od različitih stvari,

from plastics to naturally derived materials,

od plastike do materijala prirodnog porekla,

nanofibers of varying thicknesses,

nanovlakana različitih debljina,

sponges that are more or less porous,

sunđera koji su više ili manje porozni,

gels of different stiffnesses.

gelova različitih krutosti.

And researchers can even make the materials

A istraživači mogu čak i da naprave materijale

release different signals over time.

tako da otpuštaju različite signale tokom vremena.

So in other words, we can orchestrate this Broadway show of cells

Dakle, drugim rečima, možemo da rukovodimo brodvejskom predstavom ovih ćelija

by giving them the correct stage, cues and props

dajući im odgovarajuću binu, znake i rekvizite

that can be changed for different tissues,

koji bi mogli da se menjaju za različita tkiva,

just like a producer would change the set

kao što bi producent menjao postavku

for "Les Mis" versus "Little Shop of Horrors."

za „Jadnike“ i „Malu radnju užasa“.

I'm combining specific types of signals

Ja kombinujem specifične tipove signala

that mimic how our body responds to injury to help us regenerate.

koji imitiraju način na koji naše telo odgovara na povredu

da bi nam pomoglo da se regenerišemo.

In the future, we could see a scar-proof band-aid,

U budućnosti, mogli bismo da vidimo flaster koji otklanja ožiljak,

a moldable muscle filler or even a wound-healing vaccine.

umetak za mišiće koji može da se oblikuje ili čak vakcinu koja leči rane.

Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow and be able to heal like Wolverine.

Nećemo se probuditi sutra i biti u mogućnosti da zarastamo kao Vulverin.

Probably not next Tuesday, either.

Verovatno ni sledećeg utorka.

But with these advances,

Ali, sa ovim napredovanjima

and working with our immune system to help build tissue and heal wounds,

i radom na našem imunom sistemu kako bi izgradio tkiva i iscelio rane,

we could begin seeing products on the market

mogli bismo početi da viđamo proizvode na tržištu

that work with our body's defense system to help us regenerate,

koji rade sa našim odbrambenim sistemom da nam pomognu u regenerisanju,

and maybe one day be able to keep pace with a salamander.

i možda jednog dana budemo u mogućnosti da držimo korak sa daždevnjacima.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)