The unheard story of David and Goliath | Malcolm Gladwell

5,439,037 views ใƒป 2013-09-30

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Hanan Rosemarin ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So I wanted to tell a story
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:13
that really obsessed me when I was writing my new book,
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ืฉืจื™ืชืง ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
00:17
and it's a story of something that happened
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืงืจื”
00:20
3,000 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 3,000 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:22
when the Kingdom of Israel was in its infancy.
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ื›ืฉืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืชื•ืœื™ื”.
00:25
And it takes place in an area called the Shephelah
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืœื”
00:28
in what is now Israel.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
00:30
And the reason the story obsessed me is that
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืจื™ืชืง ืื•ืชื™, ื”ื™ื
00:32
I thought I understood it, and then I went back over it
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ
00:36
and I realized that I didn't understand it at all.
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
00:40
Ancient Palestine had a -- along its eastern border,
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ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” -- ืœืื•ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™
00:44
there's a mountain range.
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ื”ื™ื” ืจื›ืก ื”ืจืจื™.
00:46
Still same is true of Israel today.
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ืจื›ืก ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
00:48
And in the mountain range are all of the ancient cities
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ื•ื‘ืจื›ืก ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉื›ื ื• ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช
00:51
of that region, so Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Hebron.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืช-ืœื—ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ.
00:55
And then there's a coastal plain
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ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ
00:57
along the Mediterranean, where Tel Aviv is now.
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ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื• ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ื•ื.
01:01
And connecting the mountain range with the coastal plain
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ื”ืจืจื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ
01:04
is an area called the Shephelah,
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืฉืคืœื”,
01:06
which is a series of valleys and ridges that run east to west,
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ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืกื“ืจืช ืขืžืงื™ื ื•ืจื›ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืžืžื–ืจื— ืœืžืขืจื‘,
01:10
and you can follow the Shephelah, go through the Shephelah
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื”
01:14
to get from the coastal plain to the mountains.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืจื™ื.
01:16
And the Shephelah, if you've been to Israel, you'll know
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ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ื“ืข,
01:18
it's just about the most beautiful part of Israel.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.
01:20
It's gorgeous, with forests of oak
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ื”ื™ื ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื”, ืขื ื—ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืืœื•ื ื™ื
01:23
and wheat fields and vineyards.
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ื•ืฉื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื›ืจืžื™ื.
01:26
But more importantly, though, in the history of that region,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ
01:29
it's served, it's had a real strategic function,
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืžื™ืœืื” ื”ืฉืคืœื”,
01:33
and that is, it is the means by which hostile armies
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ื•ื”ื•ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืขื•ื™ื ื™ื
01:36
on the coastal plain find their way,
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ืžืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
01:38
get up into the mountains and threaten those living in the mountains.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืจื™ื ื•ืœืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉื’ืจื” ื‘ื”ืจื™ื.
01:42
And 3,000 years ago, that's exactly what happens.
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ 3,000 ืฉื ื™ื, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”.
01:45
The Philistines, who are the biggest of enemies
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ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:49
of the Kingdom of Israel,
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ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ,
01:51
are living in the coastal plain.
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ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
01:53
They're originally from Crete. They're a seafaring people.
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ื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื›ืจืชื™ื. ื”ื ื™ืžืื™ื.
01:56
And they may start to make their way
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ื•ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
01:58
through one of the valleys of the Shephelah
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ื“ืจืš ืขืžืงื™ ื”ืฉืคืœื”
02:00
up into the mountains,
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ื•ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจื™ื,
02:02
because what they want to do is occupy the highland area
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืžื”
02:04
right by Bethlehem and split the Kingdom of Israel in two.
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ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
02:08
And the Kingdom of Israel, which is headed by King Saul,
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ื•ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืื•ืœ,
02:11
obviously catches wind of this,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื
02:13
and Saul brings his army down from the mountains
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ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืฆื‘ืื• ืžื”ื”ืจื™ื
02:16
and he confronts the Philistines in the Valley of Elah,
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ื•ืฆื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืืœื”,
02:19
one of the most beautiful of the valleys of the Shephelah.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืžืงื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืคืœื”.
02:22
And the Israelites dig in along the northern ridge,
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ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืคืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™,
02:25
and the Philistines dig in along the southern ridge,
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ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ืžืชื—ืคืจื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
02:29
and the two armies just sit there for weeks
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
02:32
and stare at each other, because they're deadlocked.
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ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื.
02:34
Neither can attack the other, because to attack the other side
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ืืฃ ืฆื‘ื ืœื ืžืขื– ืœืฆืืช ืœืชืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉื ื™,
02:36
you've got to come down the mountain into the valley
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขืžืง
02:40
and then up the other side, and you're completely exposed.
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ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื’ื™ืข ืœืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉื ื™.
02:42
So finally, to break the deadlock,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ,
02:44
the Philistines send their mightiest warrior
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ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื”ื
02:47
down into the valley floor, and he calls out
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ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืœืขืžืง, ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื,
02:50
and he says to the Israelites,
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ื•ืคื ื” ืœืฆื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ,
02:51
"Send your mightiest warrior down,
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"ื‘ืจื•-ืœื›ื ืื™ืฉ, ื•ื™ื™ืจื“ ืืœื™ื™...."
02:54
and we'll have this out, just the two of us."
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"ืชื ื•-ืœื™ ืื™ืฉ, ื•ื ื™ืœื—ืžื” ื™ื—ื“"
02:56
This was a tradition in ancient warfare called single combat.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” ืงืจื‘-ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื
03:00
It was a way of settling disputes
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื
03:02
without incurring the bloodshed of a major battle.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืคื•ืš ื“ื ืจื‘ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
03:06
And the Philistine who is sent down,
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ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ืฉืœื— ืœืขืžืง,
03:09
their mighty warrior, is a giant.
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ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ืขื ืง.
03:11
He's 6 foot 9.
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ื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ืฉืฉ ืืžื•ืช ื•ื–ืจืช
03:13
He's outfitted head to toe in this glittering bronze armor,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื˜ื•ื™ ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืืจื“ ื ื•ืฆืฅ,
03:17
and he's got a sword and he's got a javelin
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ
03:20
and he's got his spear. He is absolutely terrifying.
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ื•ืจื•ืžื—. ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ืขื™ืช.
03:23
And he's so terrifying that none of the Israelite soldiers want to fight him.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื•.
03:28
It's a death wish, right? There's no way they think they can take him.
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ื–ื• ื”ืจื™ ืžืฉืืœืช ืžื•ื•ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืชื ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื ืฆื— ืื•ืชื•
03:32
And finally the only person who will come forward
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื
03:35
is this young shepherd boy,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ,
03:37
and he goes up to Saul and he says, "I'll fight him."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ืื ื™ ืืœื—ื ืื™ืชื•.
03:40
And Saul says, "You can't fight him. That's ridiculous.
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ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืžืจ: "ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืืœ-ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื, ืขื™ืžื•:"
03:43
You're this kid. This is this mighty warrior."
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"ื›ื™-ื ืขืจ ืืชื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื ืขื•ืจื™ื•."
03:45
But the shepherd is adamant. He says, "No, no, no,
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ืืš ื”ืจื•ืขื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื ื—ืจืฅ ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ืœื, ืœื, ืœื
03:48
you don't understand, I have been defending my flock
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ืืชื” ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœื™
03:51
against lions and wolves for years. I think I can do it."
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ื’ื ืžืคื ื™ ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืฆืœื™ื—.
03:55
And Saul has no choice. He's got no one else who's come forward.
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ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื”. ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืฃ ืœื•ื—ื ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืงืจื‘.
03:58
So he says, "All right."
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ืื– ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืกื›ื™ื.
03:59
And then he turns to the kid, and he says,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœื™ืœื“, ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื•:
04:01
"But you've got to wear this armor. You can't go as you are."
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"ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืฉืช ื›ืš.
04:04
So he tries to give the shepherd his armor,
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ืื– ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืช ืœืจื•ืขื” ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
04:07
and the shepherd says, "No."
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืื•ืžืจ: ืœื.
04:08
He says, "I can't wear this stuff."
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–.
04:10
The Biblical verse is, "I cannot wear this for I have not proved it,"
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ื‘ืชื "ืš ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™: "ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืืœื”, ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™"
04:14
meaning, "I've never worn armor before. You've got to be crazy."
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ืœื‘ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืืชื” ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
04:18
So he reaches down instead on the ground
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ืคืฃ ืœืงืจืงืข
04:20
and picks up five stones
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ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ืžืฉ ืื‘ื ื™ื
04:22
and puts them in his shepherd's bag
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•
04:24
and starts to walk down the mountainside to meet the giant.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื”ืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื ืง.
04:29
And the giant sees this figure approaching,
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ื•ื”ืขื ืง ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช,
04:31
and calls out, "Come to me so I can feed your flesh
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœืขื‘ืจื•: "ืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื™--ื•ืืชื ื” ืืช-ื‘ืฉืจืš,"
04:34
to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field."
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"ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื”ืžืช ื”ืฉื“ื”"
04:38
He issues this kind of taunt towards this person
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืจื” ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”
04:42
coming to fight him.
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื•.
04:43
And the shepherd draws closer and closer,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“,
04:47
and the giant sees that he's carrying a staff.
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ื•ื”ืขื ืง ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžื˜ื”,
04:50
That's all he's carrying.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ืžื•.
04:51
Instead of a weapon, just this shepherd's staff,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืฉืง, ืจืง ืžื˜ื” ืจื•ืขื™ื,
04:53
and he says -- he's insulted --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ -- ื”ื•ื ื ืขืœื‘ --
04:55
"Am I a dog that you would come to me with sticks?"
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"ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืื ื•ื›ื™, ื›ื™-ืืชื” ื‘ื-ืืœื™ื™ ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช"
04:59
And the shepherd boy takes one of his stones
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ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืจื•ืขื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื
05:02
out of his pocket, puts it in his sling
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ืฉื‘ืชื™ืงื•, ื•ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื” ืœืงืœืข
05:05
and rolls it around and lets it fly
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ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืœืข ื•ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ
05:07
and it hits the giant right between the eyes --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืขื ืง ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื --
05:10
right here, in his most vulnerable spot --
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื’ื™ืข --
05:12
and he falls down either dead or unconscious,
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ื•ื”ืขื ืง ื ื•ืคืœ ืžืช ืื• ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืจื”,
05:15
and the shepherd boy runs up and takes his sword
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ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืจื•ืขื” ืจืฅ ืืœื™ื•, ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื•
05:18
and cuts off his head,
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ื•ื›ื•ืจืช ืืช ืจืืฉื•,
05:19
and the Philistines see this and they turn and they just run.
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืžืœื˜ื™ื.
05:25
And of course, the name of the giant is Goliath
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช
05:29
and the name of the shepherd boy is David,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืจื•ืขื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื“,
05:32
and the reason that story has obsessed me
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืจื™ืชืง ืื•ืชื™
05:35
over the course of writing my book
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™
05:36
is that everything I thought I knew about that story
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
05:39
turned out to be wrong.
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ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:42
So David, in that story, is supposed to be the underdog, right?
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ืื– ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื“ื•ื“ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”"ืื ื“ืจื“ื•ื’", ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:46
In fact, that term, David and Goliath,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช"
05:48
has entered our language as a metaphor for
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ื ื›ื ืก ืœืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ
05:51
improbable victories
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ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื
05:53
by some weak party over someone far stronger.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ืœืฉ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื–ืง.
05:56
Now why do we call David an underdog?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”"ืื ื“ืจื“ื•ื’"?
05:58
Well, we call him an underdog because he's a kid,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืš ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืขืจ,
06:01
a little kid, and Goliath is this big, strong giant.
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ื ืขืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืขื ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื–ืง.
06:05
We also call him an underdog
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืื ื“ืจื“ื•ื’
06:07
because Goliath is an experienced warrior,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื—ื ืžื ื•ืกื”,
06:11
and David is just a shepherd.
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ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืืŸ.
06:12
But most importantly, we call him an underdog
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืื ื“ืจื“ื•ื’
06:15
because all he has is -- it's that Goliath is outfitted with
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ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• .... -- ืฉื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื“
06:20
all of this modern weaponry,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื,
06:22
this glittering coat of armor
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืฅ
06:24
and a sword and a javelin and a spear,
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ื•ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืžื—
06:27
and all David has is this sling.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืงืœืข.
06:31
Well, let's start there with the phrase
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•
06:33
"All David has is this sling,"
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"ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื–ื” ื”ืงืœืข"
06:35
because that's the first mistake that we make.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
06:38
In ancient warfare, there are three kinds of warriors.
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ื‘ืœื•ื—ืžื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื.
06:42
There's cavalry, men on horseback and with chariots.
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ื”ื™ื• ืคืจืฉื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื›ืจื›ืจื•ืช,
06:45
There's heavy infantry, which are foot soldiers,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื—ื™"ืจ, ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉื”,
06:48
armed foot soldiers with swords and shields
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื
06:51
and some kind of armor.
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ.
06:53
And there's artillery, and artillery are archers,
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืืจื˜ื™ืœืจื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืงืฉืชื™ื,
06:56
but, more importantly, slingers.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงืœืขื™ื = ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ืงืœืข
06:58
And a slinger is someone who has a leather pouch
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ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื ืฉืื• ื ืจืชื™ืง ืขื•ืจ
07:01
with two long cords attached to it,
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ืขื ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•,
07:04
and they put a projectile, either a rock or a lead ball,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืงืœืข, ืื• ืื‘ืŸ ืื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ืคืจืช,
07:07
inside the pouch, and they whirl it around like this
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืจืชื™ืง, ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืš
07:10
and they let one of the cords go,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืœื™ื,
07:13
and the effect is to send the projectile forward
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืงืœืข ื ื•ืจื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”
07:17
towards its target.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
07:20
That's what David has, and it's important to understand
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
07:23
that that sling is not a slingshot.
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ืฉื”ืงืœืข ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ื’ื˜ืงื”
07:26
It's not this, right? It's not a child's toy.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื–ื” ืœื ืฆืขืฆื•ืข.
07:28
It's in fact an incredibly devastating weapon.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื ืฉืง ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืื“ื™ืจื”.
07:32
When David rolls it around like this,
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ื›ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืš,
07:35
he's turning the sling around probably
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ื”ื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืœืข ื‘ืขืจืš
07:38
at six or seven revolutions per second,
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ื‘ืฉืฉ ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
07:41
and that means that when the rock is released,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช,
07:45
it's going forward really fast,
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ื”ื™ื ื˜ืกื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ,
07:47
probably 35 meters per second.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 35 ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
07:49
That's substantially faster than a baseball
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืžื–ืจื™ืงืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ
07:52
thrown by even the finest of baseball pitchers.
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ืข"ื™ ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:56
More than that, the stones in the Valley of Elah
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ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง ื”ืืœื”
08:00
were not normal rocks. They were barium sulphate,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืื‘ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืชื™,
08:03
which are rocks twice the density of normal stones.
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ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช.
08:06
If you do the calculations on the ballistics,
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ืื ืชื‘ืฆืขื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื,
08:09
on the stopping power of the rock fired from David's sling,
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ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืจืชื” ืžื”ืงืœืข ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“,
08:13
it's roughly equal to the stopping power
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ืชื’ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื”
08:15
of a [.45 caliber] handgun.
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ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืข ืžืืงื“ื— ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 0.45.
08:18
This is an incredibly devastating weapon.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืง ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืื“ื™ืจื”.
08:21
Accuracy, we know from historical records
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ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช
08:26
that slingers -- experienced slingers could hit
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ืฉื”ืงืœืขื™ื -- ืงืœืขื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข
08:30
and maim or even kill a target at distances of up to 200 yards.
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ื•ืœื ื˜ืจืœ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 200 ืžื˜ืจ.
08:36
From medieval tapestries, we know that slingers
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ืžืจืงืžื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืงืœืขื™ื
08:39
were capable of hitting birds in flight.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขื•ืคื”
08:42
They were incredibly accurate.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
08:44
When David lines up -- and he's not 200 yards away from Goliath,
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ื›ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืžืชืงืจื‘ -- ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 200 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช,
08:48
he's quite close to Goliath --
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช --
08:49
when he lines up and fires that thing at Goliath,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื•ื™ื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช,
08:53
he has every intention and every expectation
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ืžืœืื”
08:56
of being able to hit Goliath at his most vulnerable spot
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ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•
08:59
between his eyes.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
09:00
If you go back over the history of ancient warfare,
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ืื ืชื‘ื“ืงื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”,
09:02
you will find time and time again
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ืชืจืื• ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
09:05
that slingers were the decisive factor against infantry
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ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื— ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื ื’ื“ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™"ืจ
09:09
in one kind of battle or another.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:14
So what's Goliath? He's heavy infantry,
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ืื– ืžื” ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช? ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื—ื ื—ื™"ืจ.
09:18
and his expectation when he challenges the Israelites to a duel
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืœื“ื•-ืงืจื‘
09:23
is that he's going to be fighting another heavy infantryman.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืœื—ื ืžื•ืœ ืœื•ื—ื ื—ื™"ืจ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.
09:27
When he says, "Come to me that I might
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื: "ืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื™--"
09:29
feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field,"
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"ื•ืืชื ื” ืืช-ื‘ืฉืจืš, ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื”ืžืช ื”ืฉื“ื”".
09:32
the key phrase is "Come to me."
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ื: "ืœื›ื” ืืœื™".
09:34
Come up to me because we're going to fight,
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ืœื›ื” ืืœื™, ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื,
09:36
hand to hand, like this.
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ืงืจื‘ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืš.
09:38
Saul has the same expectation.
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ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
09:40
David says, "I want to fight Goliath,"
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ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช,
09:42
and Saul tries to give him his armor,
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ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืช ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
09:44
because Saul is thinking, "Oh, when you say 'fight Goliath,'
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืฉืื•ืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ "ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื" ื‘ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช
09:47
you mean 'fight him in hand-to-hand combat,'
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ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื
09:50
infantry on infantry."
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ื—ื™"ืจ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื™"ืจ.
09:52
But David has absolutely no expectation.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
09:55
He's not going to fight him that way. Why would he?
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื›ืš, ื•ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช?
09:58
He's a shepherd. He's spent his entire career
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืขื” ืฆืขืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืžื”
10:01
using a sling to defend his flock against lions and wolves.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืœืข ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ืื‘ื™ื
10:05
That's where his strength lies.
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ืฉื ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืฉืœื•.
10:07
So here he is, this shepherd, experienced
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ืื–, ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื, ื”ืจื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื”, ืžื ื•ืกื”
10:09
in the use of a devastating weapon,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื”ื–,
10:11
up against this lumbering giant
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื ืง ื”ืžืชื ืฉื
10:14
weighed down by a hundred pounds of armor
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื 50 ืง"ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ
10:17
and these incredibly heavy weapons
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ื•ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
10:18
that are useful only in short-range combat.
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ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื.
10:22
Goliath is a sitting duck. He doesn't have a chance.
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ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื™ื™ื—ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™.
10:26
So why do we keep calling David an underdog,
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื“ื•ื“ ื”"ืื ื“ืจื“ื•ื’",
10:29
and why do we keep referring to his victory as improbable?
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ื•ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื›ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ?
10:35
There's a second piece of this that's important.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
10:38
It's not just that we misunderstand David
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ืœื ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ืจืง ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ื•ื“
10:41
and his choice of weaponry.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœื•.
10:43
It's also that we profoundly misunderstand Goliath.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช.
10:46
Goliath is not what he seems to be.
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ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืื”.
10:50
There's all kinds of hints of this in the Biblical text,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื›ืš ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžืงืจืื™,
10:54
things that are in retrospect quite puzzling
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื ื™ ื ืจืื™ื ืชืžื•ื”ื™ื
10:56
and don't square with his image as this mighty warrior.
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ื•ืœื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจ.
11:00
So to begin with, the Bible says that Goliath
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ืชื "ืš ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช
11:04
is led onto the valley floor by an attendant.
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ืžื•ื‘ืœ ืœืขืžืง ื”ืืœื” ืข"ื™ ืขื•ื–ืจ ("ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฆื™ื ื”, ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ื•")
11:08
Now that is weird, right?
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
11:10
Here is this mighty warrior
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจ
11:12
challenging the Israelites to one-on-one combat.
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ืžืชื’ืจื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืงืจื‘ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื.
11:15
Why is he being led by the hand
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืขื•ื–ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืขื“ ืื™ืชื•,
11:17
by some young boy, presumably,
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืขืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
11:20
to the point of combat?
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ืืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจื‘?
11:23
Secondly, the Bible story makes special note
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืชื "ืš ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ
11:27
of how slowly Goliath moves,
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ืฉื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื ืข ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ("ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืงืจื‘" ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงืจืืช ื“ื•ื“)
11:30
another odd thing to say when you're describing
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืชืืจ ื›ืš
11:32
the mightiest warrior known to man at that point.
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ืืช ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
11:36
And then there's this whole weird thing
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:38
about how long it takes Goliath to react
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ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘
11:42
to the sight of David.
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ืœืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื•.
11:44
So David's coming down the mountain,
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ืื– ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืจ ืœืขืžืง,
11:47
and he's clearly not preparing for hand-to-hand combat.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืงืจื‘ ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื.
11:51
There is nothing about him that says,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืžืœืžื“
11:53
"I am about to fight you like this."
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"ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื™ืชืš ื›ืš"
11:55
He's not even carrying a sword.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื•ืฉื ื—ืจื‘.
11:57
Why does Goliath not react to that?
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ืœืžื” ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ืœื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืš?
11:59
It's as if he's oblivious to what's going on that day.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื™ืฉ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
12:03
And then there's that strange comment he makes to David:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืžืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื“ื•ื“:
12:07
"Am I a dog that you should come to me with sticks?"
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"ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืื ื•ื›ื™, ื›ื™-ืืชื” ื‘ื-ืืœื™ื™ ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช"?
12:12
Sticks? David only has one stick.
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ืžืงืœื•ืช? ืœื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืงืœ ืื—ื“.
12:15
Well, it turns out that there's been a great deal
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”
12:18
of speculation within the medical community over the years
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ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
12:21
about whether there is something
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื•
12:23
fundamentally wrong with Goliath,
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ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœืงื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช,
12:26
an attempt to make sense of all of those apparent anomalies.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
12:30
There have been many articles written.
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ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืžืืžืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
12:31
The first one was in 1960 in the Indiana Medical Journal,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1960 ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื”,
12:35
and it started a chain of speculation
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช
12:37
that starts with an explanation for Goliath's height.
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ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ื‘ื”ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ื’ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช.
12:40
So Goliath is head and shoulders above
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ืื– ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
12:43
all of his peers in that era,
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ืžื›ืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”,
12:45
and usually when someone is that far out of the norm,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืจื™ื’ ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื”,
12:49
there's an explanation for it.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš.
12:51
So the most common form of giantism
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื "ืขื ืงื™ื"
12:54
is a condition called acromegaly,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืงืจื ืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื”.
12:57
and acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor
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ื•ืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื” ื ื’ืจืžืช ืข"ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืคื™ืจ
13:00
on your pituitary gland
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ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื•ื—
13:02
that causes an overproduction of human growth hormone.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืคืจืฉืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื”.
13:05
And throughout history, many of the most famous giants
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืขื ืงื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื
13:09
have all had acromegaly.
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ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื”.
13:10
So the tallest person of all time
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื
13:12
was a guy named Robert Wadlow
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื•ื•ื“ืœืื•
13:14
who was still growing when he died at the age of 24
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ืืฉืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 24
13:17
and he was 8 foot 11.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 2.72 ืž'
13:20
He had acromegaly.
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ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื”.
13:21
Do you remember the wrestler Andrรฉ the Giant?
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ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชืื‘ืง "ืื ื“ืจื” ื”ืขื ืง"?
13:24
Famous. He had acromegaly.
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ืžืคื•ืจืกื. ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืœ ืžืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื”.
13:26
There's even speculation that Abraham Lincoln had acromegaly.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืกื‘ืœ ืžืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื”.
13:30
Anyone who's unusually tall,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื”,
13:31
that's the first explanation we come up with.
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ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ื”ื•ื - ืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื”.
13:34
And acromegaly has a very distinct set of side effects
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ื•ืœืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงื•ืช
13:38
associated with it,
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื™ื”,
13:39
principally having to do with vision.
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืจืื™ื”.
13:43
The pituitary tumor, as it grows,
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื’ื“ืœ,
13:46
often starts to compress the visual nerves in your brain,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—,
13:50
with the result that people with acromegaly
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื”
13:53
have either double vision or they are profoundly nearsighted.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืคื•ืœ ืื• ืฉื”ื ืงืฆืจื™ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
13:58
So when people have started to speculate
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฉืขืจ
14:01
about what might have been wrong with Goliath,
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช
14:04
they've said, "Wait a minute,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ืจืง ืจื’ืข
14:05
he looks and sounds an awful lot like someone
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
14:08
who has acromegaly."
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ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืืงืจื•ืžื’ืœื™ื”".
14:10
And that would also explain so much of what was strange
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
14:12
about his behavior that day.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื™.
14:15
Why does he move so slowly
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ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื–ื– ืœืื˜
14:16
and have to be escorted down into the valley floor
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ื•ืœืžื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืขืžืง
14:20
by an attendant?
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ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืขื–ืจื”?
14:21
Because he can't make his way on his own.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืฆื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•.
14:24
Why is he so strangely oblivious to David
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ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื“
14:28
that he doesn't understand that David's not going to fight him
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ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื™ืชื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
14:30
until the very last moment?
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ืžืžืฉ ืขื“ ืœืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ?
14:32
Because he can't see him.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื•.
14:35
When he says, "Come to me that I might feed your flesh
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: "ืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื™--ื•ืืชื ื” ืืช-ื‘ืฉืจืš,"
14:38
to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field,"
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"ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื”ืžืช ื”ืฉื“ื”"
14:41
the phrase "come to me" is a hint also of his vulnerability.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืœื›ื” ืืœื™" ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
14:45
Come to me because I can't see you.
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ืœื›ื” ืืœื™, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชืš.
14:48
And then there's, "Am I a dog that you should come to me with sticks?"
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ื•ืื– ื”ืืžืจื”: "ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืื ื•ื›ื™, ื›ื™-ืืชื” ื‘ื-ืืœื™ื™ ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช"?
14:54
He sees two sticks when David has only one.
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืœื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืžืงืœ ืื—ื“.
14:59
So the Israelites up on the mountain ridge
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ืื– ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ืก ื”ื”ืจืจื™
15:02
looking down on him thought he was
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ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช
15:04
this extraordinarily powerful foe.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ ืื™ืžืชื ื™.
15:07
What they didn't understand was that
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื
15:09
the very thing that was the source of his apparent strength
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™
15:12
was also the source of his greatest weakness.
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ื’ืจื ืœื• ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื”.
15:16
And there is, I think, in that,
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ื•ื›ืš, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื ื™ืชืŸ
15:18
a very important lesson for all of us.
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืงื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
15:21
Giants are not as strong and powerful as they seem.
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ืขื ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื ืจืื™ื.
15:25
And sometimes the shepherd boy has a sling in his pocket.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื ืขืจ ืจื•ืขื” ื™ืฉ ืงืœืข ื‘ื›ื™ืก.
15:29
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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