Nathan Myhrvold: Cut your food in half

Translator: Mirjana Jovanovic Reviewer: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

So I'm going to tell you a little bit

Pričaću vam malo

about reimagining food.

o ponovnom osmišljavanju hrane.

I've been interested in food for a long time.

Već dugo me interesuje hrana.

I taught myself to cook

Sam sam naučio kuhati

with a bunch of big books like this.

uz gomilu velikih knjiga poput ove.

I went to chef school in France.

Pohađao sam školu za kuhare u Francuskoj.

And there is a way

I postoji način

the world both envisions food,

na koji svijet zamišlja hranu,

the way the world writes about food and learns about food.

način na koji se u svijetu piše o hrani i uči o hrani.

And it's largely what you would find in these books.

I to je uglavnom ono što ćete pronaći u ovim knjigama.

And it's a wonderful thing.

I to je nešto prekrasno.

But there's some things that have been going on

Ali, otkada je formirana ideja o hrani,

since this idea of food was established.

izdešavale su se neke stvari.

In the last 20 years,

U posljednjih 20 godina,

people have realized that science

ljudi su shvatili da je nauka

has a tremendous amount to do with food.

uveliko povezana sa hranom.

In fact, understanding why cooking works

U stvari, da bi ste razumijeli zašto kuhanje funkcioniše,

requires knowing the science of cooking --

potrebno je znati nauku kuhanja --

some of the chemistry, some of the physics and so forth.

nešto hemije, nešto fizike i tako dalje.

But that's not in any of those books.

Ali to se ne nalazi ni u jednoj od ovih knjiga.

There's also a tremendous number of techniques

Takođe postoji ogroman broj tehnika

that chefs have developed,

koje su kuhari razvili,

some about new aesthetics, new approaches to food.

neke o novoj estetici, novim pristupima hrani.

There's a chef in Spain named Ferran Adria.

U Španiji postoji kuhar po imenu Ferran Adria.

He's developed a very avant-garde cuisine.

On je razvio veoma avangardnu kuhinju;

A guy in England called Heston Blumenthal,

tip u Engleskoj, po imenu Heston Blumenthal,

he's developed his avant-garde cuisine.

on je razvio svoju avangardnu kuhinju.

None of the techniques that these people have developed

Nijedna od tehnika koje su ovi ljudi razvili

over the course of the last 20 years

u toku posljednjih 20 godina

is in any of those books.

se ne nalazi u bilo kojoj od tih knjiga.

None of them are taught in cooking schools.

Nijedna od njih se ne podučava u školama kuhanja

In order to learn them, you have to go work in those restaurants.

Da biste ih naučili, morate otići i raditi u tim restoranima.

And finally,

I na kraju,

there's the old way of viewing food

postoji stari način razmišljanja o hrani

is the old way.

i to je stari način.

And so a few years ago -- fours years ago, actually --

I tako sam prije nekoliko godina -- četiri godine, u stvari --

I set out to say, is there a way

namjerio da otkrijem, postoji li način

we can communicate science and technique and wonder?

na koji možemo prikazati nauku, tehniku i čudo?

Is there a way we can show people food

Postoji li način na koji možemo ljudima pokazati hranu

in a way they have not seen it before?

kako ju nisu vidjeli ranije?

So we tried, and I'll show you what we came up with.

Pa smo pokušali, i pokazaću vam šta smo smislili.

This is a picture called a cutaway.

Ovakva slika se naziva presjek.

This is actually the first picture I took in the book.

Ovo je u stvari prva slika koju sam napravio za ovu knjigu.

The idea here is to explain what happens

Ovdje je ideja da objasnimo šta se dešava

when you steam broccoli.

kada brokulu kuhate na pari.

And this magic view allows you to see

I ovaj magični prizor vam omogućava da vidite

all of what's happening

sve što se događa

while the broccoli steams.

dok se brokula kuha na pari.

Then each of the different little pieces around it

Zatim, svaki različit komadić oko nje

explain some fact.

objašnjava neku činjenicu.

And the hope was two-fold.

A namjera je bila dvostruka.

One is you can actually explain what happens when you steam broccoli.

Prva je da stvarno možete objasniti šta se događa kada brokulu kuhate na pari.

But the other thing is that maybe we could seduce people

Druga stvar je da možda možemo ljude zavesti stvarima

into stuff that was a little more technical,

koje su malo više tehničke,

maybe a little bit more scientific, maybe a little bit more chef-y

možda malo više naučne, možda malo više kuharske

than they otherwise would have.

nego što bi to inače bile.

Because with that beautiful photo,

Jer, sa ovom prelijepom fotografijom,

maybe I can also package this little box here

možda mogu takođe upakovati i ovaj mali blok ovdje

that talks about how steaming and boiling

u kome se govori o tome kako parenje i kuhanje

actually take different amounts of time.

u stvari iziskuju različite količine vremena.

Steaming ought to be faster.

Kuhanje na pari bi trebalo biti brže.

It turns out it isn't because of something called film condensation,

Ispostavlja se da nije brže, zbog nečega što se naziva kondenzacija,

and this explains that.

a ovo je objašnjenje.

Well, that first cutaway picture worked,

Pa, prva slika presjeka je bila uspješna,

so we said, "Okay, let's do some more."

pa smo rekli: "U redu, hajde da ih napravimo još."

So here's another one.

I evo još jedne.

We discovered why woks are the shape they are.

Otkrili smo zašto su vokovi oblikovani onako kako jesu.

This shaped wok doesn't work very well;

Vok ovoga oblika ne funkcioniše baš dobro;

this caught fire three times.

ovo se zapalilo tri puta.

But we had a philosophy,

Ali mi smo imali filozofiju,

which is it only has to look good for a thousandth of a second.

prema kojoj to mora izgledati dobro samo hiljaditi dijelić sekunde.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And one of our canning cutaways.

I jedan od naših presjeka sa konzerviranjem.

Once you start cutting things in half, you kind of get carried away,

Jednom kada počnete stvari sjeći na pola, nekako se zanesete,

so you see we cut the jars in half as well as the pan.

pa vidite da smo i staklenke presjekli na pola, kao i posudu.

And each of these text blocks

I svaki od ovih blokova teksta

explains a key thing that's going on.

objašnjava ključnu stvar koja se dešava.

In this case, boiling water canning

U ovom slučaju, konzerviranje ključalom vodom

is for canning things that are already pretty acidic.

je za konzerviranje hrane koja je već poprilično kisela.

You don't have to heat them up as hot

Ne morate ih zagrijavati tako jako

as you would something you do pressure canning

kao što bi ste zagrijavali nešto što konzervirate pod pritiskom,

because bacterial spores can't grow in the acid.

jer bakterijske spore ne mogu rasti u kiselini.

So this is great for pickled vegetables,

Zato je ovo veoma dobro za ukiseljeno povrće,

which is what we're canning here.

što upravo ovdje konzervišemo.

Here's our hamburger cutaway.

Evo i našeg presjeka hamburgera.

One of our philosophies in the book

Jedna od naših filozofija u ovoj knjizi

is that no dish

je da ni jedno jelo

is really intrinsically any better than any other dish.

u stvari nije bolje od bilo kojeg drugog jela.

So you can lavish

Tako da možete posvetiti

all the same care, all the same technique,

istu pažnju, sve iste tehnike

on a hamburger

na hamburger

as you would on some much more fancy dish.

kao što biste učinili i za neko svečanije jelo.

And if you do lavish as much technique as possible,

I ako budete upotrijebili najviši mogući nivo tehnike,

and you try to make the highest quality hamburger,

za pravljenje najkvalitetnijeg mogućeg hamburgera,

it gets to be a little bit involved.

to može postati pomalo komplikovano.

The New York Times ran a piece

The New York Times je objavio članak

after my book was delayed

kada je odgođeno objavljivanje moje knjige

and it was called "The Wait for the 30-Hour Hamburger

pod naslovom "Tridesetsatno čekanje za hamburger

Just Got Longer."

se upravo produžilo".

Because our hamburger recipe, our ultimate hamburger recipe,

Jer naš recept za hamburger, naš recept za najbolji hamburger,

if you make the buns and you marinate the meat and you do all this stuff,

ako sami napravite pecivo i ako sami marinirate meso i uradite sve to,

it does take about 30 hours.

stvarno zahtijeva oko 30 sati.

Of course, you're not actually working the whole time.

Naravno, vi u stvari ne radite cijelo to vrijeme.

Most of the time is kind of sitting there.

Većina vremena podrazumjeva da samo sjedite.

The point of this cutaway

Smisao ovog presjeka

is to show people a view of hamburgers they haven't seen before

je da se ljudima hamburger prikaže u svjetlu u kome ga nisu prije vidjeli,

and to explain the physics of hamburgers

te da im se pokaže fizika hamburgera

and the chemistry of hamburgers,

i hemija hamburgera,

because, believe it or not, there is something to the physics and chemistry --

jer, vjerovali ili ne, ima nešto vezano i za fiziku i hemiju,

in particular, those flames underneath the burger.

konkretno, u plamenu ispod hamburgera.

Most of the characteristic char-grilled taste

Glavnina karakterističnog ukusa roštilja na ugalj

doesn't come from the wood or the charcoal.

ne potiče od uglja ili drveta.

Buying mesquite charcoal will not actually make that much difference.

Kupovina kvalitetnijeg uglja neće donijeti neku veliku razliku.

Mostly it comes from fat pyrolyzing, or burning.

Uglavnom, ukus potiče od pirolize, ili sagorijevanja, masnoće.

So it's the fat that drips down and flares up

Znači, masnoća koja kapa i gori

that causes the characteristic taste.

je ono što uzrokuje karakterističan ukus.

Now you might wonder, how do we make these cutaways?

Sada biste se mogli zapitati kako mi pravimo ove presjeke?

Most people assume we use Photoshop.

Većina ljudi pretpostavlja da koristimo Photoshop.

And the answer is: no, not really;

I odgovor je ne, u stvari ga ne koristimo,

we use a machine shop.

koristimo radionicu.

And it turns out, the best way to cut things in half

I ispostavilo se da je najbolji način da stvari presječemo na pola

is to actually cut them in half.

taj da ih stvarno presječemo na pola.

So we have two halves of one of the best kitchens in the world.

Tako da imamo dvije polovice jedne od najboljih kuhinja na svijetu.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We cut a $5,000 restaurant oven in half.

Presjekli smo restoransku pećnicu vrijednu 5,000 US$ na pola.

The manufacturer said,

Proizvođači su rekli:

"What would it take for you to cut one in half?"

"Šta bi bio uslov da jednu od njih presječete na pola?"

I said, "It would have to show up free."

Rekao sam: "Morala bi biti besplatna."

And so it showed up, we used it a little while,

I tako je stigla, koristili smo ju jedno vrijeme,

we cut it in half.

presjekli smo ju na pola.

Now you can also see a little bit how we did some of these shots.

Sada takođe možete vidjeti kako smo napravili neke od ovih fotografija.

We would glue a piece of Pyrex

Zalijepili bismo komad Pyrex stakla

or heat-resistant glass in front.

ili vatrostalnog stakla na prednju stranu.

We used a red, very high-temperature silicon to do that.

Koristili smo crveni silikon, otporan na veoma visoke temperature, kako bi smo to postigli.

The great thing is, when you cut something in half,

Kada nešto presječete na pola,dobra je stvar što

you have another half.

imate i drugu polovinu.

So you photograph that in exactly the same position,

Tako da ju fotografišete tačno na istoj poziciji.

and then you can substitute in --

i onda možete zamijeniti --

and that part does use Photoshop -- just the edges.

i taj dio stvarno zahtijeva Photoshop -- samo ivice.

So it's very much like in a Hollywood movie

Tako da ovo poprilično liči na holivudski film

where a guy flies through the air, supported by wires,

gdje tip leti kroz vazduh, na sajlama,

and then they take the wires away digitally

i onda oni sajle digitalno uklone

so you're flying through the air.

tako da ispada da stvarno leti kroz vazduh.

In most cases, though, there was no glass.

U većini slučajeva, ipak, nije bilo stakla.

Like for the hamburger, we just cut the damn barbecue.

Kao na primjer za hamburger, samo smo presjekli prokleti roštilj.

And so those coals that kept falling off the edge,

I onaj ugalj je stalno ispadao preko ivice,

we kept having to put them back up.

a mi smo ga morali vraćati.

But again, it only has to work for a thousandth of a second.

Ali, opet, to mora funkcionisati samo hiljaditi dio sekunde.

The wok shot caught fire three times.

Vok se zapalio tri puta.

What happens when you have your wok cut in half

Ono što se desi kada svoj vok presječete na pola

is the oil goes down into the fire

je da se ulje slije u vatru

and whoosh!

i vuuuuš!

One of our cooks lost his eyebrows that way.

Jedan od naših kuhara je tako ostao bez obrva.

But hey, they grow back.

Ali hej, one ponovo narastu.

In addition to cutaways,

Uz presjeke,

we also explain physics.

takođe objašnjavamo fiziku.

This is Fourier's law of heat conduction.

Ovo je Fourierov zakon provođenja toplote.

It's a partial differential equation.

To je parcijalna diferencijalna jednačina.

We have the only cookbook in the world

Mi imamo jedinu kuharicu na svijetu

that has partial differential equations in it.

u kojoj se nalaze parcijalne diferencijalne jednačine.

But to make them palatable,

Ali, kako bi smo ih učinili opipljivima,

we cut it out of a steel plate and put it in front of a fire

isjekli smo ih na čeličnoj ploči i stavili smo ju ispred vatre

and photographed it like this.

te smo ih tako fotografisali.

We've got lots of little tidbits in the book.

Imamo mnogo sitnih poslastica u knjizi.

Everybody knows that your various appliances

Svi znaju da različiti kućanski aparati

have wattage, right?

imaju potrošnju izraženu u vatima, zar ne?

But you probably don't know that much about James Watt.

Ali vjerovatno ne znate mnogo o Jamesu Wattu.

But now you will; we put a biography of James Watt in.

Ali sada ćete znati; uključili smo biografiju Jamesa Watta u knjigu.

It's a little couple paragraphs

To je nekoliko paragrafa

to explain why we call that unit of heat the watt,

koji objašnjavaju zašto tu jedinicu za toplotu zovemo vat

and where he got his inspiration.

i odakle je on crpio inspiraciju.

It turned out he was hired by a Scottish distillery

Ispostavilo se da ga je angažovala jedna škotska destilerija

to understand why they were burning so damn much peat

kako bi ustanovili zašto zašto su koristili toliko vražjeg treseta

to distill the whiskey.

za destilaciju viskija.

We also did a lot of calculation.

Takođe smo dosta računali.

I personally wrote thousands of lines of code

Ja sam lično napisao hiljade linija koda

to write this cookbook.

kako bih napisao ovu kuharicu.

Here's a calculation

Ovo je kalkulacija

that shows how the intensity of a barbecue,

koja prikazuje kako se kreće intenzitet roštilja,

or other radiant heat source, goes

ili nekog drugog izvora topline koji zrači,

as you move away from it.

kada se odmičete od njega.

So as you move vertically away from this surface,

Dakle, ako se vertikalno udaljavate od ove površine,

the heat falls off.

toplota se smanjuje.

As you move side to side, it moves off.

Kako se krećete sa jedne na drugu stranu, ona nestaje.

That horn-shaped region

To područje u obliku roga

is what we call the sweet spot.

je ono što nazivamo slatka tačka.

That's the place where the heat is even to within 10 percent.

To je mjesto gdje je toplota ujednačena do unutar 10%.

So that's the place where you really want to cook.

Dakle, to je mjesto gdje stvarno želite kuhati.

And it's got this funny horn-shaped thing,

I ima ovu smiješnu stvar u obliku roga,

which as far as I know, again,

što je, ponovo, koliko je meni poznato,

the first cookbook to ever do this.

prva kuharica do sada u kojoj je ovo urađeno.

Now it may also be the last cookbook that ever does it.

Sada, ona bi takođe mogla biti i posljednja kuharica u kojoj je ovo ikada urađeno.

You know, there's two ways

Znate, postoje dva načina

you can make a product.

da napravite proizvod.

You can do lots of market research

Možete detaljno istraživati tržište

and do focus groups

i napraviti fokus grupe

and figure out what people really want,

i shvatiti šta ljudi stvarno žele,

or you can just kind of go for it

ili možete jednostavno pokušati

and make the book you want and hope other people like it.

i napraviti knjigu kakvu vi želite i nadati se da će se svidjeti i drugim ljudima.

Here's a step-by-step that shows grinding hamburger.

Ovdje korak po korak pokazujemo kako se melje hamburger.

If you really want great hamburger,

Ako stvarno želite fenomenalan hamburger,

it turns out it makes a difference if you align the grain.

ispostavilo se da igra ulogu kako poravnate zrnca.

And it's really simple, as you can see here.

I to je stvarno jednostavno, kao što ovdje možete vidjeti.

As it comes out of the grinder, you just have a little tray,

Kako izlazi iz mašine za mljevenje, stavite mali poslužavnik,

and you just take it off in little passes,

i uzimate ga u manjim količinama,

build it up, slice it vertically.

sastavite ga, isiječete vertikalno.

Here's the final hamburger.

Ovdje je gotov hamburger.

This is the 30-hour hamburger.

Ovo je hamburger od 30 sati.

We make every aspect of this burger.

Mi pravimo sve dijelove ovog hamburgera.

The lettuce has got liquid smoke infused into it.

U salatu je ubrizgan tečni dim.

We also have things about how to make the bun.

Takođe imamo objašnjenja kako se pravi pecivo.

There's a mushroom, ketchup -- it goes on and on.

Tu je i gljiva, kečap -- i tako dalje, i tako dalje.

Now watch closely. This is popcorn. I'll explain it here.

Sada pažljivo gledajte. Ovo su kokice. Objasniću ovdje.

The popcorn is illustrating

Kokice ilustruju

a key thing in physics.

jednu od ključnih stvari u fizici.

Isn't that beautiful?

Zar ovo nije prelijepo.

We have a very high-speed camera,

Imamo veoma brzu kameru,

which we had lots of fun with on the book.

s kojom smo se mnogo zabavljali radeći na knjizi.

The key physics principle here

Ključno načelo fizike ovdje

is when water boils to steam

je kada voda ključa i prelazi u paru

it expands by a factor of 1,600.

ona se proširi za faktor od 1,600.

That's what's happening to the water inside that popcorn.

To je ono što se dešava sa vodom unutar kokica.

So it's a great illustration of that.

Tako da je ovo odlična ilustracija toga.

Now I'm going to close with a video that is kind of unusual.

Sada ću završiti sa videom koji je pomalo nebičan.

We have a chapter on gels.

Imamo poglavlje o gelovima.

And because people watch Mythbusters and CSI,

I pošto ljudi gledaju Mythbusterse i CSI,

I thought, well, let's put in a recipe

pomislio sam, pa, hajde da damo i recept

for a ballistics gelatin.

za balistički želatin.

Well, if you have a high-speed camera,

Pa, ako imate brzu kameru,

and you have a block of ballistics gelatin lying around,

i ako pri ruci imate komad balističkog želatina,

pretty soon somebody does this.

veoma brzo neko uradi ovo.

(Gasps)

(Uzdasi)

Now the amazing thing here

Ono što je ovdje nevjerovatno

is that a ballistics gelatin is supposed to mimic

je to što bi balistički žele trebao simulirati

what happens to human flesh when you get shot -- that's why you shouldn't get shot.

šta se događa sa ljudskim mesom kada vas upucaju -- zato vas ne bi trebali upucati.

The other amazing thing is, when this ballistics gelatin comes down,

Druga nevjerovatna stvar je, kada se ovaj balistički želatin smiri,

it falls back down as a nice block.

padne dole kao fini blok.

Anyway, here's the book.

U svakom slučaju, evo knjige.

Here it is.

Evo je.

2,438 pages.

2,435 stranica.

And they're nice big pages too.

I to su lijepe velike stranice takođe.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

A friend of mine complained

Jedan od mojih prijatelja se požalio

that this was too big and too pretty to go in the kitchen,

da je prevelika i prelijepa da bi ju držali u kuhinji,

so there's a sixth volume

tako da postoji i šesti tom

that has washable, waterproof paper.

koji je napravljen od vodootpornog papira koji možete prati.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)