How does heart transplant surgery work? - Roni Shanoada

3,429,026 views ใƒป 2022-05-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Jenny Rublevsky
00:07
Your heart beats more than 100,000 times a day.
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ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ืคื•ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100,000 ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
00:11
In just a minute, it pumps over five liters of blood throughout your body.
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ื‘ื“ืงื” ืื—ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
00:17
But unlike skin and bones, the heart has a limited ability to repair itself.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช, ืœืœื‘ ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
00:22
So if this organ is severely damaged,
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ืื– ืื ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืคื’ืข ืžืื•ื“,
00:25
thereโ€™s often only one medical solution: replacing it.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจืง ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืื—ื“: ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
00:30
Today, nearly 3,500 heart transplants are performed each year
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ 3,500 ื”ืฉืชืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื‘ื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
00:35
in a complex and intricate procedure with no room for error.
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืง ื‘ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช.
00:40
The process begins by testing potential recipients
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
00:44
to ensure theyโ€™re healthy enough for this demanding operation.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืคืจืš ื”ื–ื”.
00:49
Doctors are especially concerned with identifying immunocompromising illnesses
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช
00:54
or any other conditions that could compromise a patient's chance of survival.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
00:59
The next step is to match an eligible recipient with a heart donor.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืœื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื.
01:04
Donors are often comatose patients with no chance of being resuscitated
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ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืงื
01:09
or victims of a fatal event whose hearts are still healthy.
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ืื• ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:14
In both cases, these patients need to be registered as an organ donor
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื ื›ืชื•ืจืžื™ ืื‘ืจื™ื
01:18
or have their families give consent.
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ืื• ืฉื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืชื ื• ืื™ืฉื•ืจ.
01:21
And even when a heart is available,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืœื‘ ื–ืžื™ืŸ,
01:23
surgeons canโ€™t just pair any donor with any recipient.
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ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื›ืœ ืชื•ืจื ืœื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœื”.
01:27
The recipientโ€™s immune system will view a transplanted heart
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืชืจืื” ืœื‘ ืžื•ืฉืชืœ
01:31
as a foreign organism that must be attacked.
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ื›ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื–ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืงืฃ.
01:35
So doctors need to match recipients with donors that share their blood type
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ืื– ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ื
01:40
and have similar antigens.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื ื˜ื™ื’ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
01:42
If a match can be made, the surgery can begin.
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ืื ื”ืชืืžื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
01:45
Once the donor's heart is confirmed to be healthy,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืžืื•ืฉืจ ื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:49
the organ is immersed in an ice slush
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ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืจืกืง ืงืจื—
01:51
and injected with a solution to induce cardiac arrest.
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ื•ืžื•ื–ืจืงืช ืœื• ืชืžื™ืกื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื•ื ืœื‘.
01:56
These treatments stop the heart from pumping
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ืคืขื™ืžืช ื”ืœื‘
01:58
to ensure it can be removed cleanly.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืงื™.
02:01
Surgeons then place the organ in a mix of cold saline
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ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืงืจ
02:05
and preservation solution.
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื™ื.
02:08
This is when the clock starts.
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ืื– ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืงืชืง.
02:10
Disconnected from its blood supply,
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ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžืืกืคืงืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื•,
02:12
the heartโ€™s cells start taking on damage from lack of oxygen.
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ืชืื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื–ืง ืžืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ.
02:16
The organ will only remain viable outside the body for a few hours,
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ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช,
02:20
so it needs to reach its recipient as fast as possible.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
02:24
Once the heart arrives, the recipient is put under general anesthesia.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืœื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข, ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืžื•ืจื“ื.
02:29
The surgeon makes an incision down the length of the chest,
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ื”ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืชืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื–ื”,
02:33
cutting through the breastbone to separate the rib cage
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ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช
02:36
and expose the heart.
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื‘.
02:37
To keep blood flowing while they remove the damaged organ,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื’ื•ืข,
02:40
surgeons use a cardiopulmonary bypass machine.
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ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืžืขืงืฃ ืœื‘ ืจื™ืื”.
02:44
This takes over the heart's job,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืœื‘,
02:46
generating enough force to push blood through the patient's circulatory system.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”.
02:52
After the old heart is removed,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืœื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ,
02:54
the surgeon begins sewing the donor heart into place.
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ื”ืžื ืชื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ืœื‘ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืœืžืงื•ื.
02:58
This is an incredibly precise process, where each blood vessel and artery
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื• ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื•ืขื•ืจืงื™ื
03:02
must be carefully attached to avoid leaks.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช.
03:07
The procedure can last several hours,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช,
03:09
potentially longer if thereโ€™s scar tissue from previous surgeries.
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ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื™ืฉ ืจืงืžืช ืฆืœืงืช ืžื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
03:13
Once itโ€™s finished, the bypass machine is turned off
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ื’ืžืจ, ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืขืงืฃ ืžื›ื•ื‘ื”
03:16
and blood is allowed to flow into the aorta.
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ื•ื”ื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืจื•ื ื“ืจืš ืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื.
03:20
Doctors carefully monitor the new heart to ensure itโ€™s beating on its own
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•
03:24
before sewing the recipient back up.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
03:27
Even after the procedure is complete, there's still work to be done.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
03:31
Surgeons are unable to directly connect the heart
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ืžื ืชื—ื™ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
03:34
to the recipientโ€™s nervous system,
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”,
03:36
and it can take years for the body to fully innervate the new organ.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
03:42
During this period, the transplanted organ has a higher resting heart rate
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืชืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืคืง ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:47
and risk of stroke, making exercise difficult and dangerous.
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ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืฅ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืœืงืฉื” ื•ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
03:51
And since itโ€™s incredibly rare to find a perfect match
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื–ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืชืืžื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
03:54
between donor and recipient,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืœื—ื•ืœื”,
03:56
the immune system will also have some response to the new heart.
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ื’ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืœื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
04:00
Immunosuppressive drugs can help manage the risk of rejection,
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ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ื™ื”,
04:04
but they also leave patients open to contracting dangerous infections.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
04:09
It requires constant monitoring and testing to balance these two concerns.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
04:14
Despite these challenges, about 70% of heart transplant recipients survive
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 70% ืžืžื•ืฉืชืœื™ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื
04:19
for at least five years after the operation,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื”,
04:22
and just over 20% live another 20 years.
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ื•ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 20% ื—ื™ื™ื 20 ืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
04:26
So when this procedure is successful, it's truly lifesaving.
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื•ืฆืœื—, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
04:30
Unfortunately, people in developing countries are often unable
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื
04:33
to access this surgery,
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ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื–ื”,
04:35
and many viable hearts canโ€™t be donated due to legal and regulatory issues.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:41
Thousands of people remain on waiting lists,
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ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ืžืชื ื”,
04:44
and many are never able to find a suitable donor.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชื•ืจื ืžืชืื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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