How we could teach our bodies to heal faster | Kaitlyn Sadtler

167,857 views ใƒป 2018-10-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: maor madmon ืขืจื™ื›ื”: hila scherba
00:13
What if you could take a pill or a vaccine
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
00:16
and, just like getting over a cold,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ,
00:18
you could heal your wounds faster?
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ื”ืคืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
00:20
Today, if we have an operation or an accident,
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื• ืชืื•ื ื”,
00:24
we're in the hospital for weeks,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
00:26
and often left with scars and painful side effects
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ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืฆืœืงื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื›ื•ืื‘ื•ืช
00:28
of our inability to regenerate or regrow healthy, uninjured organs.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉืงื ืื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืœื-ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื.
00:34
I work to create materials
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
00:36
that instruct our immune system to give us the signals to grow new tissues.
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ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืชืช ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
00:41
Just like vaccines instruct our body to fight disease,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
00:44
we could instead instruct our immune system
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ื ื•ื›ืœ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
00:47
to build tissues and more quickly heal wounds.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ื•ืœืจืคื ืคืฆืขื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:50
Now, regrowing body parts out of nowhere might seem like magic,
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ื”ืฆืžื—ืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืืคืก ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืžื• ืงืกื,
00:54
but there are several organisms that can achieve this feat.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
00:57
Some lizards can regrow their tails,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื˜ืื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื ื‘ ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืงื˜ืข,
01:00
the humble salamander can completely regenerate their arm,
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ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืข,
01:04
and even us mere humans can regrow our liver
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“
01:07
after losing more than half of its original mass.
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ื’ื ืื ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
01:10
To make this magic a bit closer to reality,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงืกื ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™,
01:13
I'm investigating how our body can heal wounds and build tissue
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืžืจืคื ืคืฆืขื™ื ื•ืžืฆืžื™ื— ืจืงืžื•ืช
01:17
through instructions from the immune system.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
01:20
From a scrape on your knee to that annoying sinus infection,
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ืžืฉืจื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ืจืš ื•ืขื“ ืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžืขืฆื‘ืŸ,
01:23
our immune system defends our body from danger.
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืžืกื›ื ื”.
01:27
I'm an immunologist,
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ืื ื™ ืื™ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
01:28
and by using what I know about our body's defense system,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:31
I was able to identify key players
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ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืžืคืชื—
01:33
in our fight to build back our cuts and bruises.
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ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืจืคื ืืช ื”ื—ืชื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:37
When looking at materials that are currently being tested
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ื›ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื ื—ืงืจื™ื
01:40
for their abilities to help regrow muscle,
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ืขืงื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
01:42
our team noticed that after treating an injured muscle with these materials,
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื ืœื‘, ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ ืคืฆื•ืข ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
01:46
there was a large number of immune cells
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
01:48
in that material and the surrounding muscle.
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ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:52
So in this case,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”,
01:53
instead of the immune cells rushing off towards infection to fight bacteria,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ืžื”ืจื• ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื,
01:57
they're rushing toward an injury.
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ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื”ื ืืœ ื”ืคืฆืข.
01:59
I discovered a specific type of immune cell,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™,
02:02
the helper T cell,
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ืชื T ืžืกื™ื™ืข (ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ),
02:04
was present inside that material that I implanted
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉืชืœืชื™
02:06
and absolutely critical for wound healing.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืžืช ืคืฆืขื™ื.
02:10
Now, just like when you were a kid and you'd break your pencil
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉืฉื‘ืจืชื ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื
02:13
and try and tape it back together again,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืง,
02:16
we can heal,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจืคื,
02:17
but it might not be in the most functional way,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ
02:19
and we'll get a scar.
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ื•ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืฆืœืงืช.
02:21
So if we don't have these helper T cells,
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ืื– ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืื™ T ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื,
02:24
instead of healthy muscle,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื
02:26
our muscle develops fat cells inside of it,
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ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ืชืื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ,
02:28
and if there's fat in our muscle, it isn't as strong.
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง.
02:32
Now, using our immune system,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:34
our body could grow back without these scars
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืคื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืœื ืฆืœืงื•ืช
02:36
and look like what it was before we were even injured.
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ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื”.
02:41
I'm working to create materials
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ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
02:43
that give us the signals to build new tissue
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืงืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
02:46
by changing the immune response.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช.
02:48
We know that any time a material is implanted in our body,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื–ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื’ื•ืคื ื•,
02:53
the immune system will respond to it.
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืชื’ื™ื‘.
02:55
This ranges from pacemakers to insulin pumps
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืฆื‘ื™ ืœื‘ ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ
02:59
to the materials that engineers are using to try and build new tissue.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืงืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:03
So when I place that material, or scaffold, in the body,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื’ื•ื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
03:08
the immune system creates a small environment of cells and proteins
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืชืื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
03:12
that can change the way that our stem cells behave.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื.
03:15
Now, just like the weather affects our daily activities,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื
03:19
like going for a run
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ื›ืžื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืจื™ืฆื”
03:21
or staying inside and binge-watching an entire TV show on Netflix,
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ืื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก,
03:25
the immune environment of a scaffold
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ื
03:27
affects the way that our stem cells grow and develop.
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื.
03:30
If we have the wrong signals,
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ืื ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื
03:32
say the Netflix signals,
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ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื•ืช ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก,
03:34
we get fat cells instead of muscle.
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืชืื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืจื™ืจ.
03:38
These scaffolds are made of a variety of different things,
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ื”ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื,
03:41
from plastics to naturally derived materials,
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ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
03:45
nanofibers of varying thicknesses,
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ื ื ื•-ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืชื ื”,
03:48
sponges that are more or less porous,
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ืกืคื•ื’ื™ื, ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช,
03:50
gels of different stiffnesses.
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ื•ื’'ืœื™ื, ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
03:52
And researchers can even make the materials
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•
03:54
release different signals over time.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:57
So in other words, we can orchestrate this Broadway show of cells
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื™ื
04:02
by giving them the correct stage, cues and props
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”, ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื
04:06
that can be changed for different tissues,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช,
04:08
just like a producer would change the set
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืคื™ืง ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื˜
04:11
for "Les Mis" versus "Little Shop of Horrors."
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ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ืœ"ื—ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื”".
04:14
I'm combining specific types of signals
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช
04:17
that mimic how our body responds to injury to help us regenerate.
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ืฉืžื—ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœืคืฆื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื ืชืจืคื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
04:22
In the future, we could see a scar-proof band-aid,
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ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืฆืœืงื•ืช,
04:25
a moldable muscle filler or even a wound-healing vaccine.
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ืžืชืงืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช.
04:29
Now, we aren't going to wake up tomorrow and be able to heal like Wolverine.
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืจ ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืœื‘ืจื™ืŸ.
04:33
Probably not next Tuesday, either.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื’ื ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื.
04:35
But with these advances,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื’ื ื•,
04:36
and working with our immune system to help build tissue and heal wounds,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืคืฆืขื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืจืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
04:40
we could begin seeing products on the market
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช
04:43
that work with our body's defense system to help us regenerate,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ,
04:46
and maybe one day be able to keep pace with a salamander.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืขื ื”ืกืœืžื ื“ืจื”.
04:51
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
04:53
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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