What we do (and don't) know about the coronavirus | David Heymann

490,882 views ・ 2020-03-05

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Rawandsabah Ahmad Reviewer: Taban Khidr
00:12
[As of the morning February 27, 2020,
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هه‌ر كه‌ له‌ به‌یانی 27ی شوباتی 2020
00:14
there were at least 82,000 confirmed cases worldwide of the coronavirus
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به‌لایه‌نی كه‌م 82000 كه‌یسی كۆڕۆنا ڤایرۆس له‌ سه‌رتاسه‌ر جیهان تۆماركرا
00:17
and 2,810 deaths from it.
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له‌گه‌ڵ 2810 حاله‌تی مردن.
00:19
TED invited Dr. David Heymann to share the latest findings about the outbreak.]
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تێد بانگهێشتی دكتۆر ده‌یڤد هایمانی كرد تا .باسی نوێترین پێشهاته‌كان بكات
00:22
[What happens if you get infected with the coronavirus?]
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چی ڕوده‌دات ئه‌گه‌ر] [ توشی كۆڕۆنا ڤایرۆس ببیت؟
00:25
This looks like a very mild disease, like a common cold,
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نه‌خۆشییه‌كی ساده‌یه‌ ،وه‌ك سه‌رمابونێكی ئاسایی
00:28
in the majority of people.
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.له‌زۆربه‌ی خه‌ڵك
هه‌ندێك كه‌س توشی ئه‌م ڤایرۆسه‌ ده‌بن و ;نه‌خۆشییه‌كی ترسناكیان هه‌یه‌
00:30
There are certain people who get infected and have very serious illness;
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00:34
among them are health workers.
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له‌وانه‌ كارمه‌ندی ته‌ندروستی.
00:36
It's a very serious infection in them,
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زۆر به‌ سه‌ختی توش ده‌بن.
00:38
as they get a higher dose than normal people,
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چونكه‌ به‌ جورعه‌ی زیاتر ،له‌خه‌ڵكی ئاسایی ده‌گرن
00:40
and at the same time, they have no immunity.
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.له‌هه‌مان كات به‌رگرییان نییه‌
00:42
So in the general population,
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،بۆیه‌ له‌ خه‌ڵكی ئاسایی
00:46
it's likely that the dose of virus that you receive when you are infected
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وه‌ك ئه‌وه‌ وایه‌ جورعه‌ی ئه‌و ڤایرۆسه‌ی تۆش ده‌بیت
00:51
is much less than the dose that a health worker would receive,
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كه‌متره‌ له‌وه‌ی كارمه‌ندێكی ،ته‌ندروستی توشی ده‌بێت
00:54
health workers having more serious infections.
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.كارمه‌ندانی ته‌ندروستی سه‌ختتر توشده‌بن
00:56
So your infection would be less serious, hopefully.
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.خۆشبه‌ختانه‌، توشبونی ئێوه‌ سوكتره‌
00:59
So that leaves the elderly and those with comorbidities
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پێویستە ئه‌وانه‌ی به‌ته‌مه‌نن و نه‌خۆشی تریان هه‌یه‌
01:03
to really be the ones that we have to make sure
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ئه‌وانه‌بن لێیان دڵنیا ببینه‌وه‌
01:05
are taken care of in hospitals.
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.تا له‌ نه‌خۆشخانه‌ چاودێری بكرێن
01:07
[Who are the people who should be most concerned about this?]
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[كێن ئه‌وانه‌ی پێویسته‌ نیگه‌رانبن؟]
01:12
Well, the most concerned are people
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باشه‌، ئه‌وانه‌ی پێویسته‌ زیاتر ئاگاداربن
01:14
who are, first of all, in developing countries
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ئه‌وانه‌ن له‌ وڵاته‌ تازه‌پێگه‌یشتوه‌كانن
01:17
and who don't have access to good medical care
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كه‌ سیسته‌مێكی ته‌ندروستی باشیان نییه‌
01:20
and may not have access at all to a hospital,
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له‌وانه‌شه‌ هه‌رنه‌توانن بگه‌نه‌ ،نه‌خۆشخانه‌
01:23
should an epidemic occur in their country.
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ئه‌گه‌ر ئه‌و درمه‌ له‌ وڵاتیان بڵاوبێته‌وه‌
01:26
Those people would be at great risk,
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،ئه‌وان له‌مه‌ترسیدا ده‌بن
01:28
especially the elderly.
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.به‌تایبه‌تی به‌ته‌مه‌نه‌كان
01:29
Elderly in all populations are at risk,
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به‌ته‌مه‌نان له‌هه‌مووان ،زیاتر مەترسیان لەسەرە
01:32
but especially those who can't get to oxygen.
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به‌تایبه‌تی ئه‌وانه‌ی ده‌ستیان .به‌ ئۆكسجین ناگات
01:35
In industrialized countries,
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له‌ وڵاته‌ پیشه‌سازییه‌كان،
01:36
it's the very elderly who have comorbidities,
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زۆربه‌ی به‌ته‌مه‌نه‌كان کە نه‌خۆشی دیکەیان هه‌یه‌
01:39
who have diabetes, who have other diseases,
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ئه‌وانه‌ی شه‌كرو نه‌خۆشی دیکەیان هه‌یه،‌
01:41
who are at risk.
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ئه‌وا له‌مه‌ترسیدان
01:42
The general population doesn't appear to be at great risk.
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خه‌ڵكی ئاسایی مه‌ترسیان لەسەر نییە.
01:45
[What pre-existing medical conditions put people at higher risk?]
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چ دۆخێكی ته‌ندروستی پێشتر] [ خه‌ڵك ده‌خاته‌ به‌رمه‌ترسی؟
01:50
First of all,
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،له‌سه‌ره‌تادا
01:51
pulmonary disease existing as a comorbidity is also important.
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هه‌بونی كێشه‌ له‌سیسته‌می هه‌ناسه‌دان گرنگه‌
01:55
In general, the elderly are at greater risk,
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،به‌گشتی به‌ته‌مه‌نه‌كان زیاتر له‌مه‌ترسین
01:57
especially those over 70,
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،به‌تایبه‌تی ئه‌وانه‌ی له‌سه‌روی 70 ساڵن
01:59
because their immune systems are not as effective
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چونكه‌ سیسته‌می به‌رگریان لاوازه‌
02:02
as they might have once been,
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وه‌ك ئه‌وه‌ی جارێك بووبن،
02:04
and they are more susceptible to infections.
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زیاتر ئه‌گه‌ری توشبونیان هه‌یه.‌
02:07
In addition, in some instances in China,
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‌ له‌هه‌ندێك دۆخ، له‌ چین
02:10
there's been a coinfection with influenza
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له‌گه‌ڵ هه‌ڵامه‌ت ده‌رده‌كه‌وێت
02:14
and at the same time,
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له‌هه‌مان كاتدا،
02:15
there have been some bacterial superinfections
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هه‌ندێك توشبوونی به‌كتریاش هه‌ن
02:17
on the pneumonias that are occurring.
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.له‌سه‌ر هه‌وكردنی سییه‌كان
02:19
[Where can we find up-to-date information?]
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[له‌ كوێ زانیاری نوێ بدۆزینه‌وه‌؟]
02:22
The Center for Disease Control in Atlanta keeps track
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سه‌نته‌ری چاره‌سه‌ری نه‌خۆشی له‌ ئه‌تلانتا به‌دواداچون ده‌كات
02:25
and has updates on a regular basis on its website.
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زانیاری نوێ له‌ پێگه‌كه‌ی .خۆی بڵاوده‌كاته‌وه‌
02:29
Also, the World Health Organization in Geneva,
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هه‌روه‌ها ڕێكخراوی ته‌ندروستی جیهانی له‌ ،جنێڤ
02:31
which is coordinating many of the activities
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هه‌ماهه‌نگی له‌گه‌ڵ زۆر چالاكی ده‌كات
02:34
going on internationally,
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کە له ‌جیهان ڕوده‌ده‌ن،
02:35
also has a website with daily updates.
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هه‌روه‌ها پێگه‌یه‌كی .هه‌واڵی ڕۆژانه‌ی هه‌یه‌
02:37
It's our responsibility to get that information as individuals,
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به‌رپرسیاره‌تی ئێمه‌یه‌ ئه‌و زانیارییه‌ ،وه‌ك تاكه‌كه‌س وه‌رگرین
02:41
so we understand
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تا تێده‌گه‌ین
02:42
and can make sure that we can contribute in our own way
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دڵنیابین له ‌به‌شداربوون به‌شێوازی خۆمان
02:45
to prevention of major spread.
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تا ڕێگری بكه‌ین له‌ بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی
ڕۆلێكی جیهانیتان گێڕا له‌ بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی] سارز له‌ ساڵی 2003
02:48
[You led the global response to the SARS outbreak in 2003.
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02:50
How does this outbreak compare?]
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چۆن به‌راوردی ده‌كه‌یت؟[
02:52
That's the same problem with all new infections.
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هه‌مان گرفته‌ له‌گه‌ڵ به‌ركه‌وته‌ .نوێكان
02:54
This is an infection that's coming to humans
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ئه‌مه‌ ئه‌و نه‌خۆشه‌ییه‌یە مرۆڤ ده‌یگرێت
02:57
who have never been exposed to this virus before.
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كه‌ هه‌رگیز پێشتر به‌ركه‌وته‌ی .ڤایرۆس نه‌بووه‌
03:00
They don't have any antibody protection,
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،هیچ به‌رگرییه‌كی دژه‌ جه‌سته‌ییان نییه‌
03:02
and it's not clear whether their immune system
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دیاریش نییه‌ ئه‌گه‌ر سیسته‌می به‌رگرییان
03:05
can handle this virus or not.
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.توانای به‌رگری هه‌بێت یان نا
03:07
This is a virus that usually finds itself in bats or in other animals,
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ئه‌مه‌ ئه‌و ڤایرۆسه‌یه‌ له‌ ،شه‌مشه‌مه‌كوێره‌ و ئاژه‌ڵی تردا هەیه‌
03:11
and all of a sudden, it's in humans.
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.و كتوپڕ له‌ مرۆڤ په‌یدابوو
03:13
And humans just don't have experience with this virus.
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مرۆڤیش شاره‌زایی ئه‌م ڤایرۆسه‌ نییه.‌
03:17
But gradually,
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به‌ڵام خۆشبه‌ختانه،‌
03:18
we are beginning to learn a lot, as we did with SARS.
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شاره‌زاییه‌كی باش كۆده‌كه‌ینه‌وه‌ وه‌ك .له‌ سارز
03:21
And you know, there are certainly a larger number of deaths
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ده‌شزانن ژماره‌یه‌كی زۆر مردوو هه‌ن
03:24
than there were with SARS.
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.له‌وه‌ی له‌ سارز هه‌بوون
03:26
But when you divide that by a denominator of persons who are infected,
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به‌ڵام ئه‌گه‌ر ئه‌وه‌ له‌گه‌ڵ كه‌سانی توش بوو دابه‌ش بكه‌ین
03:30
there are many, many more persons infected than there were with SARS.
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خه‌ڵكێكی زۆرتر توشده‌بن له‌وه‌ی .له‌ سارز توشببوون
03:34
The case fatality ratio,
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،ڕێژه‌ی مردن
03:36
that is the ratio of deaths to the numbers of cases in SARS,
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ئه‌مه‌ ڕێژه‌ی مردنه‌ ،به‌ سارز
03:40
was about 10 percent.
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.نزیكه‌ی له‌ سه‌دا ده‌ بوو
03:42
With the current coronavirus, COVID-19,
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كۆرۆنا ڤایرۆس، كۆڤید- 19
03:45
it is two percent or probably less.
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.له‌ سه‌دا دوو یان كه‌متره‌
03:48
So it's a much less virulent virus,
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كه‌واته‌ ئه‌م ڤایرۆسه‌ كه‌متر مه‌ترسیداره‌
03:51
but it's still a virus that causes mortality,
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به‌ڵام هه‌ر ڤایرۆسه‌ ده‌بێته‌ هۆی مردن
03:53
and that's what we don't want entering human populations.
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بۆیه‌ نامانه‌وێت بێته‌ نێو خه‌ڵك
03:56
[Have we responded adequately at border crossings, such as airports?]
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ئایا به‌وردی باسی په‌ڕینه‌وه‌ی] [سنوره‌كانمان وه‌ك فڕۆكه‌خانه‌ كردوه‌؟
04:00
It's clearly understood that airports or any land borders
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واتا فڕۆكه‌خانه‌ و هه‌رسنورێكی تری وشكانی
04:04
cannot prevent a disease from entering.
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.ڕێگر نابن له‌به‌رده‌م بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی
04:06
People in the incubation period can cross that border,
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خه‌ڵك له‌كاتی ده‌رنه‌كه‌وتنی نیشانه‌كانی ئه‌و سنوره‌ ده‌بڕن
04:09
can enter countries
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ده‌چنه‌ وڵاتان
04:11
and can then infect others when they become sick.
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.خه‌ڵكی دی توشده‌كه‌ن كاتێك نه‌خۆشده‌كه‌ون
04:14
So borders are not a means of preventing infections from entering a country
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كه‌واته‌ سنوره‌كان ڕێگرنابن له‌بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی
04:20
by checking temperatures.
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.له‌ ڕێگەی پێوانه‌ی پله‌ی گه‌رمی
04:22
Borders are important because you can provide to people arriving
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سنوره‌كان گرنگن چونكه‌ ده‌ستت ده‌گات به‌و خه‌ڵكانه‌ی
04:26
from areas that might be at risk of having had infection,
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له‌شوێنی پڕمه‌ترسی هاتوون
04:29
provide them with an understanding,
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یارمه‌تیان بده‌یت له‌شیكردنه‌وه‌
04:31
either a printed understanding or a verbal understanding,
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یان له‌ڕێگەی نوسراو یانیش له‌ڕێگەی زاره‌كی
04:34
of what the signs and symptoms are of this infection,
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باسی نیشانه‌ و ده‌ركه‌وته‌كانی بكه‌یت
04:37
and what they should do if they feel that they might be infected.
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ڕێوشوێنی پێویست بۆخۆپاراستن له‌كاتی توشبون بگرنه‌به‌ر
04:41
[What's the timeline for a vaccine?]
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[خشته‌ی كاتی ڤاكسینه‌كه‌ چییه‌؟]
04:44
Vaccines are under development right now,
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،ڤاكسینه‌كان له‌ پێشخستنن ئێستا
04:46
there's a lot of research going on.
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.لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌یه‌كی زۆر له‌م بواره‌ هه‌یه‌
04:48
That research requires first that the vaccine be developed,
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ئه‌و لیكۆڵینه‌وه‌یە سه‌ره‌تا پێویستی ،به‌ په‌رپێدانی ڤاكسینه‌
04:52
then that it be studied for safety and effectiveness in animals,
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پاشان ده‌بێـت بۆ سه‌لامه‌تی و كاریگه‌ری ،له‌سه‌ر ئاژه‌ڵ تاقیبكرێته‌وه‌
04:57
who are challenged with the virus after they are vaccinated,
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ئه‌وانه‌ی به‌ره‌نگاری ڤایرۆس ده‌بنه‌وه‌ ،دوای وه‌رگرتنی ڤاكسین
05:00
and then it must go into human studies.
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پاشان ده‌بێت بۆلایه‌نی لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌ی مرۆڤ ببردرێت
05:03
The animal studies have not yet begun,
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لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌ی سه‌ر ئاژه‌ڵ ده‌ستی پێنه‌كردوه‌
05:05
but will soon begin for certain vaccines.
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به‌ڵام بۆ هه‌ندێك ڤاكسین زوو ده‌ستپێده‌كات
05:07
And it's thought that by the end of the year,
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،پێده‌چێت له‌ كۆتایی ساڵ
05:10
or early next year,
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یان سه‌ره‌تای ساڵی داهاتو
05:11
there may be some candidate vaccines
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له‌وانه‌یه‌ هه‌ندێك ڤاكسین هه‌بێت
05:13
that can then be studied for licensing by regulatory agencies.
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پاشان لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌ی بۆ هه‌ڵسه‌نگاندن .له‌لایه‌ن ئاژانسه‌كان له‌سه‌رده‌كرێت
05:18
So we're talking about at least a year until there's vaccine available
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ئێمه‌ به‌لایه‌نی كه‌م باسی ساڵێك ده‌كه‌ین بۆ ئاماده‌كردنی ڤاكسین
05:22
that can be used in many populations.
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.كه‌ بۆ زۆر كه‌س به‌كاربێت
05:25
[What questions about the outbreak are still unanswered?]
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چ پرسیارێك له‌سه‌ر بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی] [ تائێستا بێ وه‌ڵام ماوه‌ته‌وه‌؟
05:29
It's clear we know how it transmits,
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،ده‌زانین چۆن ده‌گوازرێته‌وه‌
05:31
we don't know how easily it transmits in humans,
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نازانین چۆن به‌ئاسانی ،بۆ مرۆڤ ده‌گوازرێته‌وه‌
05:33
in communities or in unenclosed areas.
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.له‌ كۆمه‌ڵگاو شوێنه‌ كراوه‌كان
05:38
We know, for example,
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بۆنمونه‌، ده‌زانین
05:39
that in the enclosed area of a cruise ship, it spread very easily.
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شوێنە داخراو و كه‌شتییه‌ گه‌شتیارییه‌كان .به‌ئاسانی بڵاوده‌بێته‌وه‌
05:43
We need to better understand
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پێویسته‌ زیاتر تێبگه‌ین
05:45
how it will spread once it gets into more open areas
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چۆن بڵاوده‌بێته‌وه‌ كاتێك ده‌گاته‌ شوێنی كراوه‌
05:49
where people are exposed to people who might be sick.
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كه‌ به‌ریه‌ككه‌وتن له‌گه‌ڵ نه‌خۆش ده‌بێت
05:52
[What about the global response could be improved?]
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چی ده‌رباره‌ی كاردانه‌وه‌ی] [جیهانی بۆ چاره‌سه‌ركردنی؟
05:56
A major problem in the world today is that we look at outbreaks
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گرفتی گه‌وره‌ ی جیهان له‌ ئێستادا، ئێمه‌ سه‌یری بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی ده‌كه‌ین
06:00
in developing countries
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له‌ وڵاته‌ تازه‌ پێگه‌یشتوه‌كان
06:01
as something that we need to go and stop.
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.وه‌ك شتێك پێویسته‌ بڕۆین بیوه‌ستێنین
06:04
So when there's an outbreak of Ebola,
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،كاتێك ئیبۆلا بڵاوده‌بێته‌وه‌
06:06
we think "How can we go and stop this outbreak in the country?"
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بیرده‌كه‌ینه‌وه‌ "چۆن ڕێگری له‌ بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی بكه‌ین"؟
06:09
We don't think about "How can we help that country
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بیرله‌وه‌ ناكه‌ینه‌وه‌ "چۆن یارمه‌تی ئه‌و وڵاته‌ بده‌ین
06:13
strengthen its capacity,
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،تا تواناكانی تۆكمه‌ بكات
06:15
so that it can detect and respond to infections?"
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به‌مه‌بستی بشكنین و "چاره‌سه‌ری په‌تاكه‌؟
06:18
So we haven't invested enough
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كه‌واته‌ به‌ ته‌واوی وه‌به‌رهێنانمان نه‌كردوه‌
06:21
in helping countries develop their core capacity in public health.
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تا یارمه‌تی ئه‌و وڵاتانه‌ بده‌ین بۆ .پێشخستنی سیسته‌می ته‌ندروستی گشتی
06:25
What we've done is invested in many mechanisms globally,
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ئه‌وه‌ی كردومانه‌ وه‌به‌رهێنانی ،میكانزمی جیهانییه‌
06:29
which can provide support to other countries
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تا یارمه‌تی وڵاتانی دیکە بده‌ین
06:32
to go and help stop outbreaks.
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.بۆ ڕێگریكردن له‌ بڵابونه‌وه‌
06:34
But we want to see a world where every country
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ده‌مانه‌وێت جیهانێك ببینین تیادا هه‌موو وڵاتان
06:36
can do its best to stop its own outbreaks.
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باشترین ڕێگە بۆ ڕێگری به‌كاربێنن
06:38
[Will we see more emerging disease outbreaks in the future?]
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ئایا بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی نه‌خۆشی] [ زیاتر له‌هاتودا ده‌بینین؟
06:41
Today, there are over seven billion people.
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.له‌ ئێستادا، زیاتر له‌ 7 ملیار كه‌س هه‌ن
06:43
And when those people come into the world,
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،كاتێكیش ئه‌و خه‌ڵكانه‌ دێنه‌ جیهان
06:46
they demand more food,
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،خۆراكی زیاتر داواده‌كه‌ن
06:47
they demand a whole series of things
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ته‌واوی شته‌كان داواده‌كه‌ن
06:49
and they live closer together.
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.له‌نزیك یه‌كتریش ده‌ژین
06:50
In fact, we're an urban world, where people live in urban areas.
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له‌ ڕاستیدا له‌ جیهانی شارستانیداین .كه‌ خه‌ڵك له‌ناوچه‌ی شارستانی ده‌ژی
06:54
And at the same time, we're growing more animals,
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له‌هه‌مان كاتدا ئاژه‌ڵی ،زۆرتر به‌خێوده‌كه‌ین
06:57
and those animals are contributing food to humans as well.
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هه‌روه‌ها ئه‌و ئاژه‌ڵانه‌ش به‌شدارن له‌خۆراك بۆ مرۆڤ
07:01
So what we see
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ئه‌وه‌ی ئێمه‌ ده‌بینین
07:02
is that that animal-human interface is becoming closer and closer together.
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په‌یوه‌ندی نێوان مرۆڤ و ئاژه‌ڵ تا دێت نزیكترده‌بێته‌وه‌
07:07
And this intensive agriculture of animals
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و ئه‌و به‌خێوكردنه‌ چڕه‌ی ئاژه‌ڵان
07:11
and this intensive increase in human populations
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زۆربونی ژماره‌ی دانیشتوانیش
07:14
living together on the same planet
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پێكه‌وه‌ له‌سه‌ر یه‌ك هه‌ساره‌
07:16
is really a melting pot where outbreaks can occur and do occur.
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وه‌ك مه‌نجه‌ڵی توانه‌وه‌ وایه‌ .بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی نه‌خۆشی دێته‌ ئاراوه‌
07:21
We will eventually have more and more of these outbreaks.
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له‌كۆتایدا نه‌خۆشی . زۆرتر بڵاوده‌بێته‌وه‌
07:24
So an emerging infection today is just a warning
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كه‌واته‌ په‌تایه‌كی وا له‌ ئێستادا ته‌نیا ئاگاداركردنه‌وه‌یه‌
07:28
of what will happen in the future.
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.به‌وه‌ی له‌داهاتوو ڕوده‌دات
07:30
We have to make sure
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پێویسته‌ دڵنیابین
07:31
that that technical collaboration in the world
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له‌وه‌ی هاوكاری ته‌كنیكی له‌ جیهان
07:34
is there to work together
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بۆ پێكه‌وه‌ كاركردنه‌
07:36
to make sure that we can understand these outbreaks when they occur
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له‌ دڵنیابوونه‌وه‌ی تێگه‌یشتنی بڵاوبونه‌وه‌ی ئه‌و نه‌خۆشییه‌
07:40
and rapidly provide the information necessary to control them.
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و بڵاوكردنه‌وه‌ی زانیاری خێرا‌ .بۆ ڕێگری كردنی
07:44
[Is the worst behind us?]
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[ئایا خراپترین دۆخ چاوه‌ڕێمان ده‌كات؟]
07:46
I can't predict with accuracy.
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ناتوانم پێشبینی ئه‌وه‌بكه‌م
07:48
So all I can say is that we must all be prepared
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ئه‌وه‌ی من دەیڵێم پێویسته‌ له‌ ئاماده‌باشیدابین
07:51
for the worst-case scenario.
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.بۆ خراپترین بارودۆخ
07:52
And at the same time,
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،له‌هه‌مان كاتدا
07:54
learn how we can protect ourselves and protect others
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بزانین چۆن به‌رگری له‌ خۆمان و كه‌سانی ترده‌كه‌ین
07:57
should we become a part of that epidemic.
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.دەبێت ببین بە به‌شێك له‌و درمه‌
08:00
[To learn more, visit: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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بۆ زانیاری زیاتر سه‌ردانی سه‌نته‌ری] كۆنتڕۆڵ و ڕێگری له‌ نه‌خۆشی
08:03
World Health Organization]
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[ڕێكخراوی ته‌ندروستی جیهانی بكه‌
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