How to green the world's deserts and reverse climate change | Allan Savory

5,903,108 views ใƒป 2013-03-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
The most massive
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ื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:20
tsunami perfect storm
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ืžื›ืœ ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื ืืžื™
00:25
is bearing down upon us.
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ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœื™ื ื•.
00:29
This perfect storm
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ื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
00:32
is mounting a grim reality, increasingly grim reality,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ื“ืจืช,
00:37
and we are facing that reality
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื•
00:42
with the full belief
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ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื”
00:43
that we can solve our problems with technology,
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ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
00:46
and that's very understandable.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
00:48
Now, this perfect storm that we are facing
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ื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืงืจื‘ื” ืืœื™ื ื•
00:52
is the result of our rising population,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
00:56
rising towards 10 billion people,
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ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœ-10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืคืฉ,
00:59
land that is turning to desert,
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ืงืจืงืข ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ,
01:01
and, of course, climate change.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:05
Now there's no question about it at all:
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกืคืง:
01:07
we will only solve the problem
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ืื ื• ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืจืง ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
01:09
of replacing fossil fuels with technology.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:12
But fossil fuels, carbon -- coal and gas --
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ืืš ื“ืœืงื™ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื - ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืคื—ื ื•ื’ื– -
01:16
are by no means the only thing
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ืื™ื ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
01:18
that is causing climate change.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
01:22
Desertification
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"ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ"
01:24
is a fancy word for land that is turning to desert,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืœื” ื™ืคื” ืœืงืจืงืข ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ,
01:29
and this happens only when
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ
01:31
we create too much bare ground.
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื“ืžื” ืงื™ืจื—ืช.
01:33
There's no other cause.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:35
And I intend to focus
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ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“
01:37
on most of the world's land that is turning to desert.
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ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืžื“ื‘ืจ.
01:42
But I have for you a very simple message
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืžืกืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:48
that offers more hope than you can imagine.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืงื•ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื•.
01:52
We have environments
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
01:54
where humidity is guaranteed throughout the year.
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
01:57
On those, it is almost impossible
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™
02:00
to create vast areas of bare ground.
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืฉืžืžื” ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื.
02:02
No matter what you do, nature covers it up so quickly.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื›ืกื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:06
And we have environments
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
02:08
where we have months of humidity
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื—ื•ืช
02:10
followed by months of dryness,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ,
02:12
and that is where desertification is occurring.
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ื•ืฉื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:16
Fortunately, with space technology now,
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืœ,
02:18
we can look at it from space,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื”ื—ืœืœ,
02:19
and when we do, you can see the proportions fairly well.
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:24
Generally, what you see in green
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ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง
02:25
is not desertifying,
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ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ,
02:27
and what you see in brown is,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ,
02:29
and these are by far the greatest areas of the Earth.
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ื•ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:34
About two thirds, I would guess, of the world is desertifying.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ืฉื ื™-ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ.
02:39
I took this picture in the Tihamah Desert
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ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื™ื—ืืžื”
02:42
while 25 millimeters -- that's an inch of rain -- was falling.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื“ื• 25 ืž"ืž ื’ืฉื.
02:45
Think of it in terms of drums of water,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœื™ ืžื™ื,
02:48
each containing 200 liters.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœ 200 ืœื™ื˜ืจ.
02:51
Over 1,000 drums of water fell on every hectare
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100 ื’ืœื™ืœื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืจื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื ื
02:55
of that land that day.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:58
The next day, the land looked like this.
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ืœืžื—ืจืช, ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืจืืชื” ื›ื›ื”.
03:01
Where had that water gone?
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ืœืืŸ ื ืขืœืžื• ื”ืžื™ื?
03:03
Some of it ran off as flooding,
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื ื”ื ื–ืจืžื• ื›ืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ืŸ,
03:06
but most of the water that soaked into the soil
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉื ืกืคื’ื• ื‘ืื“ืžื”
03:09
simply evaporated out again,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชืื“ื•,
03:11
exactly as it does in your garden
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
03:13
if you leave the soil uncovered.
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ืื ืžื•ืชื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื”.
03:16
Now, because the fate of water and carbon
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
03:20
are tied to soil organic matter,
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ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื,
03:23
when we damage soils, you give off carbon.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื ื–ืง ืœืงืจืงืข, ื ืคืœื˜ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
03:27
Carbon goes back to the atmosphere.
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ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
03:30
Now you're told over and over, repeatedly,
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
03:34
that desertification is only occurring
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ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืืš ื•ืจืง
03:37
in arid and semi-arid areas of the world,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื—ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื—ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”,
03:41
and that tall grasslands like this one
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ื•ืฉืื“ืžื•ืช-ืžืจืขื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™
03:45
in high rainfall are of no consequence.
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ืจืžื•ืช ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช.
03:48
But if you do not look at grasslands but look down into them,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช-ื”ืžืจืขื” ืืœื ืขืžื•ืง ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ,
03:53
you find that most of the soil in that grassland
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ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื“ืžืช-ื”ืžืจืขื”
03:56
that you've just seen is bare and covered with a crust of algae,
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ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื” ืงื™ืจื—ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืืฆื•ืช
04:00
leading to increased runoff and evaporation.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื ื’ืจ ื•ืื™ื“ื•ื™.
04:03
That is the cancer of desertification
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื’ืข ื”ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ
04:07
that we do not recognize till its terminal form.
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ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืกื•ืคื ื™.
04:12
Now we know that desertification is caused by livestock,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืง-ื”ื—ื™,
04:17
mostly cattle, sheep and goats,
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจ ื•ืฆืืŸ,
04:20
overgrazing the plants,
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืช-ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
04:23
leaving the soil bare and giving off methane.
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ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ื•ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ืžืชืืŸ.
04:27
Almost everybody knows this,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื–ืืช,
04:29
from nobel laureates to golf caddies,
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ืžื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก-ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ ืžืงืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
04:32
or was taught it, as I was.
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ืื• ืฉื›ืš ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืฉืœ.
04:34
Now, the environments like you see here,
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ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
04:38
dusty environments in Africa where I grew up,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื“ืœืชื™,
04:41
and I loved wildlife,
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ื•ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจ,
04:44
and so I grew up hating livestock
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืง-ื”ื—ื™
04:47
because of the damage they were doing.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ืฉื”ื ื’ืจืžื•.
04:49
And then my university education as an ecologist
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ื•ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’
04:52
reinforced my beliefs.
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ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื”.
04:55
Well, I have news for you.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื.
05:01
We were once just as certain
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืขื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื
05:04
that the world was flat.
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื—.
05:06
We were wrong then, and we are wrong again.
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ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ืื– ื•ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื‘.
05:10
And I want to invite you now
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื–ืžื™ื ื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
05:12
to come along on my journey of reeducation and discovery.
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ืœืฆืืช ืื™ืชื™ ืœืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉืœ ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช.
05:19
When I was a young man,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื™ืฉ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
05:21
a young biologist in Africa,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
05:24
I was involved in setting aside marvelous areas
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืฆืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื™ื
05:29
as future national parks.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
05:31
Now no sooner โ€” this was in the 1950s โ€”
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ 1950
05:35
and no sooner did we remove the hunting,
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ื•ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืจื—ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื
05:38
drum-beating people to protect the animals,
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ื”ืžืชื•ืคืคื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
05:41
than the land began to deteriorate,
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ,
05:43
as you see in this park that we formed.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืคืืจืง ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•.
05:47
Now, no livestock were involved,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืง-ื”ื—ื™,
05:50
but suspecting that we had too many elephants now,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉื“ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคื™ืœื™ื,
05:53
I did the research and I proved we had too many,
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ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื”ื.
05:58
and I recommended that we would have to reduce their numbers
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ื”ืžืœืฆืชื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืกืคืจื
06:01
and bring them down to a level that the land could sustain.
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ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืœืจืžื” ืฉื”ืื“ืžื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืืช.
06:05
Now, that was a terrible decision for me to have to make,
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช,
06:09
and it was political dynamite, frankly.
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื ืคืฅ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
06:12
So our government formed a team of experts
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื™ื‘ืฉื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
06:15
to evaluate my research.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช-ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™.
06:18
They did. They agreed with me,
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืš ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืื™ืชื™,
06:20
and over the following years,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
06:22
we shot 40,000 elephants to try to stop the damage.
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ื™ืจื™ื ื• ื‘-40,000 ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง.
06:28
And it got worse, not better.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื•ืœื ืฉื™ืคืจ ืื•ืชื•.
06:32
Loving elephants as I do,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืื•ื”ื‘ ืคื™ืœื™ื,
06:34
that was the saddest and greatest blunder of my life,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
06:38
and I will carry that to my grave.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืงื— ืื•ืชื” ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืจ.
06:40
One good thing did come out of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”.
06:43
It made me absolutely determined
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ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ื—ื•ืฉ
06:46
to devote my life to finding solutions.
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ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
06:52
When I came to the United States, I got a shock,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืืจื”"ื‘, ื”ื–ื“ืขื–ืขืชื™
06:56
to find national parks like this one
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืžื• ื–ื•
06:58
desertifying as badly as anything in Africa.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืžื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
07:02
And there'd been no livestock on this land
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช
07:04
for over 70 years.
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ืžืขืœ 70 ืฉื ื”.
07:07
And I found that American scientists
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
07:09
had no explanation for this
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
07:12
except that it is arid and natural.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฆื—ื™ื— ื•ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
07:15
So I then began looking
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
07:18
at all the research plots I could
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื
07:22
over the whole of the Western United States
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ื•ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื•
07:24
where cattle had been removed
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืกืœืงื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืจ
07:27
to prove that it would stop desertification,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ,
07:29
but I found the opposite,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš,
07:31
as we see on this research station,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื•,
07:34
where this grassland that was green in 1961,
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ืฉืฉื ืื“ืžืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื‘-1961,
07:38
by 2002 had changed to that situation.
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ื•ืขื“ 2002 ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”.
07:43
And the authors of the position paper on climate change
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ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
07:48
from which I obtained these pictures
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ืฉืžื”ื ื”ืฉื’ืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•,
07:50
attribute this change to "unknown processes."
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ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืœ"ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื".
07:56
Clearly, we have never understood
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืขืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื•
08:00
what is causing desertification,
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ,
08:03
which has destroyed many civilizations
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ืฉื”ืจืก ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช
08:06
and now threatens us globally.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
08:08
We have never understood it.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื•.
08:11
Take one square meter of soil
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ืงื—ื• ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข
08:13
and make it bare like this is down here,
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ื•ืชื—ืฉืคื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉื,
08:16
and I promise you, you will find it much colder at dawn
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื”
08:19
and much hotter at midday
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ื”ืฉื›ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื•ื
08:22
than that same piece of ground if it's just covered with litter,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื•ืชื” ืงืจืงืข ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืคืกื•ืœืช,
08:25
plant litter.
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ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฆืžื—ื™ืช.
08:27
You have changed the microclimate.
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืืงืœื™ื.
08:30
Now, by the time you are doing that
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
08:32
and increasing greatly the percentage of bare ground
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ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื”
08:38
on more than half the world's land,
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ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
08:42
you are changing macroclimate.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืงืจื•-ืืงืœื™ื.
08:45
But we have just simply not understood
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
08:47
why was it beginning to happen 10,000 years ago?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”.
08:51
Why has it accelerated lately?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ื•ืืฅ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”?
08:54
We had no understanding of that.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
08:56
What we had failed to understand
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ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ื”
08:59
was that these seasonal humidity environments of the world,
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ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช,
09:03
the soil and the vegetation
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ื”ืงืจืงืข ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”
09:06
developed with very large numbers of grazing animals,
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืขื•ืช,
09:12
and that these grazing animals
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ื•ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
09:15
developed with ferocious pack-hunting predators.
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืฆื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
09:20
Now, the main defense against pack-hunting predators
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ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ืฆื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
09:24
is to get into herds,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื›ืขื“ืจ,
09:26
and the larger the herd, the safer the individuals.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืขื“ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:30
Now, large herds dung and urinate all over their own food,
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ืขื“ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžื–ื•ื ื,
09:35
and they have to keep moving,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื ื•ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
09:38
and it was that movement
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ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื ืขื”
09:40
that prevented the overgrazing of plants,
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ืจืขื™ื™ืช-ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
09:43
while the periodic trampling
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจืžื™ืกื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ืช
09:45
ensured good cover of the soil,
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
09:48
as we see where a herd has passed.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื“ืจ ืขื‘ืจ.
09:51
This picture is a typical seasonal grassland.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืžืจืื” ืื“ืžืช-ืžืจืขื” ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช.
09:57
It has just come through four months of rain,
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ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื,
10:00
and it's now going into eight months of dry season.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœ-8 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ.
10:03
And watch the change as it goes into this long dry season.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืขื•ื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”.
10:07
Now, all of that grass you see aboveground
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฉื‘ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
10:10
has to decay biologically
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
10:14
before the next growing season, and if it doesn't,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืื”, ื•ืื ืœื,
10:17
the grassland and the soil begin to die.
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ืื“ืžืช-ื”ืžืจืขื” ื•ื”ืงืจืงืข ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืžื•ืช.
10:21
Now, if it does not decay biologically,
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ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชื ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
10:25
it shifts to oxidation, which is a very slow process,
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ืžืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื•ื“ ืื™ื˜ื™,
10:30
and this smothers and kills grasses,
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ื•ื ืง ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื“ืฉื,
10:33
leading to a shift to woody vegetation
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืขืฆื™ื
10:36
and bare soil, releasing carbon.
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ื•ืœืงืจืงืข ื—ืฉื•ืคื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
10:39
To prevent that, we have traditionally used fire.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ืืช, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืฉ.
10:44
But fire also leaves the soil bare, releasing carbon,
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืฉ ืžื•ืชื™ืจื” ืงืจืงืข ื—ืฉื•ืคื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
10:50
and worse than that,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข,
10:53
burning one hectare of grassland
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ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ื•ื ื ืื“ืžืช-ืžืจืขื”
10:55
gives off more, and more damaging, pollutants
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ืคื•ืœื˜ืช ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:58
than 6,000 cars.
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ืž-600 ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
11:01
And we are burning in Africa, every single year,
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
11:06
more than one billion hectares of grasslands,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื•ืช-ืžืจืขื”,
11:10
and almost nobody is talking about it.
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ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
11:14
We justify the burning, as scientists,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื ื• ืžืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื”
11:18
because it does remove the dead material
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืช
11:21
and it allows the plants to grow.
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
11:25
Now, looking at this grassland of ours that has gone dry,
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ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช-ืžืจืขื” ื–ื• ืฉื”ืชื™ื‘ืฉื”,
11:28
what could we do to keep that healthy?
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ืžื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจื”?
11:30
And bear in mind, I'm talking of most of the world's land now.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:33
Okay? We cannot reduce animal numbers to rest it more
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืœืื“ืžื”
11:38
without causing desertification and climate change.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
11:42
We cannot burn it without causing
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ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื
11:45
desertification and climate change.
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ืœืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
11:47
What are we going to do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
11:53
There is only one option,
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช,
11:56
I'll repeat to you, only one option
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช
11:58
left to climatologists and scientists,
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ื ืฉืืจื” ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื,
12:01
and that is to do the unthinkable,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื™ืืžืŸ,
12:04
and to use livestock,
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
12:07
bunched and moving,
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ื‘ืขื“ืจื™ื ืฉื ืขื™ื,
12:10
as a proxy for former herds and predators,
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ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื“ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื
12:13
and mimic nature.
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
12:15
There is no other alternative left to mankind.
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ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื” ืฉื•ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืื“ื.
12:19
So let's do that.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
12:22
So on this bit of grassland, we'll do it, but just in the foreground.
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ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ืื“ืžืช-ืžืจืขื” ื–ื• ื ื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”.
12:25
We'll impact it very heavily with cattle to mimic nature,
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ื ื’ื“ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ื‘ืงืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
12:28
and we've done so, and look at that.
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื•ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื–ื”.
12:31
All of that grass is now covering the soil
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ืกื” ื›ืขืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข
12:35
as dung, urine and litter or mulch,
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืฆื•ืื”, ืฉืชืŸ, ืœื™ื›ืœื•ืš ื•ืงืฉ,
12:39
as every one of the gardeners amongst you would understand,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ื ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
12:42
and that soil is ready to absorb and hold the rain,
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ื•ืงืจืงืข ื–ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ืฉื,
12:46
to store carbon, and to break down methane.
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ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื•ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืชืืŸ.
12:51
And we did that,
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ื•ื›ืš ืขืฉื™ื ื•,
12:53
without using fire to damage the soil,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืฉ ืฉืžื–ื™ืงื” ืœืงืจืงืข,
12:56
and the plants are free to grow.
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ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
12:59
When I first realized
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
13:02
that we had no option as scientists
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื›ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
13:04
but to use much-vilified livestock
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ืืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืžืฆื™ื
13:07
to address climate change and desertification,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ,
13:12
I was faced with a real dilemma.
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ืขืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืงืฉื”.
13:14
How were we to do it?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช?
13:16
We'd had 10,000 years of extremely knowledgeable pastoralists
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘
13:21
bunching and moving their animals,
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ืฉืงื™ื‘ืฆื• ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื ื“ื“ื• ืื™ืชื,
13:23
but they had created the great manmade deserts of the world.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขื ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืื“ื.
13:26
Then we'd had 100 years of modern rain science,
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ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• 100 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื’ืฉื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื
13:30
and that had accelerated desertification,
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ื•ื”ื ืจืง ื”ืื™ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื‘ื•ืจ,
13:33
as we first discovered in Africa
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
13:36
and then confirmed in the United States,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
13:38
and as you see in this picture
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•
13:40
of land managed by the federal government.
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ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™.
13:44
Clearly more was needed
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:46
than bunching and moving the animals,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื“ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืขืชื•.
13:48
and humans, over thousands of years,
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ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ืœืื•ืจืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
13:51
had never been able to deal with nature's complexity.
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ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
13:56
But we biologists and ecologists
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ื•ืื ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื,
13:58
had never tackled anything as complex as this.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
14:01
So rather than reinvent the wheel,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
14:04
I began studying other professions to see if anybody had.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชืงืœ.
14:08
And I found there were planning techniques
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ
14:10
that I could take and adapt to our biological need,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืืžืฅ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
14:14
and from those I developed what we call
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ื•ืžื”ื ืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื”
14:17
holistic management and planned grazing,
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ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ื™ื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ,
14:20
a planning process,
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ,
14:22
and that does address all of nature's complexity
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
14:26
and our social, environmental, economic complexity.
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ื•ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
14:31
Today, we have young women like this one
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ื•
14:33
teaching villages in Africa
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ืืฉืจ ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
14:36
how to put their animals together into larger herds,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื“ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
14:39
plan their grazing to mimic nature,
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ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ืจืขื™ื™ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
14:41
and where we have them hold their animals overnight --
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื™ืœื” --
14:46
we run them in a predator-friendly manner,
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ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื,
14:48
because we have a lot of lands, and so on --
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืงืจืงืข ื•ื›ื•' --
14:50
and where they do this and hold them overnight
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”
14:52
to prepare the crop fields,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื”,
14:54
we are getting very great increases in crop yield as well.
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ืื ื• ื’ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื.
14:58
Let's look at some results.
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ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
15:00
This is land close to land that we manage in Zimbabwe.
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ืื“ืžื” ื–ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืชื” ื”ืื“ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื”.
15:04
It has just come through four months of very good rains
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ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” 4 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
15:07
it got that year, and it's going into the long dry season.
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ืœืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืขื•ื ืช ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืจื•ื›ื”.
15:11
But as you can see, all of that rain, almost of all it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื,
15:14
has evaporated from the soil surface.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื, ื”ืชืื“ื• ืžืคื ื™-ื”ืงืจืงืข.
15:17
Their river is dry despite the rain just having ended,
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ื ื”ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื‘ืฉ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ืคืกืง ื–ื” ืจืง ืœื ืžื›ื‘ืจ,
15:21
and we have 150,000 people
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ 150,000 ืื ืฉื™ื
15:24
on almost permanent food aid.
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ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
15:28
Now let's go to our land nearby on the same day,
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ื›ืขืช ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื“ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
15:33
with the same rainfall, and look at that.
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ืขื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
15:36
Our river is flowing and healthy and clean.
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ื”ื ื”ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื–ื•ืจื, ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื™.
15:38
It's fine.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื.
15:41
The production of grass, shrubs, trees, wildlife,
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ืฉื, ืฉื™ื—ื™ื, ืขืฆื™ื, ื—ื™ื™-ื‘ืจ,
15:46
everything is now more productive,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืจื”,
15:49
and we have virtually no fear of dry years.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ.
15:53
And we did that by increasing the cattle and goats
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ื”ืฉื’ื ื• ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืงืจ ื•ืฆืืŸ
15:59
400 percent,
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ื‘-400 ืื—ื•ื–,
16:00
planning the grazing to mimic nature
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ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืš ืฉืชื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
16:04
and integrate them with all the elephants, buffalo,
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ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืชืื•ืื™ื,
16:06
giraffe and other animals that we have.
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ื”ื’'ื™ืจืคื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื.
16:10
But before we began, our land looked like that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื•, ื”ืงืจืงืข ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืš.
16:15
This site was bare and eroding for over 30 years
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ืฉื˜ื— ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืจื•ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30 ืฉื ื”
16:21
regardless of what rain we got.
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื™ืจื“ื”.
16:23
Okay? Watch the marked tree and see the change
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ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืขืฅ ืฉืžืกื•ืžืŸ ื•ืชืจืื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
16:27
as we use livestock to mimic nature.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
16:31
This was another site
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ื–ื” ืื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจ
16:32
where it had been bare and eroding,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืืจื•ื–ื™ื”,
16:35
and at the base of the marked small tree,
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืกื•ืžืŸ,
16:37
we had lost over 30 centimeters of soil. Okay?
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ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• 30 ืก"ืž ืงืจืงืข.
16:42
And again, watch the change
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™
16:43
just using livestock to mimic nature.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
16:46
And there are fallen trees in there now,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื ืคืœื•,
16:48
because the better land is now attracting elephants, etc.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
16:53
This land in Mexico was in terrible condition,
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ืื“ืžื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžื›ืกื™ืงื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ืจืื™,
16:57
and I've had to mark the hill
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืกืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”
16:59
because the change is so profound.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืขืžื•ืง.
17:03
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:10
I began helping a family in the Karoo Desert in the 1970s
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงืืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70
17:15
turn the desert that you see on the right there
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ
17:18
back to grassland,
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื“ืžืช ืžืจืขื”,
17:20
and thankfully, now their grandchildren are on the land
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื›ื“ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข
17:24
with hope for the future.
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ืขื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื“.
17:26
And look at the amazing change in this one,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืจื” ื›ืืŸ,
17:28
where that gully has completely healed
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืขืœื” ื”ืฉืชืงืžื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
17:31
using nothing but livestock mimicking nature,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
17:36
and once more, we have the third generation of that family
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ื™ ืฉื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืคื—ื”
17:40
on that land with their flag still flying.
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ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืื“ืžื” ืขื ื”ื“ื’ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืžืชื ื•ืกืก.
17:43
The vast grasslands of Patagonia
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ืื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืจืขื” ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ื”
17:46
are turning to desert as you see here.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
17:48
The man in the middle is an Argentinian researcher,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื™,
17:51
and he has documented the steady decline of that land
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ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืขื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืื“ืžื”
17:55
over the years as they kept reducing sheep numbers.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื.
17:58
They put 25,000 sheep in one flock,
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ื”ื ืฉืžื• 25,000 ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื“ืจ ืื—ื“,
18:03
really mimicking nature now with planned grazing,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขื ืจืขื™ื™ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช,
18:07
and they have documented a 50-percent increase
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ื•ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื•ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื” ืฉืœ 50 ืื—ื•ื–
18:11
in the production of the land in the first year.
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ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืื“ืžื”, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
18:15
We now have in the violent Horn of Africa
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืขืช ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืืœื™ืžื”
18:18
pastoralists planning their grazing to mimic nature
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ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืืช ืจืขื™ื™ืช ืขื“ืจื™ื”ื ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
18:21
and openly saying it is the only hope they have
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ื‘ืื•ืžืจื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ืœื”ื
18:25
of saving their families and saving their culture.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื.
18:28
Ninety-five percent of that land
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95 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืื•ืชื” ืื“ืžื”
18:30
can only feed people from animals.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื—ื™ื•ืช.
18:34
I remind you that I am talking about
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ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ
18:36
most of the world's land here that controls our fate,
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ืจื•ื‘ ืื“ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืœื ื•,
18:40
including the most violent region of the world,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
18:43
where only animals can feed people
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ืฉื‘ื• ืจืง ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื™ื ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
18:46
from about 95 percent of the land.
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ืขืœ ื›-95 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื“ืžื”.
18:49
What we are doing globally is causing climate change
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ืžืขืฉื™ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
18:55
as much as, I believe, fossil fuels,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
18:58
and maybe more than fossil fuels.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
19:01
But worse than that, it is causing hunger, poverty,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข, ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืจืขื‘, ืขื•ื ื™,
19:05
violence, social breakdown and war,
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ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช,
19:08
and as I am talking to you,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ,
19:11
millions of men, women and children
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื
19:14
are suffering and dying.
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
19:16
And if this continues,
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื™ื™ืžืฉืš ื›ืš,
19:19
we are unlikely to be able to stop the climate changing,
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
19:23
even after we have eliminated the use of fossil fuels.
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ื’ื ืื ื ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
19:28
I believe I've shown you how we can work with nature
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
19:32
at very low cost
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื”
19:34
to reverse all this.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
19:37
We are already doing so
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ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื–ืืช
19:39
on about 15 million hectares
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ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื›-150 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื ื
19:43
on five continents,
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ื‘-5 ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
19:46
and people who understand
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
19:47
far more about carbon than I do
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™ ื‘ืคื—ืžืŸ
19:50
calculate that, for illustrative purposes,
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ืขืฉื• ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ,
19:53
if we do what I am showing you here,
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ,
19:56
we can take enough carbon out of the atmosphere
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
20:00
and safely store it in the grassland soils
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืื“ืžื•ืช-ื”ืžืจืขื”
20:03
for thousands of years,
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ืœืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
20:05
and if we just do that on about half the world's grasslands
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ื•ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžืื“ืžื•ืช-ื”ืžืจืขื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
20:10
that I've shown you,
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ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
20:11
we can take us back to pre-industrial levels,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™
20:15
while feeding people.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
20:16
I can think of almost nothing
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ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ืจ
20:19
that offers more hope for our planet,
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ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื ื•,
20:23
for your children,
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื›ื,
20:25
and their children, and all of humanity.
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
20:28
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
20:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:39
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:52
Thank you, Chris.
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ืชื•ื“ื”, ื›ืจื™ืก.
20:54
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I have,
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื™,
20:57
and I'm sure everyone here has,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื›ืืŸ,
20:59
A) a hundred questions, B) wants to hug you.
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ื) ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื 100 ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื‘) ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืง ืื•ืชืš.
21:03
I'm just going to ask you one quick question.
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ืืฉืืœ ืื•ืชืš ืฉืืœื” ืงืฆืจื”.
21:05
When you first start this and you bring in a flock of animals,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืกืคืช ืขื“ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช,
21:09
it's desert. What do they eat? How does that part work?
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ืžื” ื”ื ืื›ืœื•? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“?
21:12
How do you start?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืชื—ืœืช?
21:13
Allan Savory: Well, we have done this for a long time,
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ืืœืŸ ืกืื‘ื•ืจื™: ืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
21:15
and the only time we have ever had to provide any feed
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ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืกืคืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
21:18
is during mine reclamation,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืžื›ืจื”,
21:20
where it's 100 percent bare.
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ืฉืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื—ื™ื— ื‘ืžืืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
21:22
But many years ago, we took the worst land in Zimbabwe,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื ื˜ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ืื”,
21:27
where I offered a ยฃ5 note
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ื•ืฉื ื”ืฆืขืชื™ 5 ืคืื•ื ื“
21:30
in a hundred-mile drive
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœ 150 ืง"ืž
21:32
if somebody could find one grass
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ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืžืฆื ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืจื•ืง ืื—ื“
21:34
in a hundred-mile drive,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื” ื ืกื™ืขื”,
21:36
and on that, we trebled the stocking rate,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ืฉื™ืœืฉื ื• ืืช ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ื™,
21:39
the number of animals, in the first year with no feeding,
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ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืœื ืืกืคืงืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื•,
21:42
just by the movement, mimicking nature,
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ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื”, ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
21:45
and using a sigmoid curve, that principle.
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืขืงื•ืžืช ืกื™ื’ืžื”, ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ.
21:50
It's a little bit technical to explain here, but just that.
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
21:52
CA: Well, I would love to -- I mean, this such an interesting and important idea.
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ื›.ื.: ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
21:56
The best people on our blog are going to come and talk to you
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืขืœื• ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
21:58
and try and -- I want to get more on this
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
22:01
that we could share along with the talk.AS: Wonderful.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืจืฆืื” ื–ื•.
22:04
CA: That is an astonishing talk, truly an astonishing talk,
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ื›.ื.: ื–ื• ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืš,
22:07
and I think you heard that we all are cheering you on your way.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉืžืขืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืจื™ืขื™ื ืœืš ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžืชืš.
22:10
Thank you so much.AS: Well, thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Chris.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื‘ ืœื‘. ื.ืก.: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ื›ืจื™ืก.
22:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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