Why we love, why we cheat | Helen Fisher

1,784,223 views ใƒป 2007-01-16

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Avigail Burstein ืžื‘ืงืจ: Amit segal
00:25
I'd like to talk today about the two biggest social trends
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื‘ืื”,
00:30
in the coming century,
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00:32
and perhaps in the next 10,000 years.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
00:35
But I want to start with my work on romantic love,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช,
00:39
because that's my most recent work.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:41
What I and my colleagues did was put 32 people, who were madly in love,
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ืื ื™ ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื”ื›ื ืกื ื• 32 ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ,
00:46
into a functional MRI brain scanner.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืกื•ืจืง ืžื•ื—, ืืž-ืืจ-ืื™ื™ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™.
00:48
17 who were madly in love and their love was accepted;
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17 ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื ื ืขื ืชื”;
00:51
and 15 who were madly in love and they had just been dumped.
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ื• 15 ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื•ื–ืจืงื• ืื•ืชื.
ืื– ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
00:55
And so I want to tell you about that first,
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00:57
and then go on into where I think love is going.
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ื•ืื– ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.
01:01
(Laughter)
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01:03
"What 'tis to love?" Shakespeare said.
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ืžื”ื™ ืื”ื‘ื”? ืฉื•ืืœ ืฉืงืกืคื™ืจ.
01:07
I think our ancestors --
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• - ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”
01:09
I think human beings have been wondering about this question
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ืžืื– ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ืฉื›ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
01:13
since they sat around their campfires
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01:15
or lay and watched the stars a million years ago.
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01:19
I started out by trying to figure out what romantic love was
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช
01:23
by looking at the last 45 years of the psychological research
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ 45 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ - ืจืง ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
01:28
and as it turns out,
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืื”ื‘.
01:30
there's a very specific group of things that happen when you fall in love.
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01:34
The first thing that happens is,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” --
01:37
a person begins to take on what I call, "special meaning."
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ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช."
01:40
As a truck driver once said to me,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื’ ืžืฉืื™ืช ืคืขื ืืžืจ ืœื™,
01:42
"The world had a new center, and that center was Mary Anne."
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ "ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื™-ืืŸ."
01:46
George Bernard Shaw said it differently.
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ืจื ืจื“ ืฉื•ืื• ืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช.
01:48
"Love consists of overestimating the differences
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจื–ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฉื” ืœืจืขื•ืชื”."
01:51
between one woman and another."
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:53
And indeed, that's what we do.
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01:55
(Laughter)
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01:58
And then you just focus on this person.
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ื•ืื– ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
02:01
You can list what you don't like about them,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื,
02:04
but then you sweep that aside and focus on what you do.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื.
02:07
As Chaucer said, "Love is blind."
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆ'ื•ืกืจ ืืžืจ: "ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช."
02:11
In trying to understand romantic love,
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ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช,
02:13
I decided I would read poetry from all over the world,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:16
and I just want to give you one very short poem
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ืงืฆืจืฆืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”,
02:19
from eighth-century China,
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02:20
because it's an almost perfect example
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืœืื“ื ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ ื›ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืืฉื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
02:22
of a man who is focused totally on a particular woman.
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02:26
It's a little bit like when you are madly in love with somebody
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื›ืฉืžืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
02:29
and you walk into a parking lot --
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื ื™ื•ืŸ.
02:31
their car is different from every other car in the parking lot.
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ื”ืื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช.
02:34
Their wine glass at dinner
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ื›ื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื.
02:36
is different from every other wine glass at the dinner party.
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02:40
And in this case, a man got hooked on a bamboo sleeping mat.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื–ืจืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืง.
02:44
And it goes like this.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื•ืืŸ ืฆ'ืŸ:
02:45
It's by a guy called Yuan Zhen.
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"ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ืกืŸ ืืช ืžื–ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืง.
02:48
"I cannot bear to put away the bamboo sleeping mat.
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02:51
The night I brought you home, I watched you roll it out."
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื”ื‘ืืชื™ืš ืœื‘ื™ืชื™, ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืš ืคื•ืจืฉืช ืื•ืชื•."
02:55
He became hooked on a sleeping mat,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื–ืจื•ืŸ,
02:57
probably because of elevated activity of dopamine in his brain,
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•,
03:00
just like with you and me.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ืžื•ื›ื.
03:02
But anyway, not only does this person take on special meaning,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
03:05
you focus your attention on them.
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ื•ืืช ืžืœื•ื ื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
03:07
You aggrandize them.
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ืืชื ืžืขืฆื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ื” ืขื–ื”.
03:09
But you have intense energy.
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03:11
As one Polynesian said, "I felt like jumping in the sky."
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืคื•ืœื™ื ื–ื™ ืื—ื“ "ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื."
03:15
You're up all night. You're walking till dawn.
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ืืชื ืขืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืืชื ืžืชื”ืœื›ื™ื ืขื“ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ.
03:18
You feel intense elation when things are going well;
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ืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื•ืช ืจื•ื— ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ืฉื•ืจื”,
03:21
mood swings into horrible despair when things are going poorly.
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืœื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉื™ื.
ืชืœื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
03:25
Real dependence on this person.
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03:27
As one businessman in New York said to me,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืœื™ ืื™ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ื ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืงื™, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ "ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื”, ืื ื™ ืื”ื‘ืชื™."
03:30
"Anything she liked, I liked."
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03:32
Simple. Romantic love is very simple.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜. ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
03:35
You become extremely sexually possessive.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
03:38
You know, if you're just sleeping with somebody casually,
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ืื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘,
03:40
you don't really care if they're sleeping with somebody else.
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ื›ืคืช ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
03:43
But the moment you fall in love,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื,
03:45
you become extremely sexually possessive of them.
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ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจื›ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ืช.
03:47
I think there's a Darwinian purpose to this.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื” ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”.
03:51
The whole point of this is to pull two people together
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ื“
03:53
strongly enough to begin to rear babies as a team.
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ื—ื–ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช.
03:58
But the main characteristics of romantic love are craving:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืชืฉื•ืงื”:
04:01
an intense craving to be with a particular person,
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ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืืœื ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
04:04
not just sexually, but emotionally.
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04:06
It would be nice to go to bed with them,
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ืืชื” ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ - ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืื™ืชื” ืœืžื™ื˜ื”,
04:10
but you want them to call you on the telephone, to invite you out, etc.,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ืš, ืชื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืš ืœืฆืืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
04:14
to tell you that they love you.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืš.
04:17
The other main characteristic is motivation.
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ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืขื” (ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”).
04:22
The motor in the brain begins to crank, and you want this person.
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ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™.
04:26
And last but not least, it is an obsession.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง.
04:29
Before I put these people in the MRI machine,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืืž.ืืจ.ืื™ื™,
04:33
I would ask them all kinds of questions.
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช.
04:35
But my most important question was always the same.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื”ื”.
04:38
It was: "What percentage of the day and night do you think about this person?"
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"ื›ืžื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืืชื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื?"
ื•ื”ื ืขื ื•: "ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ/ื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•/ื”."
04:43
And indeed, they would say,
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04:44
"All day. All night.
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04:47
I can never stop thinking about him or her."
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04:50
And then, the very last question --
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื•ืชื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” --
04:51
I would always have to work myself up to this question,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,
04:54
because I'm not a psychologist.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
04:56
I don't work with people in any kind of traumatic situation.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.
04:59
My final question was always the same.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื”ื”.
05:01
I would say, "Would you die for him or her?"
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช: "ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืŸ/ื” ืœืžื•ืช ืœืžืขื ื•/ื”?"
05:04
And, indeed, these people would say "Yes!"
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื ื™ื: "ื›ืŸ!"
05:06
as if I had asked them to pass the salt.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžืœื—.
05:08
I was just staggered by it.
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ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™ ืžื–ื”.
05:12
So we scanned their brains,
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ืื– ืกืจืงื ื• ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืืœื™ืช.
05:15
looking at a photograph of their sweetheart
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05:17
and looking at a neutral photograph,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืกื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
05:19
with a distraction task in between.
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช - ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื— ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
05:21
So we could look at the same brain when it was in that heightened state
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05:26
and when it was in a resting state.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื ื•ื—ื”.
05:28
And we found activity in a lot of brain regions.
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื•ื— ืจื‘ื™ื.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื•
05:31
In fact, one of the most important was a brain region
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05:33
that becomes active when you feel the rush of cocaine.
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ.
05:37
And indeed, that's exactly what happens.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
05:40
I began to realize that romantic love is not an emotion.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื ื” ืจื’ืฉ.
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ืืช ืกื™ื“ืจืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช,
05:45
In fact, I had always thought it was a series of emotions,
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ืžื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“.
05:48
from very high to very low.
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05:49
But actually, it's a drive.
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื”ื• ื“ื—ืฃ. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืžื ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื—,
05:51
It comes from the motor of the mind,
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05:53
the wanting part of the mind, the craving part of the mind.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง.
05:57
The kind of part of the mind
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ื— - ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืฉ --
05:59
when you're reaching for that piece of chocolate,
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ืžื•ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ื“ ืœืงื•ื‘ื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“,
06:01
when you want to win that promotion at work.
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ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
06:05
The motor of the brain.
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ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืžื•ื—. ื–ื”ื• ื“ื—ืฃ.
06:07
It's a drive.
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06:08
And in fact, I think it's more powerful than the sex drive.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื–ื” ื“ื—ืฃ ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™.
ืื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืœืฉื›ื‘ ืื™ืชืš ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ื“ "ืœื ืชื•ื“ื”,"
06:12
You know, if you ask somebody to go to bed with you,
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06:14
and they say, "No, thank you,"
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชืชืื‘ื“ ืื• ืชืฉืงืข ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื™.
06:16
you certainly don't kill yourself or slip into a clinical depression.
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06:19
But certainly, around the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื”ื‘ืชื ื ื“ื—ืชื” ื™ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš.
06:22
people who are rejected in love will kill for it.
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06:27
People live for love.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ื ืžืชื™ื ืœืžืขื ื”.
06:28
They kill for love.
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06:29
They die for love.
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06:31
They have songs, poems, novels,
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ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื–ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืคืกืœื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื, ืื’ื“ื•ืช.
06:34
sculptures, paintings, myths, legends.
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06:38
In over 175 societies,
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ื‘ืœืžืขืœื” ืž175 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื—ื•ืชืžื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ื ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:41
people have left their evidence of this powerful brain system.
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06:45
I have come to think
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:46
it's one of the most powerful brain systems on Earth
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06:49
for both great joy and great sorrow.
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ื”ืžืกื‘ื” ื’ื ืื•ืฉืจ ืจื‘ ื•ื’ื ืขืฆื‘ ืจื‘.
06:52
And I've also come to think
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
06:54
that it's one of three basically different brain systems
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
06:57
that evolved from mating and reproduction.
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07:00
One is the sex drive: the craving for sexual gratification.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™: ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื™ื ื™.
07:03
W.H. Auden called it an "intolerable neural itch,"
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ื•.ื™ ืื•ื“ืŸ ืงืจื ืœื–ื” "ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ."
07:07
and indeed, that's what it is.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ื”.
ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืฆื™ืง ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ื›ืžื• ืจืขื‘.
07:10
It keeps bothering you a little bit, like being hungry.
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07:13
The second of these three brain systems is romantic love:
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช:
07:16
that elation, obsession of early love.
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ื”ืชืขืœื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.
07:19
And the third brain system is attachment:
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช:
07:21
that sense of calm and security you can feel for a long-term partner.
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ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืจื•ื’ืข ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืชื™ืง.
07:25
And I think that the sex drive evolved to get you out there,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
07:28
looking for a whole range of partners.
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ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’
07:31
You can feel it when you're just driving along in your car.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืกืชื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช
07:33
It can be focused on nobody.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
07:35
I think romantic love evolved to enable you to focus your mating energy
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:39
on just one individual at a time,
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ืขืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช
07:41
thereby conserving mating time and energy.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
07:43
And I think that attachment, the third brain system,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
07:46
evolved to enable you to tolerate this human being
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืื“ื (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:50
at least long enough to raise a child together as a team.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช
07:56
So with that preamble,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:57
I want to go into discussing the two most profound social trends.
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08:04
One of the last 10,000 years
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ืื—ืช ืฉืœ 10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” - ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœ 25 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
08:06
and the other, certainly of the last 25 years,
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08:11
that are going to have an impact on these three different brain systems:
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ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช
08:15
lust, romantic love and deep attachment to a partner.
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ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’
08:19
The first is women working, moving into the workforce.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ 130 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
08:26
I've looked at 130 societies
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08:29
through the demographic yearbooks of the United Nations.
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08:31
Everywhere in the world, 129 out of 130 of them,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ 129 ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš 130, ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
08:36
women are not only moving into the job market --
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08:39
sometimes very, very slowly, but they are moving into the job market --
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืื˜, ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื˜, ืืš ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
08:43
and they are very slowly closing that gap between men and women
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ื•ืกื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืื˜ ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื
08:46
in terms of economic power, health and education.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
08:50
It's very slow.
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ื–ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ ืžืื•ื“
08:51
For every trend on this planet, there's a counter-trend.
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ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื ื’ื“
08:55
We all know of them, but nevertheless --
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื, ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืžืืžืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™
08:57
the Arabs say, "The dogs may bark, but the caravan moves on."
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ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช"
09:03
And, indeed, that caravan is moving on.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช
09:06
Women are moving back into the job market.
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ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
09:08
And I say back into the job market, because this is not new.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ
09:12
For millions of years, on the grasslands of Africa,
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ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”
ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ื™ืจืงื•ืช
09:16
women commuted to work to gather their vegetables.
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09:19
They came home with 60 to 80 percent of the evening meal.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืขื 60 ืขื“ 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืขืจื‘
09:22
The double income family was the standard.
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ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฉื™ื’ืจื”
09:25
And women were regarded as just as economically,
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื›ื’ื‘ืจื™ื
09:29
socially and sexually powerful as men.
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09:33
In short, we're really moving forward to the past.
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ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ื–ื–ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
09:37
Then, women's worst invention was the plow.
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ื•ืื–, ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื—ืจืฉื”
09:42
With the beginning of plow agriculture, men's roles became extremely powerful.
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ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืฉื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžื”
09:46
Women lost their ancient jobs as collectors,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืžืœืงื˜ื•ืช
ืืš ืขื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืกื˜ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
09:50
but then with the industrial revolution and the post-industrial revolution
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09:54
they're moving back into the job market.
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ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
09:56
In short, they are acquiring the status that they had a million years ago,
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ื•ืžืฉื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
10:01
10,000 years ago, 100,000 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ 100,000 ืฉื ื”
10:04
We are seeing now one of the most remarkable traditions
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืชื” ืืช ืื—ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
10:09
in the history of the human animal.
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื”
10:13
And it's going to have an impact.
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10:15
I generally give a whole lecture
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืกืงื™ืช
10:16
on the impact of women on the business community.
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10:19
I'll say just a couple of things, and then go on to sex and love.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืื– ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกืงืก ื•ืื”ื‘ื”
10:22
There's a lot of gender differences;
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืžื’ื“ืจ
10:24
anybody who thinks men and women are alike
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœื ื’ื™ื“ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืช
10:26
simply never had a boy and a girl child.
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10:28
I don't know why they want to think that men and women are alike.
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ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื
10:31
There's much we have in common,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื --
10:33
but there's a whole lot that we do not have in common.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
10:36
We are -- in the words of Ted Hughes,
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ืื ื—ื ื• - ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ ื™ื•ื–,
10:38
"I think that we are like two feet. We need each other to get ahead."
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"ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื ื• - ืื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื,"
10:43
But we did not evolve to have the same brain.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื—.
10:46
And we're finding more and more gender differences in the brain.
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืžื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
10:49
I'll only just use a couple and then move on to sex and love.
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ืืฉืชืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื•ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืงืก ื•ืื”ื‘ื”.
10:52
One of them is women's verbal ability.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื. ื”ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
10:54
Women can talk.
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10:56
Women's ability to find the right word rapidly, basic articulation
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
11:00
goes up in the middle of the menstrual cycle,
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ืžืฉืชืคืจืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืกืช, ื›ืฉื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืื”
11:02
when estrogen levels peak.
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11:03
But even at menstruation, they're better than the average man.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืกืช, ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื” ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
11:08
Women can talk.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ
11:09
They've been doing it for a million years; words were women's tools.
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื; ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื.
11:13
They held that baby in front of their face,
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ื”ืŸ ืื—ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ,
11:15
cajoling it, reprimanding it, educating it with words.
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ืคื™ื ืงื• ืื•ืชื•, ื ื–ืคื• ื‘ื•, ื—ื™ื ื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื.
11:18
And, indeed, they're becoming a very powerful force.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
11:22
Even in places like India and Japan,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ื™ืคืŸ,
11:27
where women are not moving rapidly into the regular job market,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ,
11:30
they're moving into journalism.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื•ืช.
11:32
And I think that the television is like the global campfire.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
11:37
We sit around it and it shapes our minds.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื•.
11:41
Almost always, when I'm on TV, the producer who calls me,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืืœื™,
11:45
who negotiates what we're going to say,
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ืฉื“ื ื™ื ืื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื ืฉื™ื,
11:47
is a woman.
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11:48
In fact, Solzhenitsyn once said,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื•ืœื–'ื ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืืžืจ ืคืขื,
"ืกื•ืคืจ ื ืคืœื ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื—ืจืช"
11:51
"To have a great writer is to have another government."
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11:54
Today 54 percent of people who are writers in America are women.
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54 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื,
ื–ื”ื• ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื
12:00
It's one of many, many characteristics that women have
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12:02
that they will bring into the job market.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
12:05
They've got incredible people skills, negotiating skills.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ื ืคืœืื™ื, ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ.
12:09
They're highly imaginative.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืคื•ืชื—
12:11
We now know the brain circuitry of imagination, of long-term planning.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš.
12:15
They tend to be web thinkers.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจืฉืชื™ืช.
12:17
Because the female parts of the brain are better connected,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:20
they tend to collect more pieces of data when they think,
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ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช,
12:23
put them into more complex patterns, see more options and outcomes.
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ืœืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช,
12:28
They tend to be contextual, holistic thinkers,
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ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืจืฉืช.
12:32
what I call web thinkers.
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12:33
Men tend to -- and these are averages --
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื - ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข - ื”ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš,
12:35
tend to get rid of what they regard as extraneous,
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12:38
focus on what they do,
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ื”ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:39
and move in a more step-by-step thinking pattern.
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12:46
They're both perfectly good ways of thinking.
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ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
12:48
We need both of them to get ahead.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
12:50
In fact, there's many more male geniuses in the world.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:54
And there's also many more male idiots in the world.
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ื›ืฉ - ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:56
(Laughter)
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12:58
When the male brain works well, it works extremely well.
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:01
And what I really think that we're doing is,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ืช,
13:05
we're moving towards a collaborative society,
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13:07
a society in which the talents of both men and women
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ื ื•,
13:10
are becoming understood and valued and employed.
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ื™ื•ืขืจื›ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
13:14
But in fact, women moving into the job market
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”
13:16
is having a huge impact on sex and romance and family life.
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ืขืœ ืกืงืก, ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
13:22
Foremost, women are starting to express their sexuality.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืŸ.
13:27
I'm always astonished when people come to me and say,
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ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื“ื”ืžืช ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื™,
13:30
"Why is it that men are so adulterous?"
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"ืœืžื” ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื™ื?"
13:32
"Why do you think more men are adulterous than women?"
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช "ืœืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื™ื ืžื ืฉื™ื?"
13:35
"Well, men are more adulterous!"
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"ืื”, ื˜ื•ื‘ - ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื ื™ื™ื!"
ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช "ืขื ืžื™ ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื?"
13:37
And I say, "Who do you think these men are sleeping with?"
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ื• - ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”! (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:40
(Laughter)
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13:41
And -- basic math!
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13:43
Anyway.
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ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš.
13:44
In the Western world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช
13:48
women start sooner at sex, have more partners,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื
13:51
express less remorse for the partners that they do,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ,
13:53
marry later, have fewer children,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ืชื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืขื•ื–ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
13:56
leave bad marriages in order to get good ones.
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13:59
We are seeing the rise of female sexual expression.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™
14:03
And, indeed, once again we're moving forward to the kind of sexual expression
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืขื™ื ืืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™
14:08
that we probably saw on the grasslands of Africa a million years ago,
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ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
14:12
because this is the kind of sexual expression that we see
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื•
14:15
in hunting and gathering societies today.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•
14:17
We're also returning to an ancient form of marriage equality.
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ืื ื• ื’ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื
14:22
They're now saying that the 21st century
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืื” ื” -21
14:27
is going to be the century of what they call the "symmetrical marriage,"
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื"
14:31
or the "pure marriage," or the "companionate marriage."
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ืื• "ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื" ืื• "ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช"
14:36
This is a marriage between equals,
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ืืœื” ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื,
14:40
moving forward to a pattern
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ื”ื ืขื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
14:42
that is highly compatible with the ancient human spirit.
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14:46
We're also seeing a rise of romantic love.
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื’ื ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช
14:49
91 percent of American women and 86 percent of American men
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91 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื• 86 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
14:54
would not marry somebody who had every single quality
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ืœื ื™ืชื—ืชื ื• ืขื ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’
14:58
they were looking for in a partner,
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15:00
if they were not in love with that person.
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ืื ืื™ื ื ืžืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
15:03
People around the world, in a study of 37 societies,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื—ืŸ 37 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
15:06
want to be in love with the person that they marry.
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ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืชื• ื”ื ืžืชื—ืชื ื™ื
15:10
Indeed, arranged marriages are on their way off this braid of human life.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
15:20
I even think that marriages might even become more stable
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:23
because of the second great world trend.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
15:27
The first one being women moving into the job market,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
15:30
the second one being the aging world population.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.
15:32
They're now saying that in America,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
15:35
that middle age should be regarded as up to age 85.
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ืฉื’ื™ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 85,
15:39
Because in that highest age category of 76 to 85,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ - 76 ืขื“ 85, ืจืง --
15:44
as much as 40 percent of people have nothing really wrong with them.
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40 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
15:48
So we're seeing there's a real extension of middle age.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ื—ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ
15:51
For one of my books, I looked at divorce data in 58 societies.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช - ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจื™, ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ 58 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
15:57
And as it turns out, the older you get, the less likely you are to divorce.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืชืชื’ืจืฉ.
16:01
So the divorce rate right now is stable in America,
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ืื– ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื›ืจื’ืข,
16:05
and it's actually beginning to decline.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช.
16:07
It may decline some more.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืจื“ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืื•ืžืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืขื ื•ื™ืื’ืจื”, ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ ื™ืจืš
16:12
I would even say that with Viagra,
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16:16
estrogen replacement, hip replacements
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16:19
and the incredibly interesting women
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ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
16:22
-- women have never been as interesting as they are now.
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
16:25
Not at any time on this planet have women been so educated,
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื” ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ื›ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
16:28
so interesting, so capable.
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16:30
And so I honestly think that if there really was ever a time in human evolution
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
16:36
when we have the opportunity to make good marriages, that time is now.
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
16:41
However, there's always kinds of complications in this.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื.
16:44
These three brain systems -- lust, romantic love and attachment --
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืืœื•: ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช
16:49
don't always go together.
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ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“
16:50
They can go together, by the way.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืœื›ืช ื™ื—ื“, ืื’ื‘
16:52
That's why casual sex isn't so casual.
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืกืงืก ืžื–ื“ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืžื–ื“ืžืŸ
16:54
With orgasm you get a spike of dopamine.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื–ืžื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืฉืฆืฃ ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ.
16:56
Dopamine's associated with romantic love,
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ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช,
16:58
and you can just fall in love with somebody
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกืงืก ืžื–ื“ืžืŸ ืื™ืชื•.
17:01
who you're just having casual sex with.
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17:02
With orgasm, then you get a real rush of oxytocin and vasopressin --
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ื‘ืฉืขืช ืื•ืจื’ื–ืžื”, ื›ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื–ืจื ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื–ื•ืคืจืกื™ืŸ --
17:06
those are associated with attachment.
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ืืœื” ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช.
17:08
This is why you can feel such a sense of cosmic union with somebody
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ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืกืžื™ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
17:12
after you've made love to them.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืชื•.
17:14
But these three brain systems: lust, romantic love and attachment,
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ืืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืืœื”: ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช,
17:19
aren't always connected to each other.
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ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•.
17:22
You can feel deep attachment to a long-term partner
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืœื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืชื™ืง
17:25
while you feel intense romantic love for somebody else,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืขื–ื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
17:29
while you feel the sex drive for people unrelated to these other partners.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
17:35
In short, we're capable of loving more than one person at a time.
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ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
17:40
In fact, you can lie in bed at night
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”
17:42
and swing from deep feelings of attachment for one person
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ื•ืœื”ืชื ื“ื ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“
17:46
to deep feelings of romantic love for somebody else.
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ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ
17:49
It's as if there's a committee meeting going on in your head
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ืขื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœืš
17:52
as you are trying to decide what to do.
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
17:55
So I don't think, honestly,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื”;
17:57
we're an animal that was built to be happy;
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17:59
we are an animal that was built to reproduce.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
18:01
I think the happiness we find, we make.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื, ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื.
18:04
And I think, however,
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืงื•ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”.
18:07
we can make good relationships with each other.
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18:11
So I want to conclude with two things.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื›ื ื‘ื—ืฉืฉ.
18:13
I want to conclude with a worry,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช - ื•ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
18:15
and with a wonderful story.
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ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
18:19
The worry is about antidepressants.
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ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจืฉืžื™ ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
18:23
Over 100 million prescriptions of antidepressants
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18:28
are written every year in the United States.
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18:32
And these drugs are going generic.
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ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ื’ื ืจื™ื•ืช.
18:34
They are seeping around the world.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœื—ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:37
I know one girl who's been on these antidepressants,
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื˜ืœื” ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ--
18:43
SSRIs, serotonin-enhancing antidepressants -- since she was 13.
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ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 13.
18:47
She's 23. She's been on them ever since she was 13.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 23. ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ืœืช ืื•ืชื ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 13
18:50
I've got nothing against people who take them short term,
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื’ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช,
18:53
when they're going through something horrible.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื™ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจื.
18:55
They want to commit suicide or kill somebody else.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ืื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
18:58
I would recommend it.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื–ื”.
18:59
But more and more people in the United States
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
19:01
are taking them long term.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ.
19:04
And indeed, what these drugs do is raise levels of serotonin.
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19:09
And by raising levels of serotonin, you suppress the dopamine circuit.
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ, ืžื“ื•ื›ื ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ.
19:14
Everybody knows that.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
19:16
Dopamine is associated with romantic love.
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ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช.
19:21
Not only do they suppress the dopamine circuit,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™.
19:24
but they kill the sex drive.
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19:27
And when you kill the sex drive, you kill orgasm.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™, ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื–ืžื”.
19:31
And when you kill orgasm,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื’ื–ืžื”, ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ืจื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช.
19:32
you kill that flood of drugs associated with attachment.
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19:36
The things are connected in the brain.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—.
19:39
And when you tamper with one brain system,
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ื•ืฉื›ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืื—ืช,
19:41
you're going to tamper with another.
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ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืื—ืจืช.
19:44
I'm just simply saying that a world without love is a deadly place.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืงื˜ืœื ื™.
19:49
So now --
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19:50
(Applause)
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื) ืชื•ื“ื”.
19:55
Thank you.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื•ืื–, ืจืง ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืจื”.
19:56
I want to end with a story.
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19:58
And then, just a comment.
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20:01
I've been studying romantic love and sex and attachment for 30 years.
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืกืงืก ื•ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืฉื ื”.
ืื ื™ ืชืื•ืžื” ื–ื”ื”; ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื,
20:08
I'm an identical twin; I am interested in why we're all alike.
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20:12
Why you and I are alike, why the Iraqis and the Japanese
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ืœืžื” ืืชื ื•ืื ื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืœืžื” ื”ืขื™ืจืืงื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื
20:16
and the Australian Aborigines and the people of the Amazon River
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ื•ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
20:19
are all alike.
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20:20
And about a year ago,
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ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื”, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ ืืชืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ match.com
20:23
an Internet dating service, Match.com, came to me
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20:26
and asked me if I would design a new dating site for them.
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ื•ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืื ืืจืฆื” ืœืคืชื— ืœื”ื ืืชืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ.
20:29
I said, "I don't know anything about personality. You know?
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ืืžืจืชื™ "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช".
20:32
I don't know. Do you think you've got the right person?"
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ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช. ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื ืœื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
20:35
They said, "Yes."
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœื™, "ื›ืŸ".
20:36
It got me thinking about why it is that you fall in love
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžื” ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ืจ.
20:39
with one person rather than another.
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20:41
That's my current project; it will be my next book.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื™. ื–ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœื™.
20:45
There's all kinds of reasons
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื” ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ืื—ืจ.
20:46
that you fall in love with one person rather than another.
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20:49
Timing is important. Proximity is important.
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ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืงื™ืจื‘ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
20:52
Mystery is important.
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ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกืชื•ืจื™,
20:54
You fall in love with somebody who's somewhat mysterious,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
20:57
in part because mystery elevates dopamine in the brain,
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20:59
probably pushes you over that threshold to fall in love.
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ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื”ื‘.
21:02
You fall in love with somebody
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ืืชื” ืžืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ืžืคืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”" ืฉืœืš,
21:04
who fits within what I call your "love map,"
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21:06
an unconscious list of traits
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ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชืš ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืœืช.
21:08
that you build in childhood as you grow up.
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21:10
And I also think that you gravitate to certain people,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืคืš --
ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช.
21:13
actually, with somewhat complementary brain systems.
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21:17
And that's what I'm now contributing to this.
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ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
21:19
But I want to tell you a story, to illustrate.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ - ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
21:23
I've been carrying on here about the biology of love.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.
21:26
I wanted to show you a little bit about the culture of it, too,
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
21:30
the magic of it.
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ืืช ื”ืงืกื.
21:33
It's a story that was told to me
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืกื•ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉืžืข ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉ
21:36
by somebody who had heard it just from one --
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21:38
probably a true story.
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™.
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” - ืื ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื’ืจืก ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™ --
21:41
It was a graduate student -- I'm at Rutgers and my two colleagues --
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21:45
Art Aron is at SUNY Stony Brook.
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ืืจื˜ ืื”ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืื ื™ ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจื•ืง.
21:47
That's where we put our people in the MRI machine.
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืž.ืืจ.ืื™ื™.
21:50
And this graduate student was madly in love with another graduate student,
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ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื”ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”,
21:54
and she was not in love with him.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื•.
21:58
And they were all at a conference in Beijing.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ื ืก ื‘ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ืŸ.
ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืื ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
22:01
And he knew from our work
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22:04
that if you go and do something very novel with somebody,
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22:08
you can drive up the dopamine in the brain,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื•.
22:11
and perhaps trigger this brain system for romantic love.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื— ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
22:14
(Laughter)
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืข,
22:16
So he decided he'd put science to work.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœื ืกื•ืข ืื™ืชื• ื‘ืจื™ืงืฉื”.
22:21
And he invited this girl to go off on a rickshaw ride with him.
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22:25
And sure enough -- I've never been in one,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช - ืืžื ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืงืฉื”,
22:27
but apparently they go all around the buses and the trucks
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ืขื•ืงืคื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช
22:30
and it's crazy and it's noisy and it's exciting.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื•ืจื•ืขืฉ ื•ืžืกืขื™ืจ.
22:33
He figured that this would drive up the dopamine,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืืžื™ืŸ,
22:35
and she'd fall in love with him.
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืื”ื‘ ื‘ื•.
22:37
So off they go and she's squealing and squeezing him
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœื“ืจืš ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื—ืช ื•ื ืฆืžื“ืช ืืœื™ื•
ื•ืฆื•ื—ืงืช ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืขื“ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
22:42
and laughing and having a wonderful time.
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22:44
An hour later they get down off of the rickshaw,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื” ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืžื”ืจื™ืงืฉื”,
22:48
and she throws her hands up and she says,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืคื” ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ืืžืจื” "ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ?"
22:52
"Wasn't that wonderful?"
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22:54
And, "Wasn't that rickshaw driver handsome!"
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ื•ื’ื "ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”ื’ ื”ืจื™ืงืฉื” ื—ืชื™ืš!"
22:57
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
23:00
(Applause)
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23:07
There's magic to love!
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ื™ืฉ ืงืกื ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”!
23:08
(Applause)
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23:09
But I will end by saying that millions of years ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื:
23:13
we evolved three basic drives:
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23:15
the sex drive, romantic love
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ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™, ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
23:18
and attachment to a long-term partner.
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ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
23:20
These circuits are deeply embedded in the human brain.
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23:24
They're going to survive as long as our species survives
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืฉืจื“ื• ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืฉืจื•ื“
23:28
on what Shakespeare called "this mortal coil."
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ ื›ื™ื ื” "ืกืœื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”." (ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื˜)
23:31
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
23:32
Chris Anderson: Helen Fisher!
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23:33
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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