How does heart transplant surgery work? - Roni Shanoada

3,253,319 views ・ 2022-05-24

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Hijyan Hassan Reviewer: Daban Q. Jaff
00:07
Your heart beats more than 100,000 times a day.
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دلێ ته‌ پتریا 100000جاران د روژێ دا خۆ لێدده‌ت
00:11
In just a minute, it pumps over five liters of blood throughout your body.
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دخوله‌كه‌كێ دا پتریا پێنچ لێترێن خوینى پالدده‌ت د له‌شێ ته‌ دا.
00:17
But unlike skin and bones, the heart has a limited ability to repair itself.
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لێ نه‌وه‌ك هه‌ستى و چه‌رمى یه‌، شیانێن كێم یێن خۆ چاككرنێ یێن هه‌ین.
00:22
So if this organ is severely damaged,
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ئانكو ئه‌گه‌ر گه‌له‌ك تێكچووبیت،
00:25
there’s often only one medical solution: replacing it.
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بتنێ ئێك چاره‌سه‌رییا پزیشكى یا هه‌ى: ئه‌وژى گهورینا وى یه‌.
00:30
Today, nearly 3,500 heart transplants are performed each year
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ڤى ده‌مى، نێزیكى 3500 كردارێن دل گهورینێ سالانه‌ دهێنه‌ ئه‌نجامدان
00:35
in a complex and intricate procedure with no room for error.
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د كریاره‌كا نه‌رێك و ئالوزدا و بێ هه‌بوونا خه‌له‌تیان.
00:40
The process begins by testing potential recipients
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پروسێس ب كرنا پشكنینان بۆ وه‌رگران ده‌ستپێدكه‌ت
00:44
to ensure they’re healthy enough for this demanding operation.
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ژ بۆ پشتراستبوونا به‌رهه‌ڤییا وان بۆ ڤێ جوره‌ نشته‌گه‌ریێ.
00:49
Doctors are especially concerned with identifying immunocompromising illnesses
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نوژدار بتایبه‌ت گرنگییێ ب نه‌خوشیێن به‌رگرییێ دده‌ت،
00:54
or any other conditions that could compromise a patient's chance of survival.
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یان هه‌ر كاودانه‌كا دى یا ده‌لیڤێ ب رزگاربوونا نه‌خوشى دده‌ت.
00:59
The next step is to match an eligible recipient with a heart donor.
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پێنگاڤا لدویڤدا پێكڤه‌ گرێدانا دلێ به‌خشه‌ر دگه‌ل وه‌رگرێ مافداره‌.
01:04
Donors are often comatose patients with no chance of being resuscitated
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به‌خشێنه‌ر ئه‌ون یێن ده‌لیڤا ژیانێ نه‌مینن
01:09
or victims of a fatal event whose hearts are still healthy.
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یان قوربانیێن رویدانێن كوژه‌كن یێن هێشتا دلێن وان دساخله‌م.
01:14
In both cases, these patients need to be registered as an organ donor
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هه‌ردوو كاوداناندا دڤێت به‌خشێنه‌ر وه‌ك ئه‌ندام به‌خشێنه‌ر هاتبنه‌ توماركرن
01:18
or have their families give consent.
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یان خێزانا وان روخسه‌تێ بده‌ت.
01:21
And even when a heart is available,
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و خو ل ده‌مێ هه‌بوونا دلى
01:23
surgeons can’t just pair any donor with any recipient.
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نه‌شته‌رگه‌ر نه‌شێت بده‌ته‌ هه‌ر وه‌رگره‌كێ هه‌بیت،
01:27
The recipient’s immune system will view a transplanted heart
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چونكى جیهازێ به‌رگرییا وه‌رگرى دێ وى دلى جاندى
01:31
as a foreign organism that must be attacked.
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ب بونه‌وه‌ره‌كێ بیانى نیاسیت كو دڤێت ژناڤببه‌ت،
01:35
So doctors need to match recipients with donors that share their blood type
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ئه‌ڤجا دڤێت نوژدار دلێ به‌خشێنه‌ر و وى وه‌رگرى بدانته‌ دگه‌ل ئێك
01:40
and have similar antigens.
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یێن هه‌مان جورێ خوینێ هه‌بیت
01:42
If a match can be made, the surgery can begin.
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ئه‌گه‌ر پێكڤه‌گرێدان هه‌بوو، نه‌شته‌گه‌رى دهێته‌ ئه‌نجامدان.
01:45
Once the donor's heart is confirmed to be healthy,
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ده‌مێ ژ ساخله‌مییا دلى دهێنه‌ پشتراستكرن،
01:49
the organ is immersed in an ice slush
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ودل دناڤ جه‌مه‌دێ دا هێته‌ پاراستن
01:51
and injected with a solution to induce cardiac arrest.
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و ب ده‌رزیكه‌كا گیراوه‌ى دهێته‌ ده‌رزیكدان
01:56
These treatments stop the heart from pumping
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داكو ژپالدانا خوینێ بهێته‌ راوه‌ستان
01:58
to ensure it can be removed cleanly.
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داكو بشێوه‌كێ پاقژ بهێته‌ ژێڤه‌كرن.
02:01
Surgeons then place the organ in a mix of cold saline
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ولدویڤدا نه‌شته‌رگه‌ر ئه‌ندامى دناڤ تێكهه‌له‌یه‌كێ ئاڤه‌كا ته‌زى
02:05
and preservation solution.
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یا سویر و گیراوه‌كى دا ددانن.
02:08
This is when the clock starts.
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ده‌م یێ دبوریت،
02:10
Disconnected from its blood supply,
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دل ژ سه‌رچاوه‌یێ خۆ یێ خوینێ دهێته‌ ڤه‌كرن،
02:12
the heart’s cells start taking on damage from lack of oxygen.
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زیان ب خانه‌یێن دلى دكه‌ڤیت ژ كێمییا ئوكسجینێ.
02:16
The organ will only remain viable outside the body for a few hours,
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دل بتنێ دێ بۆ چه‌ند ده‌مژمێره‌كێن كێم ساخ مینیت ژ ده‌رڤه‌ى له‌شى،
02:20
so it needs to reach its recipient as fast as possible.
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ژبه‌ر ڤێ چه‌ندێ دڤێت بزویترین ده‌م بگه‌هیته‌ وه‌رگرێ خۆ.
02:24
Once the heart arrives, the recipient is put under general anesthesia.
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ده‌مێ دل دگه‌هیت، وه‌رگر دهێته‌ بێهوشكرن.
02:29
The surgeon makes an incision down the length of the chest,
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نه‌شته‌رگه‌ر سینگى هه‌مییێ دبریت
02:33
cutting through the breastbone to separate the rib cage
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و هه‌ستیكێن سینگى قه‌تدكه‌ن داكو ڕكه‌ها سینگى راكه‌ت
02:36
and expose the heart.
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و دلى دیاربكه‌ت.
02:37
To keep blood flowing while they remove the damaged organ,
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داكوده‌ڕپه‌رینا خوینێ نه‌راوه‌ستیت ده‌مێ ئه‌ندامێ ژكاركه‌فتى رادكه‌ن،
02:40
surgeons use a cardiopulmonary bypass machine.
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نه‌شته‌رگه‌ر ئاله‌تێ (سى پى بى) بكاردئینن،
02:44
This takes over the heart's job,
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ئه‌ڤه‌ ب كارێ دلى رادبیت،
02:46
generating enough force to push blood through the patient's circulatory system.
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هێزا پێدڤى دروستدكه‌ت بۆ پالدانا خوینێ د سیسته‌مێ خولا خوینێ یا نه‌خوشى دا.
02:52
After the old heart is removed,
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پشتى دلێ كه‌ڤن دهێته‌ راكرن،
02:54
the surgeon begins sewing the donor heart into place.
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نه‌شته‌رگه‌ر ده‌ست بدانان دلێ به‌خشه‌ر لجهێ یێ دیتر دكه‌ن.
02:58
This is an incredibly precise process, where each blood vessel and artery
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پروسێسه‌كا زورا هه‌ستیاره‌، دڤێت هه‌ر ده‌ماره‌كا خوینێ و خوێنبه‌ر
03:02
must be carefully attached to avoid leaks.
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باش پێكڤه‌ بهێنه‌ گرێدان داكو رێشتنا خوینێ روینه‌ده‌ت.
03:07
The procedure can last several hours,
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ئه‌ڤ كرداره‌ چه‌ند ده‌مژمێران ڤه‌دكێشیت.
03:09
potentially longer if there’s scar tissue from previous surgeries.
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و ده‌مه‌كێ درێژتر ژى ئه‌گه‌ر جهێن برینان هه‌بن ژبه‌رنه‌شته‌گه‌ریێن كه‌ڤن.
03:13
Once it’s finished, the bypass machine is turned off
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. ده‌مێ كار بدوماهى دهێت، ئاله‌تێ(سى پى بى) دهێته‌ ڤه‌مراند
03:16
and blood is allowed to flow into the aorta.
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و رێك بده‌رپه‌رینا خوینێ دهێته‌ دان بۆ ده‌مارا خوینێ.
03:20
Doctors carefully monitor the new heart to ensure it’s beating on its own
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نوژدار بهشیارى چاڤدێرییا دلێ نوى دكه‌ن ژبۆ پشتراستبوونا لێدانێن وى
03:24
before sewing the recipient back up.
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به‌رى جهێ نه‌شته‌گه‌ریێ بهێته‌ درین.
03:27
Even after the procedure is complete, there's still work to be done.
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پشتى ب دوماهیك هاتنا كردارێ ژى هێشتا كار یێ هه‌ى بهێته‌ كرن،
03:31
Surgeons are unable to directly connect the heart
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نه‌شته‌رگه‌ر نه‌شێن ئێكسه‌ر دلى
03:34
to the recipient’s nervous system,
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ب جیهازێ عه‌صه‌بیێ وه‌رگرى ڤه‌ گرێبده‌ن،
03:36
and it can take years for the body to fully innervate the new organ.
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و له‌ش گه‌له‌ك سالان ڤه‌دكێشیت هه‌تا ئه‌ندامێ نوى بته‌مامى بده‌ته‌ كارى.
03:42
During this period, the transplanted organ has a higher resting heart rate
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دئه‌ڤى ماوه‌ى دا، ئه‌ندامێ چاندى رێژه‌كا بلندتر یا لێدانێن دلى
03:47
and risk of stroke, making exercise difficult and dangerous.
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و مه‌ترسیا دلراوستاندنێ یاهه‌ى، كرنا وه‌رزشێ بزه‌حمه‌ت و مه‌ترسى دكه‌ڤیت،
03:51
And since it’s incredibly rare to find a perfect match
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كێم وێنه‌یه‌ گرێدانا ته‌واو
03:54
between donor and recipient,
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دناڤبه‌را به‌خشه‌ر وه‌رگرى داهه‌بیت
03:56
the immune system will also have some response to the new heart.
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دیسان ئامیرێ به‌رگریێ ژى دێ هنده‌ك كارڤه‌دان بۆ دلێ نوى هه‌بن.
04:00
Immunosuppressive drugs can help manage the risk of rejection,
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ده‌رمانێن به‌رگریێ دشێن رێڤه‌برنا مه‌ترسیا رتكرنێ بكه‌ن،
04:04
but they also leave patients open to contracting dangerous infections.
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به‌لێ ده‌رمان دبنه‌ ئه‌گه‌رێ دروستبونا التهاباتان بۆ نه‌خوشى،
04:09
It requires constant monitoring and testing to balance these two concerns.
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و پێدڤى چاڤدێری و پشكنینا به‌رده‌وامن داكو هه‌ڤسه‌نگییا ڤان دوو مه‌ترسیان بهێته‌ كرن.
04:14
Despite these challenges, about 70% of heart transplant recipients survive
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سه‌ره‌راى ڤان هه‌ڤركییان، نزیكى 70% وه‌رگرێن دلێن چاندى
04:19
for at least five years after the operation,
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بكێماسى پێنچ سالان پشتى نه‌شته‌گه‌ریێ دژین
04:22
and just over 20% live another 20 years.
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و بتنێ پترى 20% بۆ ماوێ 20 سالێن دیتر دژین.
04:26
So when this procedure is successful, it's truly lifesaving.
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ئه‌ڤجا ده‌مێ بسه‌ركه‌فتیانه‌ كردار دهێته‌ ئه‌نجامدان، ژیان دهێته‌ پاراستن.
04:30
Unfortunately, people in developing countries are often unable
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بلێبورین ڤه‌ گه‌له‌ك جاران خه‌لك د وه‌لاتێن پێشكه‌ڤتى دا نه‌شێن
04:33
to access this surgery,
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ڤێ نه‌شته‌گه‌رییێ بكه‌ن،
04:35
and many viable hearts can’t be donated due to legal and regulatory issues.
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و گه‌له‌ك دلێن ساخله‌م ناهێنه‌ به‌خشین ژبه‌ر ئاریشێن یاسایى و رێكخستنێ.
04:41
Thousands of people remain on waiting lists,
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بهزاره‌ها كه‌س ل هیڤییا گه‌را خۆ دمینن
04:44
and many are never able to find a suitable donor.
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و گه‌له‌ك ژى به‌خشێنه‌ره‌كێ گونجاى چجاران نابینن.
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