How to green the world's deserts and reverse climate change | Allan Savory

5,898,102 views ・ 2013-03-04

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
Translator: Sunny Kan Ngai Hang Reviewer: Michelle Ho
00:16
The most massive
1
16748
3569
最大、最勁抽嘅海嘯風暴 就快將我哋打低
00:20
tsunami perfect storm
2
20317
4935
00:25
is bearing down upon us.
3
25252
3879
00:29
This perfect storm
4
29131
3246
依場咁堅嘅完美風暴 將現實變得越嚟越難搞
00:32
is mounting a grim reality, increasingly grim reality,
5
32377
5168
00:37
and we are facing that reality
6
37545
4950
我哋面對依個現實嘅時候
00:42
with the full belief
7
42495
1381
我哋要相信我哋可以 用技術去解決依啲問題
00:43
that we can solve our problems with technology,
8
43876
2556
00:46
and that's very understandable.
9
46432
2296
依樣嘢大家都可以明白嘅
00:48
Now, this perfect storm that we are facing
10
48728
4207
我哋依家面對緊嘅完美風暴 就係由人口增長引致嘅
00:52
is the result of our rising population,
11
52935
3510
00:56
rising towards 10 billion people,
12
56445
2804
人口向 100 億增長嘅同時
00:59
land that is turning to desert,
13
59249
2644
土地變成荒漠
01:01
and, of course, climate change.
14
61893
3108
氣候變化更不在話下
01:05
Now there's no question about it at all:
15
65001
2661
而我哋可以解決嘅問題就只有
01:07
we will only solve the problem
16
67662
1811
點樣用科技去取代石化燃料
01:09
of replacing fossil fuels with technology.
17
69473
3512
01:12
But fossil fuels, carbon -- coal and gas --
18
72985
3128
石化燃料、碳、煤同埋天然氣
01:16
are by no means the only thing
19
76113
2121
並唔係唯一導致氣候變化嘅嘢
01:18
that is causing climate change.
20
78234
4118
01:22
Desertification
21
82352
1883
荒漠化表面上係一嗰好鬼靚嘅詞語
01:24
is a fancy word for land that is turning to desert,
22
84235
5326
用嚟形容土地逐漸變成荒漠
01:29
and this happens only when
23
89561
2301
佢嘅發生係因為我哋製造太多荒地
01:31
we create too much bare ground.
24
91862
2009
01:33
There's no other cause.
25
93871
2006
無其他原因
01:35
And I intend to focus
26
95877
2018
我將重點放喺世界上 大部份變緊做沙漠嘅土地
01:37
on most of the world's land that is turning to desert.
27
97895
4906
01:42
But I have for you a very simple message
28
102801
5293
但係我要畀你哋一個好簡單嘅信息
01:48
that offers more hope than you can imagine.
29
108094
4196
當中畀到你嘅希望比你哋所想像嘅仲多
01:52
We have environments
30
112290
2068
有啲環境全年嘅濕度都有保證
01:54
where humidity is guaranteed throughout the year.
31
114358
3244
01:57
On those, it is almost impossible
32
117602
2504
依啲地方幾乎無可能 有大面積嘅荒地形成
02:00
to create vast areas of bare ground.
33
120106
2789
02:02
No matter what you do, nature covers it up so quickly.
34
122895
3622
因為無論你點做,植物又會好快生長返
02:06
And we have environments
35
126517
1747
又有啲環境幾個月會有雨水
02:08
where we have months of humidity
36
128264
2693
02:10
followed by months of dryness,
37
130957
1778
然之後會有幾個月乾旱
02:12
and that is where desertification is occurring.
38
132735
3478
荒漠化就響依度發生
02:16
Fortunately, with space technology now,
39
136213
2056
好彩,依家通過太空技術
02:18
we can look at it from space,
40
138269
1677
我哋可以從太空睇到依啲地方
02:19
and when we do, you can see the proportions fairly well.
41
139946
4264
仲可以睇到佢哋嘅比例
02:24
Generally, what you see in green
42
144210
1623
總之呢,綠色嘅地方係唔會荒漠化嘅
02:25
is not desertifying,
43
145833
1855
02:27
and what you see in brown is,
44
147688
2306
而啡色嘅地方就會荒漠化
02:29
and these are by far the greatest areas of the Earth.
45
149994
4372
而啡色依啲係目前地球地表最大嘅部分
02:34
About two thirds, I would guess, of the world is desertifying.
46
154366
4785
我估計地球上 有三分二嘅地方正荒漠化緊
02:39
I took this picture in the Tihamah Desert
47
159151
2924
依幅相係我響提哈馬沙漠拍嘅
02:42
while 25 millimeters -- that's an inch of rain -- was falling.
48
162075
3704
落緊 25 毫米、一吋嘅雨
02:45
Think of it in terms of drums of water,
49
165779
2712
你哋可以將佢諗成係裝響桶裡面嘅水
02:48
each containing 200 liters.
50
168491
2672
每桶有 200 升
02:51
Over 1,000 drums of water fell on every hectare
51
171163
4600
每日會有一千桶水落響每公頃嘅土地
02:55
of that land that day.
52
175763
2874
02:58
The next day, the land looked like this.
53
178637
2384
到咗第二日,土地就會好似咁樣
03:01
Where had that water gone?
54
181021
2823
咁啲水去咗邊度呢?
03:03
Some of it ran off as flooding,
55
183844
2397
有一啲流失咗
03:06
but most of the water that soaked into the soil
56
186241
2947
不過大多數會滲入泥土,跟住又蒸發咗
03:09
simply evaporated out again,
57
189188
2281
03:11
exactly as it does in your garden
58
191469
2369
同花園土壤無遮掩嘅下場一樣
03:13
if you leave the soil uncovered.
59
193838
3015
03:16
Now, because the fate of water and carbon
60
196853
3466
因為水同碳嘅命運 同土壤裏面嘅有機物質有關
03:20
are tied to soil organic matter,
61
200319
3558
03:23
when we damage soils, you give off carbon.
62
203877
3927
如果我哋破壞土壤,碳元素就會釋出
03:27
Carbon goes back to the atmosphere.
63
207804
2826
碳元素就會返到大氣層
03:30
Now you're told over and over, repeatedly,
64
210630
4105
我已經講咗好多次
03:34
that desertification is only occurring
65
214735
3000
荒漠化只會出現響 地球上乾旱同半乾旱嘅地方
03:37
in arid and semi-arid areas of the world,
66
217735
3649
03:41
and that tall grasslands like this one
67
221384
3975
所以好似依個咁嘅高原唔會有事
03:45
in high rainfall are of no consequence.
68
225359
3632
03:48
But if you do not look at grasslands but look down into them,
69
228991
4577
不過當你唔只睇個草原 睇下土壤嘅表面
03:53
you find that most of the soil in that grassland
70
233568
2711
你會發現草原裡面大部份嘅土壤
03:56
that you've just seen is bare and covered with a crust of algae,
71
236279
4291
除咗光禿禿之外,就只有一層藻類遮住
04:00
leading to increased runoff and evaporation.
72
240570
3118
亦都係咁加快咗水份流失同蒸發
04:03
That is the cancer of desertification
73
243688
3986
而依樣就係荒漠化嘅致命成因
04:07
that we do not recognize till its terminal form.
74
247674
4536
但我哋成日到咗荒漠化後期 先會發現得到
04:12
Now we know that desertification is caused by livestock,
75
252210
5312
依家我哋知道荒漠化係由家畜導致嘅
04:17
mostly cattle, sheep and goats,
76
257522
2784
大多數係由於牛、綿羊同山羊 過度放牧而食晒啲植物
04:20
overgrazing the plants,
77
260306
2817
04:23
leaving the soil bare and giving off methane.
78
263123
4119
令土壤外露同釋放甲烷而導致
04:27
Almost everybody knows this,
79
267242
2240
呢樣嘢幾乎係人都知道
04:29
from nobel laureates to golf caddies,
80
269482
2835
由諾貝爾獎得主到高爾夫球球僮 都同我一樣知道呢個常識
04:32
or was taught it, as I was.
81
272317
2631
04:34
Now, the environments like you see here,
82
274948
3470
你哋響度睇到嘅環境
04:38
dusty environments in Africa where I grew up,
83
278418
2864
塵土飛揚嘅非洲,就係我成長嘅地方
04:41
and I loved wildlife,
84
281282
2920
我鐘意野生動物
04:44
and so I grew up hating livestock
85
284202
3392
我細個已經討厭畜牧
04:47
because of the damage they were doing.
86
287594
2028
因為畜牧破壞生態
04:49
And then my university education as an ecologist
87
289622
3284
我喺大學修讀生態學加強咗我嘅信念
04:52
reinforced my beliefs.
88
292906
3088
04:55
Well, I have news for you.
89
295994
5276
依家,我有好消息畀你哋
05:01
We were once just as certain
90
301270
3284
我哋曾經相信世界係平坦嘅
05:04
that the world was flat.
91
304554
2280
05:06
We were wrong then, and we are wrong again.
92
306834
3945
以前我哋錯咗,依家又錯多次
05:10
And I want to invite you now
93
310779
2175
我想請你哋加入我再教育同探索之旅
05:12
to come along on my journey of reeducation and discovery.
94
312954
6254
05:19
When I was a young man,
95
319208
2571
我後生嗰陣時係非洲年輕嘅生物學家
05:21
a young biologist in Africa,
96
321779
2895
05:24
I was involved in setting aside marvelous areas
97
324674
4417
我曾經參與將一啲壯麗嘅地方 規劃成未來嘅國家公園
05:29
as future national parks.
98
329091
2519
05:31
Now no sooner — this was in the 1950s —
99
331610
3427
冇幾耐之後,大概響 1950 年代
05:35
and no sooner did we remove the hunting,
100
335037
3168
我哋禁止咗打獵
05:38
drum-beating people to protect the animals,
101
338205
3481
反而鼓動大家保護動物
05:41
than the land began to deteriorate,
102
341686
1893
跟住土地開始惡化
05:43
as you see in this park that we formed.
103
343579
4246
就好似依個我哋建立嘅公園咁
05:47
Now, no livestock were involved,
104
347825
2323
依家嗰度搵唔到牲畜
05:50
but suspecting that we had too many elephants now,
105
350148
3632
於是我哋懷疑嗰度大象嘅數目太多
05:53
I did the research and I proved we had too many,
106
353780
4265
經我調查,佢哋數量確實太多
05:58
and I recommended that we would have to reduce their numbers
107
358045
3584
我建議將佢哋嘅數量減少
06:01
and bring them down to a level that the land could sustain.
108
361629
4052
下降到土地能承受嘅水平
06:05
Now, that was a terrible decision for me to have to make,
109
365681
3784
對我嚟講依個係好可怕嘅決定
06:09
and it was political dynamite, frankly.
110
369465
2859
老實講仲係一個政治炸彈
06:12
So our government formed a team of experts
111
372324
3125
所以我哋嘅政府組織咗 一個專家團隊嚟評估我嘅研究
06:15
to evaluate my research.
112
375449
2641
06:18
They did. They agreed with me,
113
378090
2407
佢哋評估之後都同意我嘅觀點
06:20
and over the following years,
114
380497
1911
之後嘅幾年
06:22
we shot 40,000 elephants to try to stop the damage.
115
382408
5891
我哋射殺四萬隻大象嚟停止土地惡化
06:28
And it got worse, not better.
116
388299
3740
只不過情況冇好到,反而轉差
06:32
Loving elephants as I do,
117
392039
2499
我好鐘意大象
06:34
that was the saddest and greatest blunder of my life,
118
394538
3606
但射殺大象係我人生中 最悲傷同做得最錯嘅事
06:38
and I will carry that to my grave.
119
398144
2728
我會一生悔恨至死
06:40
One good thing did come out of it.
120
400872
2472
但咁樣帶出咗一件事
06:43
It made me absolutely determined
121
403344
3376
呢件事令我下定決心 全情投入去搵出解決方案
06:46
to devote my life to finding solutions.
122
406720
5480
06:52
When I came to the United States, I got a shock,
123
412200
4085
當我去到美國時,我好震驚
06:56
to find national parks like this one
124
416285
2468
我見到國家公園荒漠化嘅程度 同非洲一樣咁大
06:58
desertifying as badly as anything in Africa.
125
418753
4231
07:02
And there'd been no livestock on this land
126
422984
2004
依塊土地已經超過 70 年無家畜存在
07:04
for over 70 years.
127
424988
2724
07:07
And I found that American scientists
128
427712
1926
而且我發現美國嘅科學家
07:09
had no explanation for this
129
429638
2914
除咗話依個係自然現象之外 就無其他解釋
07:12
except that it is arid and natural.
130
432552
2960
07:15
So I then began looking
131
435512
3360
所以我用盡心機去搵針對美國西部
07:18
at all the research plots I could
132
438872
3251
07:22
over the whole of the Western United States
133
442123
2703
因牛隻遷移而令荒漠化停止嘅證明
07:24
where cattle had been removed
134
444826
2201
07:27
to prove that it would stop desertification,
135
447027
2872
07:29
but I found the opposite,
136
449899
1833
但係我卻搵到完全相反嘅證明
07:31
as we see on this research station,
137
451732
2822
就好似我哋響依個研究站見到嘅咁
07:34
where this grassland that was green in 1961,
138
454554
3724
當年 1961 年仲係一大片青草地
07:38
by 2002 had changed to that situation.
139
458278
5013
但係到 2002 年已經變成咁樣
07:43
And the authors of the position paper on climate change
140
463291
4719
我從一份關於氣候改變嘅報告 揾到依啲相
07:48
from which I obtained these pictures
141
468010
2553
07:50
attribute this change to "unknown processes."
142
470563
5819
個作者話依個係解釋唔到嘅現象
07:56
Clearly, we have never understood
143
476382
3994
但好明顯係我哋唔知道乜嘢導致荒漠化
08:00
what is causing desertification,
144
480376
2684
08:03
which has destroyed many civilizations
145
483060
3048
但就係依樣嘢毀滅咗好多文明 而且威脅緊全球
08:06
and now threatens us globally.
146
486108
2692
08:08
We have never understood it.
147
488800
2453
我哋根本對依樣嘢唔了解
08:11
Take one square meter of soil
148
491253
2119
將一平方米嘅土壤就咁光禿禿咁擺響度
08:13
and make it bare like this is down here,
149
493372
2703
08:16
and I promise you, you will find it much colder at dawn
150
496075
3179
相比起用枯枝落葉去覆蓋佢
我保證你會發現光禿禿咁嘅泥土 日出時份會更加凍
08:19
and much hotter at midday
151
499254
2804
08:22
than that same piece of ground if it's just covered with litter,
152
502058
3670
到中午時份就會更加熱
08:25
plant litter.
153
505728
1614
08:27
You have changed the microclimate.
154
507342
3037
因為你哋改變咗微觀氣候
08:30
Now, by the time you are doing that
155
510379
2099
而家,當你哋繼續增加荒地比率 去到超過世界一半嘅土地
08:32
and increasing greatly the percentage of bare ground
156
512478
5588
08:38
on more than half the world's land,
157
518066
4025
08:42
you are changing macroclimate.
158
522091
3230
咁你哋就係改變緊全球大氣候
08:45
But we have just simply not understood
159
525321
2589
但係我哋仍然唔明白 點解依個現象會響一萬年前發生
08:47
why was it beginning to happen 10,000 years ago?
160
527910
3986
08:51
Why has it accelerated lately?
161
531896
2650
同埋點解依家會加劇惡化呢
08:54
We had no understanding of that.
162
534546
1967
我哋真係乜都唔知企咗響度
08:56
What we had failed to understand
163
536513
3425
我哋完全無了解到 依啲隨季節改變濕度嘅環境
08:59
was that these seasonal humidity environments of the world,
164
539938
3823
09:03
the soil and the vegetation
165
543761
2896
佢哋嘅土壤同植物發展 同過度放牧有關
09:06
developed with very large numbers of grazing animals,
166
546657
5792
09:12
and that these grazing animals
167
552449
2624
而依啲被放牧嘅牲畜 同群體狩獵嘅掠食動物有關
09:15
developed with ferocious pack-hunting predators.
168
555073
5392
09:20
Now, the main defense against pack-hunting predators
169
560465
3892
要對抗群體狩獵掠食動物嘅主要方法
09:24
is to get into herds,
170
564357
2341
就係集合成群
09:26
and the larger the herd, the safer the individuals.
171
566698
3992
群體愈大,個體就愈安全
09:30
Now, large herds dung and urinate all over their own food,
172
570690
4831
依家大群動物因為 響佢哋嘅食物上面排便排尿
09:35
and they have to keep moving,
173
575521
3000
於是佢哋需要遷徙
09:38
and it was that movement
174
578521
1917
就係咁樣遷徙
09:40
that prevented the overgrazing of plants,
175
580438
2804
避免咗因過度放牧、動物食曬啲植物
09:43
while the periodic trampling
176
583242
2399
有秩序嘅週期遷徙 可以確保土壤有足夠植被
09:45
ensured good cover of the soil,
177
585641
2520
09:48
as we see where a herd has passed.
178
588161
3112
就好似見到依群動物走過嘅地方一樣
09:51
This picture is a typical seasonal grassland.
179
591273
6228
依幅係典型嘅季節性草原嘅相
09:57
It has just come through four months of rain,
180
597501
2792
嗰度啱啱落咗四個月雨
10:00
and it's now going into eight months of dry season.
181
600293
3682
亦都開始為期八個月嘅旱季
10:03
And watch the change as it goes into this long dry season.
182
603975
3468
留意下佢經歷長期旱季嘅轉變
10:07
Now, all of that grass you see aboveground
183
607443
3076
依家你見到所有地上曝露喺空氣嘅草
10:10
has to decay biologically
184
610519
3748
都需要響下個生長周期前自然腐爛
10:14
before the next growing season, and if it doesn't,
185
614267
3524
如果唔係,成塊草地同土壤都會死
10:17
the grassland and the soil begin to die.
186
617791
4193
10:21
Now, if it does not decay biologically,
187
621984
3195
如果佢哋無腐爛,佢哋就會慢慢氧化
10:25
it shifts to oxidation, which is a very slow process,
188
625179
5139
最終啲草會窒息同死亡
10:30
and this smothers and kills grasses,
189
630318
2955
10:33
leading to a shift to woody vegetation
190
633273
3109
亦剩返木本植物先生存到
10:36
and bare soil, releasing carbon.
191
636382
3420
土地就會無遮掩,釋出碳元素
10:39
To prevent that, we have traditionally used fire.
192
639802
5104
為咗阻止發生依個情況 我哋傳統上會用火燒
10:44
But fire also leaves the soil bare, releasing carbon,
193
644906
5849
不過火都會令到土地無遮掩 亦會釋放出碳元素
10:50
and worse than that,
194
650755
2391
更差嘅係
只要燒走一公頃嘅草地
10:53
burning one hectare of grassland
195
653146
2680
10:55
gives off more, and more damaging, pollutants
196
655826
3160
就會釋放出比六千架車更加多嘅污染物
10:58
than 6,000 cars.
197
658986
2914
11:01
And we are burning in Africa, every single year,
198
661900
4393
我哋每年都響非洲燒走 超過十億公頃嘅草地
11:06
more than one billion hectares of grasslands,
199
666293
4639
11:10
and almost nobody is talking about it.
200
670932
3626
但幾乎無人關心依件事
11:14
We justify the burning, as scientists,
201
674558
4339
作為科學家,我哋認為用火燒係啱
11:18
because it does remove the dead material
202
678897
2913
因為咁樣可以消除啲廢物
11:21
and it allows the plants to grow.
203
681810
3303
畀啲植物生長
11:25
Now, looking at this grassland of ours that has gone dry,
204
685113
3096
睇下我哋依片枯乾嘅草地
我哋點樣做先可以令佢健康呢?
11:28
what could we do to keep that healthy?
205
688209
2696
11:30
And bear in mind, I'm talking of most of the world's land now.
206
690905
3024
提一提,我係講緊世上大部份嘅土地
11:33
Okay? We cannot reduce animal numbers to rest it more
207
693929
4688
我哋唔可以一邊減低動物嘅數量 去畀啲植物復原
11:38
without causing desertification and climate change.
208
698617
3616
一邊唔造成沙漠化同氣候變遷
11:42
We cannot burn it without causing
209
702233
3137
我哋無辦法燒走啲植物
而又確保唔會發生荒漠化同氣候變化
11:45
desertification and climate change.
210
705370
2265
11:47
What are we going to do?
211
707635
3985
咁點算?
11:53
There is only one option,
212
713680
2390
只有一個選擇
11:56
I'll repeat to you, only one option
213
716070
2861
我再講多一次,只有一個選擇
11:58
left to climatologists and scientists,
214
718931
2719
氣象學家同科學家只可以做一樣嘢
12:01
and that is to do the unthinkable,
215
721650
2928
就係做你估唔到嘅嘢
12:04
and to use livestock,
216
724578
2736
就係養一大群牲畜兼且要四圍走
12:07
bunched and moving,
217
727314
2955
12:10
as a proxy for former herds and predators,
218
730269
3389
當佢哋係以前啲遊牧同捕食動物
12:13
and mimic nature.
219
733658
1744
做到好似大自然咁
12:15
There is no other alternative left to mankind.
220
735402
4504
講多無謂,行動最實際
12:19
So let's do that.
221
739906
2448
12:22
So on this bit of grassland, we'll do it, but just in the foreground.
222
742354
3370
所以我哋先用一小塊草地嚟做試驗
12:25
We'll impact it very heavily with cattle to mimic nature,
223
745724
3238
我哋模仿大自然運作 養咗小牛去測試土地負荷
12:28
and we've done so, and look at that.
224
748962
2824
我哋依家做到啦,你睇下
12:31
All of that grass is now covering the soil
225
751786
3360
全部土地都生曬草
12:35
as dung, urine and litter or mulch,
226
755146
3970
因為泥土上有糞、尿 枯枝落葉同埋護根
12:39
as every one of the gardeners amongst you would understand,
227
759116
3280
在座各位有種開嘢嘅都明白
12:42
and that soil is ready to absorb and hold the rain,
228
762396
4361
咁樣嘅泥土已經可以吸收同保留雨水
12:46
to store carbon, and to break down methane.
229
766757
5007
可以儲存碳又可以分解甲烷
12:51
And we did that,
230
771764
2230
我哋就咁樣做咗
12:53
without using fire to damage the soil,
231
773994
2770
唔駛用火去破壞土壤 啲植物都可以自由生長
12:56
and the plants are free to grow.
232
776764
3136
12:59
When I first realized
233
779900
2264
到我第一次認識到 身為科學家嘅我哋無得揀
13:02
that we had no option as scientists
234
782164
2482
13:04
but to use much-vilified livestock
235
784646
2760
剩係可以用啲臭牲畜 嚟應對氣候變化同荒漠化時
13:07
to address climate change and desertification,
236
787406
5247
13:12
I was faced with a real dilemma.
237
792653
2235
我真係進退兩難
13:14
How were we to do it?
238
794888
1725
我諗︰人類究竟搞緊乜嘢呢?
13:16
We'd had 10,000 years of extremely knowledgeable pastoralists
239
796613
4564
我哋累積咗一萬年放牧嘅經驗
13:21
bunching and moving their animals,
240
801177
1948
知道點去放牧
13:23
but they had created the great manmade deserts of the world.
241
803125
3667
但亦都係呢個原因造成 世界上最大嘅人造沙漠出現
13:26
Then we'd had 100 years of modern rain science,
242
806792
3879
現代降雨科學已經有一百年
13:30
and that had accelerated desertification,
243
810671
3259
但係之後我哋首先響非洲發現
13:33
as we first discovered in Africa
244
813930
2173
然後再響美國證實沙漠化反而加快咗
13:36
and then confirmed in the United States,
245
816103
2664
13:38
and as you see in this picture
246
818767
2119
就好似依幅相咁樣
13:40
of land managed by the federal government.
247
820886
3361
塊地係由聯邦政府管理嘅
13:44
Clearly more was needed
248
824247
1901
好明顯咁我們需要 比集結同埋放牧做得更多
13:46
than bunching and moving the animals,
249
826148
2089
13:48
and humans, over thousands of years,
250
828237
3570
我哋人類,幾千年以來
13:51
had never been able to deal with nature's complexity.
251
831807
4386
從來都無能力解決大自然嘅複雜問題
13:56
But we biologists and ecologists
252
836193
2384
但係我哋生物學家同生態學家 都無遇到咁複雜嘅問題
13:58
had never tackled anything as complex as this.
253
838577
2969
14:01
So rather than reinvent the wheel,
254
841546
2639
所以與其閉門造車
14:04
I began studying other professions to see if anybody had.
255
844185
4136
我開始睇下其他領域有無人已經有答案
14:08
And I found there were planning techniques
256
848321
2472
我發現咗的一啲規劃方法 可以滿足到我哋響生物學上嘅需求
14:10
that I could take and adapt to our biological need,
257
850793
3772
14:14
and from those I developed what we call
258
854565
2697
由嗰度開始,我發展咗一套叫做
14:17
holistic management and planned grazing,
259
857262
3310
「整體管理同規劃放牧法」嘅規劃流程
14:20
a planning process,
260
860572
1799
14:22
and that does address all of nature's complexity
261
862371
3695
咁樣就解決到大自然、社會、環境 同埋經濟嘅複雜難題
14:26
and our social, environmental, economic complexity.
262
866066
5249
14:31
Today, we have young women like this one
263
871315
2664
依家好似依位後生女響非洲教人
14:33
teaching villages in Africa
264
873979
2368
14:36
how to put their animals together into larger herds,
265
876347
2936
點樣將啲動物集合
14:39
plan their grazing to mimic nature,
266
879283
2704
然後模仿大自然環境咁放牧
14:41
and where we have them hold their animals overnight --
267
881987
4041
同埋喺邊度安排地方畀動物過夜
14:46
we run them in a predator-friendly manner,
268
886028
2259
亦都因為我哋有好多地 我哋可以任由佢哋俾猛獸弱肉強食
14:48
because we have a lot of lands, and so on --
269
888287
2322
14:50
and where they do this and hold them overnight
270
890609
2194
至於佢哋響邊度放牧同過夜 係同安排地方種嘢有關
14:52
to prepare the crop fields,
271
892803
1805
14:54
we are getting very great increases in crop yield as well.
272
894608
3984
我哋嘅收成因為放牧同過夜 而大幅增加
14:58
Let's look at some results.
273
898592
1617
我哋嚟睇下個結果
15:00
This is land close to land that we manage in Zimbabwe.
274
900209
4224
依塊係近住我哋喺聿巴布韋嘅土地
15:04
It has just come through four months of very good rains
275
904433
3544
嗰度啱啱勁落咗四個月雨
15:07
it got that year, and it's going into the long dry season.
276
907977
3510
就快要到漫長嘅旱季
15:11
But as you can see, all of that rain, almost of all it,
277
911487
3035
不過你哋見到,幾乎全部雨水 都響土壤表面蒸發咗
15:14
has evaporated from the soil surface.
278
914522
3107
15:17
Their river is dry despite the rain just having ended,
279
917629
3802
雨停咗,河又乾
15:21
and we have 150,000 people
280
921431
3520
而我哋有十五萬人要長期依賴糧食援助
15:24
on almost permanent food aid.
281
924951
3750
15:28
Now let's go to our land nearby on the same day,
282
928701
4496
依家嚟睇一睇同一日隔籬嗰塊地
15:33
with the same rainfall, and look at that.
283
933197
2840
同樣嘅降雨量,睇下
15:36
Our river is flowing and healthy and clean.
284
936037
2705
我哋啲河水又多又乾淨
15:38
It's fine.
285
938742
2487
草、灌木、樹、野生動植物嘅產量 每樣嘅產量都比以前更加好
15:41
The production of grass, shrubs, trees, wildlife,
286
941229
5318
15:46
everything is now more productive,
287
946547
2856
15:49
and we have virtually no fear of dry years.
288
949403
4105
我哋唔需要怕旱年
15:53
And we did that by increasing the cattle and goats
289
953508
5495
我哋點做到?
我哋增加咗三倍牛羊嘅數目
15:59
400 percent,
290
959003
1925
16:00
planning the grazing to mimic nature
291
960928
3130
有計劃咁去放牧去模仿大自然嘅運作
16:04
and integrate them with all the elephants, buffalo,
292
964058
2421
仲令佢哋同大象、水牛、長頸鹿 同其他動物一齊生活
16:06
giraffe and other animals that we have.
293
966479
3587
16:10
But before we began, our land looked like that.
294
970066
5722
不過響計畫之前,依塊地係咁樣嘅
16:15
This site was bare and eroding for over 30 years
295
975788
5417
就算落幾多雨,依塊光禿禿嘅地 始終被侵蝕超過 30 年
16:21
regardless of what rain we got.
296
981205
2769
16:23
Okay? Watch the marked tree and see the change
297
983974
3618
睇下喺我哋用家畜模仿大自然環境之後
16:27
as we use livestock to mimic nature.
298
987592
3653
依棵被標記嘅樹有乜變化
16:31
This was another site
299
991245
1462
依度係另外一個 土地被侵蝕、貧瘠嘅地方
16:32
where it had been bare and eroding,
300
992707
2378
16:35
and at the base of the marked small tree,
301
995085
2704
喺依棵做咗標記嘅細樹底下
16:37
we had lost over 30 centimeters of soil. Okay?
302
997789
4288
流走咗 30 厘米嘅土壤,見到嗎?
16:42
And again, watch the change
303
1002077
1609
我哋再睇多次個轉變
16:43
just using livestock to mimic nature.
304
1003686
2850
只係用家畜去模仿大自然
16:46
And there are fallen trees in there now,
305
1006536
2131
依家已經有啲樹冧咗落嚟
16:48
because the better land is now attracting elephants, etc.
306
1008667
4957
咁係因為改善咗嘅土地 吸引大象等等嘅動物走過去
16:53
This land in Mexico was in terrible condition,
307
1013624
3656
依塊響墨西哥嘅地以前係太爛
16:57
and I've had to mark the hill
308
1017280
1954
我要標記座山,因為變化實在太大喇
16:59
because the change is so profound.
309
1019234
4187
17:03
(Applause)
310
1023421
5725
(掌聲)
17:10
I began helping a family in the Karoo Desert in the 1970s
311
1030981
4937
我響 1970 年代開始 幫助南非卡魯沙漠一個家庭
17:15
turn the desert that you see on the right there
312
1035918
2968
你哋見到右手邊嘅沙漠變返做草原
17:18
back to grassland,
313
1038886
1934
17:20
and thankfully, now their grandchildren are on the land
314
1040820
3522
好慶幸,佢哋啲孫仍然住響塊地
17:24
with hope for the future.
315
1044342
1843
仲睇好前景
17:26
And look at the amazing change in this one,
316
1046185
2797
嚟睇下依個驚人嘅改變︰
17:28
where that gully has completely healed
317
1048982
2712
成個峽谷都搞返好啦
17:31
using nothing but livestock mimicking nature,
318
1051694
4579
無用其他方法,只係用家畜扮野生動物
17:36
and once more, we have the third generation of that family
319
1056273
4225
再一次,我哋見到 一個家庭嘅第三代仲住響嗰度
17:40
on that land with their flag still flying.
320
1060498
3280
17:43
The vast grasslands of Patagonia
321
1063778
2568
巴塔哥尼亞上廣闊嘅草原 就係你見到咁變緊沙漠
17:46
are turning to desert as you see here.
322
1066346
2076
17:48
The man in the middle is an Argentinian researcher,
323
1068422
3060
響中間嗰位係阿根廷研究員
17:51
and he has documented the steady decline of that land
324
1071482
3644
佢記錄咗依塊地 點樣因為人減少羊嘅數目而變差
17:55
over the years as they kept reducing sheep numbers.
325
1075126
3476
17:58
They put 25,000 sheep in one flock,
326
1078602
4848
依家佢哋將二萬五千隻羊集埋一群
18:03
really mimicking nature now with planned grazing,
327
1083450
3949
好認真咁模仿大自然咁有計劃地放牧
18:07
and they have documented a 50-percent increase
328
1087399
4343
塊地第一年嘅產量增加咗 50%
18:11
in the production of the land in the first year.
329
1091742
3468
18:15
We now have in the violent Horn of Africa
330
1095210
3040
依家響有好多暴力發生嘅「非洲之角」
18:18
pastoralists planning their grazing to mimic nature
331
1098250
3456
有牧民計劃模仿自然咁放牧
18:21
and openly saying it is the only hope they have
332
1101706
3496
仲話依樣嘢係佢哋嘅唯一能夠 拯救佢哋嘅家庭同文化嘅希望
18:25
of saving their families and saving their culture.
333
1105202
3168
18:28
Ninety-five percent of that land
334
1108370
2076
人要響嗰塊地嘅 95% 地方靠動物為生
18:30
can only feed people from animals.
335
1110446
3660
18:34
I remind you that I am talking about
336
1114106
2111
我要提醒各位
世上大部份嘅土地都控制緊我哋嘅命運
18:36
most of the world's land here that controls our fate,
337
1116217
4441
18:40
including the most violent region of the world,
338
1120658
3056
包括世界上最暴力嘅地區
18:43
where only animals can feed people
339
1123714
2952
嗰度動物只能夠靠 95% 嘅土地餵飽人
18:46
from about 95 percent of the land.
340
1126666
3304
18:49
What we are doing globally is causing climate change
341
1129970
5134
人類令到氣候變遷嘅程度 我相信同石化燃料造成嘅一樣大
18:55
as much as, I believe, fossil fuels,
342
1135104
3296
18:58
and maybe more than fossil fuels.
343
1138400
3536
甚至比石化燃料仲大
19:01
But worse than that, it is causing hunger, poverty,
344
1141936
3675
但更差嘅係
氣候變化會引起饑荒、貧窮 暴力、社會崩潰同戰爭
19:05
violence, social breakdown and war,
345
1145611
2997
19:08
and as I am talking to you,
346
1148608
2408
正如我依家同你哋講嘢嘅時候
19:11
millions of men, women and children
347
1151016
3150
就已經有數百萬嘅男人、女人同細路 正喺度受苦、瀕臨死亡
19:14
are suffering and dying.
348
1154166
2402
19:16
And if this continues,
349
1156568
2712
而如果咁樣持續落去
19:19
we are unlikely to be able to stop the climate changing,
350
1159280
3794
即使我哋停止使用石化燃料
19:23
even after we have eliminated the use of fossil fuels.
351
1163074
5047
我哋都好有可能無辦法阻止氣候變遷
19:28
I believe I've shown you how we can work with nature
352
1168121
4236
大家而家睇到我哋點樣
19:32
at very low cost
353
1172357
2456
以非常低嘅成本同大自然共存
19:34
to reverse all this.
354
1174813
2496
同扭轉一切
19:37
We are already doing so
355
1177309
2432
我哋已經響全球五大洲
19:39
on about 15 million hectares
356
1179741
3996
共一千五百萬公頃嘅土地上 實行依個計劃
19:43
on five continents,
357
1183737
2632
19:46
and people who understand
358
1186369
1627
嗰一啲比我更了解碳嘅人 可以清楚咁話畀你聽
19:47
far more about carbon than I do
359
1187996
2290
19:50
calculate that, for illustrative purposes,
360
1190286
3058
19:53
if we do what I am showing you here,
361
1193344
2794
如果我哋照住做
19:56
we can take enough carbon out of the atmosphere
362
1196138
4025
我哋就可以將大氣層裡面足夠數目嘅碳
20:00
and safely store it in the grassland soils
363
1200163
3334
好安全咁鎖響草原土壤裡面幾千年
20:03
for thousands of years,
364
1203497
1626
20:05
and if we just do that on about half the world's grasslands
365
1205123
4996
如果全球半數嘅草原都做依樣嘢
20:10
that I've shown you,
366
1210119
1354
20:11
we can take us back to pre-industrial levels,
367
1211473
3700
我哋就可以將大氣中碳嘅數量 到去工業革命前嘅水平
20:15
while feeding people.
368
1215173
1641
兼可以養活人口
20:16
I can think of almost nothing
369
1216814
2772
我真係諗唔到仲有乜嘢
20:19
that offers more hope for our planet,
370
1219586
3525
可以畀到地球、細路、佢哋嘅下一代
20:23
for your children,
371
1223111
2248
20:25
and their children, and all of humanity.
372
1225359
2656
同所有人類更多嘅希望
20:28
Thank you.
373
1228015
3305
多謝
(掌聲)
20:31
(Applause)
374
1231320
8112
20:39
Thank you. (Applause)
375
1239432
4988
多謝
(掌聲)
20:52
Thank you, Chris.
376
1252781
1720
多謝,Chris
20:54
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I have,
377
1254501
3346
主持︰多謝
20:57
and I'm sure everyone here has,
378
1257847
2097
我相信依度好多人包括我
20:59
A) a hundred questions, B) wants to hug you.
379
1259944
3728
都想問你問題,或者同你擁抱
21:03
I'm just going to ask you one quick question.
380
1263672
1759
我想問你一個好短嘅問題
21:05
When you first start this and you bring in a flock of animals,
381
1265431
3684
你好多年前引入一批動物嘅時候
21:09
it's desert. What do they eat? How does that part work?
382
1269115
3376
嗰陣時仲係沙漠,咁佢哋食啲乜?
係點樣運作呢?你係點樣開始呢?
21:12
How do you start?
383
1272491
991
21:13
Allan Savory: Well, we have done this for a long time,
384
1273482
1639
講者︰我哋已經做咗好長時間
21:15
and the only time we have ever had to provide any feed
385
1275121
3618
只有復墾礦山嘅時候 我哋需要提供食物畀啲牲畜
21:18
is during mine reclamation,
386
1278739
1769
21:20
where it's 100 percent bare.
387
1280508
2314
因為只有嗰度係完全無植物
21:22
But many years ago, we took the worst land in Zimbabwe,
388
1282822
4356
不過我哋遇過最差嘅地方 響好多年之前嘅津巴布韋
21:27
where I offered a £5 note
389
1287178
3094
我當時用五英鎊打賭
21:30
in a hundred-mile drive
390
1290272
2019
響一百里範圍內無人可以搵到一條草
21:32
if somebody could find one grass
391
1292291
2120
21:34
in a hundred-mile drive,
392
1294411
1990
21:36
and on that, we trebled the stocking rate,
393
1296401
2786
之後頭一年我哋將動物嘅數量加多兩倍
21:39
the number of animals, in the first year with no feeding,
394
1299187
3776
而且無提供食物畀啲家畜
21:42
just by the movement, mimicking nature,
395
1302963
2656
我哋只係靠遷徙、模仿大自然
21:45
and using a sigmoid curve, that principle.
396
1305619
4775
同利用 S 形曲線依個原則
21:50
It's a little bit technical to explain here, but just that.
397
1310394
2471
要花啲時間去解釋,不過就係咁嘞
21:52
CA: Well, I would love to -- I mean, this such an interesting and important idea.
398
1312865
3712
主持︰依個嘢真係好有趣同好重要
21:56
The best people on our blog are going to come and talk to you
399
1316577
1992
我哋博客上面嘅人之後會再問你
21:58
and try and -- I want to get more on this
400
1318569
2632
等我哋對於依個演講 有更加多題材可以寫
22:01
that we could share along with the talk.AS: Wonderful.
401
1321201
2952
講者︰好
主持︰依場係震撼人心嘅演講
22:04
CA: That is an astonishing talk, truly an astonishing talk,
402
1324153
3536
真係好震撼人心
22:07
and I think you heard that we all are cheering you on your way.
403
1327689
2776
我諗你都聽到我哋為你做嘅嘢喝采
22:10
Thank you so much.AS: Well, thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Chris.
404
1330465
2992
非常多謝你
講者︰多謝 Chris
(掌聲)
22:13
(Applause)
405
1333457
1230
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7