Daniel Goleman: Why arent we all Good Samaritans?

Translator: Alena Tenzerova Reviewer: Linda Magáthová

Viete, udivuje ma, že jednou z implicitných tém na TEDe je súcit,

You know, I'm struck by how one of the implicit themes of TED

is compassion, these very moving demonstrations we've just seen:

dojemné prejavy, ktoré sme práve videli:

HIV v Afrike, prezident Clinton včera večer.

HIV in Africa, President Clinton last night.

Ak dovolíte, rád by som sa zamyslel nad súcitom

And I'd like to do a little collateral thinking, if you will,

about compassion and bring it from the global level to the personal.

a preniesol ho z globálnej úrovne na osobnú.

Som psychológ, ale buďte pokojní,

I'm a psychologist, but rest assured,

I will not bring it to the scrotal.

budem sa kontrolovať.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

Na Teologickom seminári v Princetone nedávno urobili

There was a very important study done a while ago

at Princeton Theological Seminary that speaks to why it is

veľmi dôležitú štúdiu, ktorá tvrdila,

že všetci máme mnoho príležitostí pomáhať,

that when all of us have so many opportunities to help,

tak prečo to niekedy urobíme a inokedy nie?

we do sometimes, and we don't other times.

Skupina študentov teológie na Princetonskom Teologickom seminári

A group of divinity students at the Princeton Theological Seminary

mala pripraviť cvičnú kázeň.

were told that they were going to give a practice sermon

and they were each given a sermon topic.

Každý z nich dostal tému kázne.

Polovica dostala tému:

Half of those students were given, as a topic,

podobenstvo o Milosrdnom Samaritánovi –

the parable of the Good Samaritan:

mužovi, ktorý sa zastavil, aby pomohol

the man who stopped the stranger in --

neznámemu v núdzi na okraji cesty.

to help the stranger in need by the side of the road.

Druhej polovici bola zadaná náhodná téma z Biblie.

Half were given random Bible topics.

Then one by one, they were told they had to go to another building

Potom postupne mali ísť do druhej budovy

predniesť svoju kázeň.

and give their sermon.

Cestou z jednej budovy do druhej

As they went from the first building to the second,

každý z nich prešiel popri zhrbenom stonajúcom mužovi, ktorý bol v núdzi.

each of them passed a man who was bent over and moaning,

clearly in need. The question is: Did they stop to help?

Otázkou je: zastali, aby mu pomohli?

Ešte zaujímavejšia otázka je:

The more interesting question is:

Záležalo na tom, či sa zamýšľali nad podobenstvom o Milosrdnom Samaritánovi?

Did it matter they were contemplating the parable

of the Good Samaritan? Answer: No, not at all.

Odpoveď: Nie, vôbec nie.

Čo sa ukázalo ako rozhodujúce, či niekto zastal a pomohol

What turned out to determine whether someone would stop

and help a stranger in need

neznámemu v núdzi,

was how much of a hurry they thought they were in --

bolo ako veľmi si mysleli, že sa musia ponáhľať,

že meškajú, alebo či boli zaujatí tým,

were they feeling they were late, or were they absorbed

o čom sa chystali rozprávať.

in what they were going to talk about.

A toto je kameň úrazu našich životov:

And this is, I think, the predicament of our lives:

that we don't take every opportunity to help

to, že nepomôžeme pri každej príležitosti,

pretože naša pozornosť je zameraná nesprávnym smerom.

because our focus is in the wrong direction.

There's a new field in brain science, social neuroscience.

Existuje nový odbor vedy o mozgu, sociálna neuroveda,

študujúca prepojenia aktivované

This studies the circuitry in two people's brains

v mozgoch dvoch ľudí pri vzájomnej interakcii.

that activates while they interact.

And the new thinking about compassion from social neuroscience

Sociálna neuroveda prináša nový názor na súcit,

is that our default wiring is to help.

hovorí, že sme prirodzene nastavení pomáhať.

That is to say, if we attend to the other person,

Čiže, ak sa staráme o niekoho,

automaticky sme empatickí, vcítime sa do neho.

we automatically empathize, we automatically feel with them.

Existujú novoobjavené neuróny, zrkadlové neuróny,

There are these newly identified neurons, mirror neurons,

ktoré sa správajú ako neurónové Wi-Fi, aktivujúc v našom mozgu

that act like a neuro Wi-Fi, activating in our brain

presne tie oblasti, ktoré sú aktivované u toho druhého. Automaticky sa vcítime.

exactly the areas activated in theirs. We feel "with" automatically.

And if that person is in need, if that person is suffering,

A ak je tento človek v núdzi, ak trpí,

sme automaticky pripravení pomôcť. Aspoň sa to tvrdí.

we're automatically prepared to help. At least that's the argument.

Ale potom otázkou je: Prečo to nerobíme?

But then the question is: Why don't we?

A myslím si, že to hovorí o celom spektre:

And I think this speaks to a spectrum

od úplného ponorenia sa do seba,

that goes from complete self-absorption,

cez povšimnutie, empatiu až po súcit.

to noticing, to empathy and to compassion.

And the simple fact is, if we are focused on ourselves,

Faktom je, že ak sme zahĺbení do seba,

a to počas dňa často sme,

if we're preoccupied, as we so often are throughout the day,

nevšímame si skutočne ostatných.

we don't really fully notice the other.

Tento rozdiel medzi pozornosťou zameranou na seba a druhých

And this difference between the self and the other focus

môže byť veľmi jemný.

can be very subtle.

I was doing my taxes the other day, and I got to the point

Jedného dňa som si prechádzal účtami a keď som

spisoval zoznam príspevkov, ktoré som daroval,

where I was listing all of the donations I gave,

zrazu mi napadlo, práve keď som sa dostal k šeku

and I had an epiphany, it was -- I came to my check

to the Seva Foundation and I noticed that I thought,

pre Seva Foundation:

páni, môj priateľ Larry Brilliant by bol skutočne šťastný,

boy, my friend Larry Brilliant would really be happy

že som venoval peniaze nadácii Seva.

that I gave money to Seva.

Potom som si uvedomil, že odmenou za dar mi bol

Then I realized that what I was getting from giving

was a narcissistic hit -- that I felt good about myself.

úder narcizmu – že som mal dobrý pocit sám zo seba.

Potom som začal uvažovať o ľuďoch v Himalájach

Then I started to think about the people in the Himalayas

trpiacich šedým zákalom, ktorým bude doskytnutá pomoc

whose cataracts would be helped, and I realized

a uvedomil som si, že som sa posunul od narcistického zamerania sa na seba

that I went from this kind of narcissistic self-focus

k altruistickej radosti, k dobrému pocitu z pomoci druhým.

to altruistic joy, to feeling good

for the people that were being helped. I think that's a motivator.

A toto považujem za skutočný motivátor.

A tento rozdiel medzi zameraním sa na seba

But this distinction between focusing on ourselves

a zameraním sa na druhých

and focusing on others

is one that I encourage us all to pay attention to.

je niečo, čomu by sme všetci mali venovať pozornosť.

You can see it at a gross level in the world of dating.

Istým spôsobom sa to dá vidieť aj vo svete randenia.

Pred nejakým časom som bol v sushi reštaurácii

I was at a sushi restaurant a while back

a započul som rozhovor dvoch žien o bratovi jednej z nich,

and I overheard two women talking about the brother of one woman,

ktorý nebol zadaný.

who was in the singles scene. And this woman says,

Tá žena povedala: „Môj brat má problém zoznámiť sa s niekým,

"My brother is having trouble getting dates,

tak skúša speed dating.“

so he's trying speed dating." I don't know if you know speed dating?

Neviem, či poznáte „speed dating“.

Women sit at tables and men go from table to table,

Ženy sedia pri stolíkoch a muži prechádzajú od jedného k druhému,

and there's a clock and a bell, and at five minutes, bingo,

a po piatich minútach zaznie zvon,

rozhovor skončí a každá žena sa môže rozhodnúť,

the conversation ends and the woman can decide

či mužovi dá svoju vizitku, alebo e-mailovú adresu,

whether to give her card or her email address to the man

aby sa s ňou neskôr skontaktoval.

for follow up. And this woman says,

„Môj brat nikdy nedostal vizitku“, pokračovala, „a ja presne viem, prečo.

"My brother's never gotten a card, and I know exactly why.

V momente ako si prisadne, začne non-stop rozprávať o sebe,

The moment he sits down, he starts talking non-stop about himself;

vôbec sa tej ženy nespýta na ňu.“

he never asks about the woman."

Keď som zbieral materiál pre nedeľnú prílohu The New York Times

And I was doing some research in the Sunday Styles section

of The New York Times, looking at the back stories of marriages --

a skúmal som príbehy manželstiev,

tie sú veľmi zaujímavé,

because they're very interesting -- and I came to the marriage

naďabil som na manželstvo pani Alice Charney Epsteinovej.

of Alice Charney Epstein. And she said

Povedala, že keď si hľadala známosť,

that when she was in the dating scene,

testovala ľudí jednoduchým spôsobom.

she had a simple test she put people to.

Išlo o to, ako dlho trvalo od chvíle, keď sa stretli,

The test was: from the moment they got together,

how long it would take the guy to ask her a question

po moment, keď sa muž spýtal otázku

with the word "you" in it.

obsahujúcu slovo „ty“.

And apparently Epstein aced the test, therefore the article.

Je jasné, že pán Epstein prešiel testom s vysokým hodnotením.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

Now this is a -- it's a little test

Toto je malý test,

I encourage you to try out at a party.

ktorý odporúčam, aby ste vyskúšali na večierku.

Here at TED there are great opportunities.

Tu na TEDe máte skvelú príležitosť.

V Harvard Business Review nedávno uverejnili článok

The Harvard Business Review recently had an article called

s názvom Ľudský moment, o tom ako nadviazať

"The Human Moment," about how to make real contact

skutočný kontakt s kolegom v práci, a písali, že zásadná vec,

with a person at work. And they said, well,

ktorú musíte urobiť, je vypnúť svoj smartfón (BlackBerry),

the fundamental thing you have to do is turn off your BlackBerry,

zatvoriť laptop, prestať snívať s otvorenými očami

close your laptop, end your daydream

a danej osobe venovať plnú pozornosť.

and pay full attention to the person.

Existuje novovytvorené slovo v angličtine pre moment,

There is a newly coined word in the English language

keď človek, s ktorým sme, vytiahne BlackBerry

for the moment when the person we're with whips out their BlackBerry

alebo prijme telefonát a zrazu pre neho neexistujeme.

or answers that cell phone, and all of a sudden we don't exist.

To slovo je „pizzled“: spojenie puzzled – zmätený a pissed off – nahnevaný.

The word is "pizzled": it's a combination of puzzled and pissed off.

(Laughter)

(smiech)

Myslím, že je celkom výstižné.

I think it's quite apt. It's our empathy, it's our tuning in

Ide o našu empatiu, o naše naladenie,

ktoré nás odlišuje od machiavelistov alebo sociopatov.

which separates us from Machiavellians or sociopaths.

I have a brother-in-law who's an expert on horror and terror --

Mám švagra, je expert na horor a teror

– napísal knihu Annotated Dracula, the Essential Frankenstein –

he wrote the Annotated Dracula, the Essential Frankenstein --

vyštudoval anglickú literatúru,

he was trained as a Chaucer scholar,

but he was born in Transylvania

ale narodil sa v Transylvánii

and I think it affected him a little bit.

a myslím, že to ho trochu poznačilo.

At any rate, at one point my brother-in-law, Leonard,

Raz sa môj švagor, Leonard, rozhodol

napísať knihu o sériovom vrahovi.

decided to write a book about a serial killer.

This is a man who terrorized the very vicinity we're in

Išlo o muža, ktorý pred mnohými rokmi vyčíňal

v našom susedstve, bol známy ako škrtič zo Santa Cruz.

many years ago. He was known as the Santa Cruz strangler.

Predtým ako ho zatkli, zavraždil svojich starých rodičov,

And before he was arrested, he had murdered his grandparents,

matku a päť študentiek z univerzity Santa Cruz.

his mother and five co-eds at UC Santa Cruz.

A tak sa môj švagor vybral urobiť rozhovor s týmto zabijakom

So my brother-in-law goes to interview this killer

a keď sa s ním stretol, uvedomil si,

and he realizes when he meets him

že ten chlap bol úplne desivý.

that this guy is absolutely terrifying.

Bol takmer dva metre vysoký.

For one thing, he's almost seven feet tall.

Ale to nebola na ňom tá najhrôzostrašnejšia vec.

But that's not the most terrifying thing about him.

Najdesivejšie bolo, že jeho IQ bolo 160: génius.

The scariest thing is that his IQ is 160: a certified genius.

No medzi IQ a emočnou empatiou (vcítenie sa do pocitov druhých)

But there is zero correlation between IQ and emotional empathy,

nie je žiadne prepojenie.

feeling with the other person.

Sú kontrolované rôznymi časťami mozgu.

They're controlled by different parts of the brain.

A tak v jednej chvíli môj švagor nabral odvahu

So at one point, my brother-in-law gets up the courage

opýtať sa otázku, na ktorú chcel naozaj vedieť odpoveď,

to ask the one question he really wants to know the answer to,

and that is: how could you have done it?

a to: Ako si to mohol urobiť?

Necítil si žiadnu ľútosť nad svojimi obeťami?

Didn't you feel any pity for your victims?

These were very intimate murders -- he strangled his victims.

Boli to veľmi intímne vraždy – svoje obete uškrtil.

A škrtič odpovedal bez emócií,

And the strangler says very matter-of-factly,

„Och, nie. Keby som sa dal rozrušiť, nedokázal by som to urobiť.

"Oh no. If I'd felt the distress, I could not have done it.

Túto časť mňa som musel vypnúť. Túto časť mňa som musel vypnúť.“

I had to turn that part of me off. I had to turn that part of me off."

And I think that that is very troubling,

Myslím si, že je to veľmi znepokojivé,

tu chcem poukázať na vypínanie tejto časti nášho ja.

and in a sense, I've been reflecting on turning that part of us off.

Ak sa pri akejkoľvek činnosti zameriavame na seba,

When we focus on ourselves in any activity,

vypíname túto časť nášho ja v prítomnosti iných ľudí.

we do turn that part of ourselves off if there's another person.

Zamyslite sa nad nakupovaním, nad možnosťami

Think about going shopping and think about the possibilities

uvedomelého konzumerizmu.

of a compassionate consumerism.

Práve teraz, tak ako poukázal Bill McDonough,

Right now, as Bill McDonough has pointed out,

veci, ktoré kupujeme a používame, majú skryté dôsledky.

the objects that we buy and use have hidden consequences.

Všetci sme nevedomými obeťami kolektívnej slepej škvrny.

We're all unwitting victims of a collective blind spot.

Nevšímame si a nevšímame si, že si nevšímame

We don't notice and don't notice that we don't notice

the toxic molecules emitted by a carpet or by the fabric on the seats.

toxické molekuly, ktoré uvoľňuje koberec alebo látka na sedadle.

Nevieme, či tá látka je technologicky

Or we don't know if that fabric is a technological

alebo priemyselne spracovateľná, či môže byť opäť použitá

or manufacturing nutrient; it can be reused

alebo jednoducho skončí na skládke.

or does it just end up at landfill? In other words,

Inými slovami, nevšímame si ekologické a verejné zdravie,

we're oblivious to the ecological and public health

a sociálnu a ekonomickú spravodlivosť

and social and economic justice consequences

vyplývajúcu z vecí, ktoré kupujeme a používame.

of the things we buy and use.

Všetci to vidíme, ale nikto o tom nechce hovoriť.

In a sense, the room itself is the elephant in the room,

but we don't see it. And we've become victims

Stali sme sa obeťami systému,

ktorý nás vedie iným smerom.

of a system that points us elsewhere. Consider this.

Existuje prekrásna kniha s názvom

There's a wonderful book called

Veci: Skrytý život každodenných predmetov.

Stuff: The Hidden Life of Everyday Objects.

Rozpráva príbeh pôvodu jedného trička.

And it talks about the back story of something like a t-shirt.

Hovorí o tom, kde vypestovali bavlnu,

And it talks about where the cotton was grown

o hnojive, ktoré bolo použité, o jeho vplyve na pôdu.

and the fertilizers that were used and the consequences

for soil of that fertilizer. And it mentions, for instance,

A uvádza, napríklad,

že bavlna je veľmi odolná voči textilným farbivám,

that cotton is very resistant to textile dye;

asi 60 percent z nich sa dostáva do odpadových vôd.

about 60 percent washes off into wastewater.

And it's well known by epidemiologists that kids

A epidemiológovia dobre vedia, že výskyt leukémie u detí,

who live near textile works tend to have high rates of leukemia.

ktoré žijú v blízkosti textilných fabrík, je vysoký.

Spoločnosť Bennett and Company, dodávateľ pre značky

There's a company, Bennett and Company, that supplies Polo.com,

Polo.com a Victoria's Secret, vďaka svojmu výkonnému riaditeľovi

Victoria's Secret -- they, because of their CEO, who's aware of this,

vytvorila v Číne spoločný podnik s miestnymi farbiarňami,

in China formed a joint venture with their dye works

aby zaistila, že odpadová voda

to make sure that the wastewater

sa riadne vyčistí predtým ako sa vráti do podzemných vôd.

would be properly taken care of before it returned to the groundwater.

Right now, we don't have the option to choose the virtuous t-shirt

Teraz nemáme možnosť vybrať si „svedomito vyrobené“ tričko.

over the non-virtuous one. So what would it take to do that?

Takže čo by sa muselo stať, aby sme takúto možnosť mali?

Trochu som o tom premýšľal.

Well, I've been thinking. For one thing,

Po prvé, máme novú technológiu elektronických štítkov, ktorá umožňuje

there's a new electronic tagging technology that allows any store

akémukoľvek obchodu spoznať celú históriu každej položky na ich regáloch.

to know the entire history of any item on the shelves in that store.

Dá sa vystopovať až k výrobcovi. A keď poznáme výrobcu,

You can track it back to the factory. Once you can track it

back to the factory, you can look at the manufacturing processes

môžeme sa pozrieť na použité výrobné procesy.

that were used to make it, and if it's virtuous,

Ak bol tovar „vyrobený svedomito“,

you can label it that way. Or if it's not so virtuous,

môže tak byť označený.

A ak nebol, môžete zájsť do akéhokoľvek obchodu

you can go into -- today, go into any store,

čítačkou prejsť čiarový kód,

put your scanner on a palm onto a barcode,

ktorý vás spojí s webovou stránkou.

which will take you to a website.

(ako to používajú ľudia s alergiou na oriešky).

They have it for people with allergies to peanuts.

A táto webová stránka by vám poskytla informácie o danej veci.

That website could tell you things about that object.

In other words, at point of purchase,

Inými slovami, pred zakúpením

we might be able to make a compassionate choice.

by sme si mohli vybrať uvedomele.

There's a saying in the world of information science:

Vo svete informatiky majú jedno príslovie:

Napokon všetci budú vedieť všetko.

ultimately everybody will know everything.

A otázkou je: zmení sa tým niečo?

And the question is: will it make a difference?

Pred nejakým časom, keď som pracoval pre New York Times,

Some time ago when I was working for The New York Times,

bolo to v 80. rokoch, pracoval som na článku

it was in the '80s, I did an article

on what was then a new problem in New York --

o vtedy novom probléme v New Yorku

it was homeless people on the streets.

– bezdomovci na uliciach.

And I spent a couple of weeks going around with a social work agency

Strávil som niekoľko týždňov pochôdzkami so sociálnymi pracovníkmi,

that ministered to the homeless. And I realized seeing the homeless

ktorí mali na starosti bezdomovcov, a vidiac bezdomovcov ich očami

through their eyes that almost all of them were psychiatric patients

som si uvedomil, že takmer všetci z nich boli pacientami z psychiatrie,

that had nowhere to go. They had a diagnosis. It made me --

ktorí nemali kam ísť. Boli chorí.

Otriaslo to mnou a zobudilo ma to z mestského tranzu, v ktorom

what it did was to shake me out of the urban trance where,

when we see, when we're passing someone who's homeless

keď vidíme, keď prechádzame popri niekom bez domova,

in the periphery of our vision, it stays on the periphery.

vnímame ho iba periférne.

Nevšímame si, a preto nekonáme.

We don't notice and therefore we don't act.

Jedného dňa krátko po tom – bol piatok, deň sa končil,

One day soon after that -- it was a Friday -- at the end of the day,

schádzal som do metra.

I went down -- I was going down to the subway. It was rush hour

Bolo rušno, tisíce ľudí prúdili dolu schodmi.

and thousands of people were streaming down the stairs.

And all of a sudden as I was going down the stairs

A zrazu, ako som schádzal dole,

I noticed that there was a man slumped to the side,

všimol som si muža ležiaceho bokom.

Bol bez košele, nehybný a ľudia ho iba tak prekračovali –

shirtless, not moving, and people were just stepping over him --

– stovky a stovky ľudí.

hundreds and hundreds of people.

A keďže môj mestský tranz bol akosi oslabený,

And because my urban trance had been somehow weakened,

pristihol som sa, ako sa zastavujem, aby som zistil, čo sa stalo.

I found myself stopping to find out what was wrong.

V momente, ako som zastal, pol tucta iných ľudí

The moment I stopped, half a dozen other people

okolo neho urobilo kruh.

immediately ringed the same guy.

Zistili sme, že to bol Hispánec, nerozprával anglicky,

And we found out that he was Hispanic, he didn't speak any English,

he had no money, he'd been wandering the streets for days, starving,

nemal žiadne peniaze, hladoval, už niekoľko dní sa potuloval po uliciach,

and he'd fainted from hunger.

a odpadol od hladu.

Immediately someone went to get orange juice,

Ihneď niekto išiel po džús,

someone brought a hotdog, someone brought a subway cop.

niekto priniesol hotdog, niekto priviedol policajta.

This guy was back on his feet immediately.

Ten muž bol ihneď späť na nohách.

But all it took was that simple act of noticing,

Stačilo si len všimnúť,

a preto som optimistický.

and so I'm optimistic.

Ďakujem pekne.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

(potlesk)