How we could teach our bodies to heal faster | Kaitlyn Sadtler

Translator: Polona Ramšak Reviewer: Nika Kotnik

What if you could take a pill or a vaccine

Kaj če bi lahko vzeli tableto ali cepivo

and, just like getting over a cold,

in bi lahko, kot prebolimo prehlad,

you could heal your wounds faster?

svoje rane celili hitreje?

Today, if we have an operation or an accident,

Če imamo dandanes operacijo ali nesrečo,

we're in the hospital for weeks,

smo v bolnici cele tedne

potem pa nam ostane brazgotina in boleči stranski učinki

and often left with scars and painful side effects

of our inability to regenerate or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.

naše nesposobnosti regeneracije ali ponovne tvorbe zdravih organov.

I work to create materials

Ustvarjam materiale,

that instruct our immune system to give us the signals to grow new tissues.

ki naročijo našemu imunskemu sistemu, da izda signale za rast novih tkiv.

Just like vaccines instruct our body to fight disease,

Enako kot cepiva naročijo telesu, naj se bori proti bolezni,

we could instead instruct our immune system

bi lahko naročili svojemu imunskemu sistemu,

to build tissues and more quickly heal wounds.

naj gradi tkiva in hitreje celi rane.

Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere might seem like magic,

Ponovna tvorba telesnih delov kar tako se morda zdi čarovnija,

but there are several organisms that can achieve this feat.

a obstaja kar nekaj organizmov, ki to lahko dosežejo.

Some lizards can regrow their tails,

Nekateri kuščarji si lahko ponovno ustvarijo rep,

the humble salamander can completely regenerate their arm,

preprosti aksolotl si lahko popolnoma regenerira roko

and even us mere humans can regrow our liver

in tudi mi, ljudje, si lahko ponovno ustvarimo jetra,

after losing more than half of its original mass.

ko smo izgubili več kot pol njihove osnovne mase.

To make this magic a bit closer to reality,

Da bi to čarovnijo malce približala realnosti,

I'm investigating how our body can heal wounds and build tissue

raziskujem, kako lahko naše telo celi rane in tvori tkiva

through instructions from the immune system.

s pomočjo navodil našega imunskega sistema.

From a scrape on your knee to that annoying sinus infection,

Od odgrnine na kolenu do tiste nadležne infekcije sinusov

our immune system defends our body from danger.

naš imunski sistem brani naše telo pred nevarnostjo.

I'm an immunologist,

Sem imunologinja

and by using what I know about our body's defense system,

in z uporabo vsega, kar vem o obrambnem sistemu našega telesa,

I was able to identify key players

mi je uspelo identificirati ključne igralce

in our fight to build back our cuts and bruises.

v našem boju, da na novo zapolnimo ureznine in modrice.

When looking at materials that are currently being tested

Ob pregledu materialov, ki se jih trenutno testira

for their abilities to help regrow muscle,

glede na njihove sposobnosti za tvorbo mišic,

our team noticed that after treating an injured muscle with these materials,

je naš tim opazil, da je po uporabi teh materialov v poškodovani mišici

there was a large number of immune cells

bilo veliko število imunskih celic

in that material and the surrounding muscle.

v tistem materialu in sosednjih mišicah.

So in this case,

Torej so v tem primeru

instead of the immune cells rushing off towards infection to fight bacteria,

imunske celice, namesto da bi se šle k infekciji borit z bakterijami,

they're rushing toward an injury.

hitele proti poškodbi.

I discovered a specific type of immune cell,

Odkrila sem specifični tip imunske celice,

the helper T cell,

T-celico pomagalko,

was present inside that material that I implanted

ki je bila prisotna znotraj materiala, ki sem ga vsadila,

and absolutely critical for wound healing.

in ki je bila absolutno nujna za celjenje rane.

Now, just like when you were a kid and you'd break your pencil

Enako kot takrat, ko ste bili otrok in ste zlomili svinčnik

and try and tape it back together again,

ter ga poskusili zlepiti skupaj,

we can heal,

lahkotudi zdravimo,

but it might not be in the most functional way,

a morda ne na najbolj funkcionalni način

and we'll get a scar.

in ostala nam bo brazgotina.

So if we don't have these helper T cells,

Če torej nimamo teh T-celic pomagalk,

instead of healthy muscle,

namesto zdrave mišice

our muscle develops fat cells inside of it,

naša mišica v sebi razvije maščobne celice

and if there's fat in our muscle, it isn't as strong.

in če je v mišici maščoba, ni tako močna.

Now, using our immune system,

Z uporabo našega imunskega sistema

our body could grow back without these scars

se lahko naše telo spet zaraste brez brazgotin

and look like what it was before we were even injured.

in izgleda enako kot pred poškodbo.

I'm working to create materials

Ustvarjam materiale,

that give us the signals to build new tissue

ki nam dajejo signale, da gradimo novo tkivo

by changing the immune response.

s spreminjanjem imunskega odziva.

We know that any time a material is implanted in our body,

Vemo, da kadar koli v telo vgradimo kak material,

the immune system will respond to it.

se bo imunski sistem nanj odzval,

This ranges from pacemakers to insulin pumps

pa naj gre za srčni spodbujevalnik, inzulinske črpalke ali

to the materials that engineers are using to try and build new tissue.

materiale, s katerimi inženirji poskušajo tvoriti novo tkivo.

So when I place that material, or scaffold, in the body,

Ko torej vgradim ta material ali gradbeni oder v telo,

the immune system creates a small environment of cells and proteins

imunski sistem ustvari majhno okolje celic in proteinov,

that can change the way that our stem cells behave.

ki lahko spremeni način, kako se matične celice obnašajo.

Now, just like the weather affects our daily activities,

Prav tako kot vreme vpliva na naše vsakodnevne aktvnosti,

like going for a run

na primer da gremo teč

or staying inside and binge-watching an entire TV show on Netflix,

ali ostanemo doma in verižno gledamo celo nadaljevanjko na Netflixu,

the immune environment of a scaffold

imunsko okolje ali gradbeni oder

affects the way that our stem cells grow and develop.

vpliva, kako naše matične celice rastejo in se razvijajo.

If we have the wrong signals,

Če imamo napačne signale,

say the Netflix signals,

recimo Netflixove signale,

we get fat cells instead of muscle.

dobimo maščobne celice namesto mišice.

These scaffolds are made of a variety of different things,

Ti gradbeni odri so narejeni iz cele vrste različnih reči,

from plastics to naturally derived materials,

od plastike do naravno pridobljenih materialov,

nanofibers of varying thicknesses,

nanovlaken različnih debelin,

sponges that are more or less porous,

bolj ali manj porozne gobe in

gels of different stiffnesses.

gelov različnih togosti.

And researchers can even make the materials

Raziskovalci lahko celo pripravijo materiale,

release different signals over time.

da dlje časa sproščajo različne signale.

So in other words, we can orchestrate this Broadway show of cells

Z drugimi besedami, orkestriramo lahko to broadwaysko predstavo celic,

by giving them the correct stage, cues and props

tako da jim damo ustrezni oder, iztočnice in rekvizite,

that can be changed for different tissues,

ki se jih lahko spreminja za različna tkiva,

just like a producer would change the set

tako kot bi producent spreminjal prizorišče

for "Les Mis" versus "Little Shop of Horrors."

za Nesrečnike ali pa Malo prodajalno grozot.

I'm combining specific types of signals

Kombiniram specifične tipe signalov,

that mimic how our body responds to injury to help us regenerate.

ki oponašajo odziv našega telesa na poškodbo, da se lahko regeneriramo.

In the future, we could see a scar-proof band-aid,

V prihodnosti bi lahko videli obliž proti brazgotinam,

a moldable muscle filler or even a wound-healing vaccine.

plastično mišično polnilo ali celo cepivo, ki zdravi rane.

Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow and be able to heal like Wolverine.

Ne bomo se že jutri zbudili z zmožnostjo, da se pozdravimo kot Wolverine.

Probably not next Tuesday, either.

Najverjetneje tudi naslednji torek ne.

But with these advances,

A s tem napredkom

and working with our immune system to help build tissue and heal wounds,

in z usmerjanjem našega imunskega sistema, da gradi tkiva in celi rane,

we could begin seeing products on the market

bi se na trgu lahko začeli pojavljati produkti,

that work with our body's defense system to help us regenerate,

ki se nam skupaj z obrambnim sistemom našega telesa pomagajo regenerirati,

and maybe one day be able to keep pace with a salamander.

in mogoče bomo lahko nekega dne držali tempo z aksolotlom.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(aplavz)