How to green the world's deserts and reverse climate change | Allan Savory

5,885,402 views 惻 2013-03-04

TED


ģ•„ėž˜ ģ˜ė¬øģžė§‰ģ„ ė”ėø”ķ“ė¦­ķ•˜ģ‹œė©“ ģ˜ģƒģ“ ģž¬ģƒė©ė‹ˆė‹¤.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ė²ˆģ—­: Gemma Lee ź²€ķ† : Surie Lee
00:16
The most massive
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ź°€ģž„ ķ°
00:20
tsunami perfect storm
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ģ“°ė‚˜ėÆøģ™€ ź°™ģ€ ģµœģ•…ģ˜ ģƒķ™©ģ“
00:25
is bearing down upon us.
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ėŒģ§„ķ•“ģ˜¤ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
00:29
This perfect storm
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ģ“ ģµœģ•…ģ˜ ģƒķ™©ģ€
00:32
is mounting a grim reality, increasingly grim reality,
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ėƒ‰ķ˜¹ķ•˜ź³ ė„ ėƒ‰ķ˜¹ķ•œ ķ˜„ģ‹¤ģ„ ė§Œė“¤ģ–“ė‚“ź³  ģžˆź³ 
00:37
and we are facing that reality
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ź·ø ķ˜„ģ‹¤ģ„
00:42
with the full belief
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źø°ģˆ ģ„ ģ“ģš©ķ•˜ģ—¬ ķ•“ź²°ķ•  ģˆ˜
00:43
that we can solve our problems with technology,
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ģžˆė‹¤ź³  ėÆæź³  ģžˆģ§€ģš”.
00:46
and that's very understandable.
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ģ¶©ė¶„ķžˆ ģ¼ė¦¬ź°€ ģžˆėŠ” ģ“ģ•¼źø°ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
00:48
Now, this perfect storm that we are facing
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ģ“ģ œ ģš°ė¦¬ģ—ź²Œ ė‹„ģ¹œ ģµœģ•…ģ˜ ģƒķ™©ģ€
00:52
is the result of our rising population,
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100ģ–µģœ¼ė”œ ėŠ˜ģ–“ė‚˜ź³  ģžˆėŠ”
00:56
rising towards 10 billion people,
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ģøźµ¬ģ˜ ģ¦ź°€ģ™€
00:59
land that is turning to desert,
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ģ‚¬ė§‰ģœ¼ė”œ ė³€ķ•˜ź³  ģžˆėŠ” ėŒ€ģ§€,
01:01
and, of course, climate change.
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ź·øė¦¬ź³  ė¬¼ė”  źø°ķ›„ ė³€ķ™”ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
01:05
Now there's no question about it at all:
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ź·øģ ģ— ėŒ€ķ•“ģ„œėŠ” ģ˜ė¬øģ˜ ģ—¬ģ§€ź°€ ģ—†ģ§€ģš”.
01:07
we will only solve the problem
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” źø°ģˆ ģ„ ģ“ģš©ķ•˜ģ—¬ ķ™”ģ„ ģ—°ė£Œė„¼
01:09
of replacing fossil fuels with technology.
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ėŒ€ģ²“ķ•“ģ•¼ė§Œ ģ“ ė¬øģ œė„¼ ķ•“ź²°ķ•  ģˆ˜ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
01:12
But fossil fuels, carbon -- coal and gas --
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ķ™”ģ„ ģ—°ė£Œ, ķƒ„ģ†Œź°€ -- ģ„ķƒ„ź³¼ ź°€ģŠ¤ --
01:16
are by no means the only thing
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źø°ķ›„ ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ ģ¼ģœ¼ķ‚¤ėŠ”
01:18
that is causing climate change.
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ģœ ģ¼ķ•œ ģ›ģøģ€ ģ•„ė‹™ė‹ˆė‹¤.
01:22
Desertification
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ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ėŠ”
01:24
is a fancy word for land that is turning to desert,
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ė•…ģ“ ģ‚¬ė§‰ģœ¼ė”œ ė°”ė€Œģ–“ź°€ėŠ” ź²ƒģ„ ź³ źø‰ģŠ¤ėŸ½ź²Œ ė‚˜ķƒ€ė‚ø ė§ģ“ź³ 
01:29
and this happens only when
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ģ“ ķ˜„ģƒģ€ ė§Øė•…ģ“ ė„ˆė¬“ ė§Žģ„ ė•Œ
01:31
we create too much bare ground.
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ģƒź¹ė‹ˆė‹¤.
01:33
There's no other cause.
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ė‹¤ė„ø ź¹Œė‹­ģ€ ģ—†ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
01:35
And I intend to focus
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ģ €ėŠ” ģ‚¬ė§‰ģœ¼ė”œ ė°”ė€Œģ–“ź°€ėŠ” ė•…ģ—
01:37
on most of the world's land that is turning to desert.
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ģ“ˆģ ģ„ ė§žģ¶”ź³  ģ‹¶ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
01:42
But I have for you a very simple message
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ģ €ėŠ” ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ź»˜ ė“œė¦“ ģ•„ģ£¼ ź°„ė‹Øķ•œ ė©”ģ‹œģ§€ź°€ ģžˆėŠ”ė°
01:48
that offers more hope than you can imagine.
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ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ģ“ ģƒģƒķ•  ģˆ˜ ģžˆėŠ” ģ“ģƒģ˜ ķ¬ė§ģ„ ė“œė¦“ ź²ƒģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
01:52
We have environments
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ģŠµė„ź°€ 1ė…„ ė‚“ė‚“
01:54
where humidity is guaranteed throughout the year.
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ģœ ģ§€ė˜ėŠ” ķ™˜ź²½ģ“ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
01:57
On those, it is almost impossible
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ź·øėŸ° ź³³ģ—ģ„œėŠ” ė“œė„“ģ€ ė§Øė•…ģ„
02:00
to create vast areas of bare ground.
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ė§Œė“œėŠ” ź²ƒģ“ ź±°ģ˜ ė¶ˆź°€ėŠ„ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:02
No matter what you do, nature covers it up so quickly.
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ė­˜ ķ•˜ė“ , ģžģ—°ģ€ ź·øź²ƒģ„ ģž¬ė¹Øė¦¬ ė®ģ–“ė²„ė¦¬ģ£ .
02:06
And we have environments
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ė˜ ģ“ėŸ° ź³³ė„ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:08
where we have months of humidity
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ėŖ‡ ė‹¬ė™ģ•ˆ ģŠµė„ź°€ ģ§€ģ†ė˜ė‹¤ź°€
02:10
followed by months of dryness,
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ź·ø ė‹¤ģŒ ėŖ‡ ė‹¬ė™ģ•ˆ ź±“ģ”°ķ•œ ė‚ ģ”Øź°€ ģ“ģ–“ģ§‘ė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:12
and that is where desertification is occurring.
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ź·øėŸ° ź³³ģ—ģ„œ ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ź°€ ģ¼ģ–“ė‚©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:16
Fortunately, with space technology now,
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ė‹¤ķ–‰ķžˆ ģ“ģ œėŠ” ģš°ģ£¼ ź³µķ•™ źø°ģˆ ģ“ ģžˆģ–“ģ„œ
02:18
we can look at it from space,
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ķ•˜ėŠ˜ģ—ģ„œ ė‚“ė ¤ė‹¤ ė³“ė©“
02:19
and when we do, you can see the proportions fairly well.
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ź·ø ė¹„ģœØģ„ ģ•„ģ£¼ ģž˜ ė³¼ ģˆ˜ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:24
Generally, what you see in green
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ė³“ķ†µ ģ“ˆė”ģƒ‰ģœ¼ė”œ ė³“ģ“ėŠ” ė¶€ė¶„ģ€
02:25
is not desertifying,
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ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ź°€ ė˜ģ§€ ģ•Šź³ 
02:27
and what you see in brown is,
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ź°ˆģƒ‰ģœ¼ė”œ ė³“ģ“ėŠ” ź³³ģ“
02:29
and these are by far the greatest areas of the Earth.
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ģ§€źµ¬ģ—ģ„œ ź°€ģž„ ė„“ģ€ ģ§€ģ—­ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:34
About two thirds, I would guess, of the world is desertifying.
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ģ œź°€ ė³“źø°ģ—ėŠ” ģ§€źµ¬ģ˜ 2/3ź°€ ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ė˜ģ–“ ź°€ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:39
I took this picture in the Tihamah Desert
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ģ €ėŠ” ģ“ ģ‚¬ģ§„ģ„ ķ‹°ķ•˜ė§ˆ(Tihamah) ģ‚¬ė§‰ģ—ģ„œ ģ°ģ—ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:42
while 25 millimeters -- that's an inch of rain -- was falling.
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25 mm -1 ģøģ¹˜- ģ˜ ė¹„ź°€ ė‚“ė¦“ ė•Œģ˜€ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:45
Think of it in terms of drums of water,
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ź·ø ģ–‘ģ„ ė¬¼ģ“ ė‹“źø“ ė“œėŸ¼ķ†µģœ¼ė”œ ģƒź°ķ•“ė³“ģ„øģš”.
02:48
each containing 200 liters.
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ķ•œ ķ†µģ— 200 ė¦¬ķ„°ź°€ ė“¤ģ–“ź°‘ė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:51
Over 1,000 drums of water fell on every hectare
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ź·øė‚  ź·øź³³ģ—ėŠ” 1ķ—„ķƒ€ė„“ė§ˆė‹¤
02:55
of that land that day.
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1ģ²œķ†µģ“ ė„˜ėŠ” ė¬¼ģ“ ģŸģ•„ģ”ŒģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
02:58
The next day, the land looked like this.
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ė‹¤ģŒė‚  ė•…ģ€ ģ“ė ‡ź²Œ ė˜ģ–“ė²„ė øģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
03:01
Where had that water gone?
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ź·ø ė¬¼ģ€ ģ–“ė””ė”œ ź°”ģ„ź¹Œģš”?
03:03
Some of it ran off as flooding,
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ģ¼ė¶€ėŠ” ķ™ģˆ˜ė”œ ķ˜ėŸ¬ė„˜ģ³ ė²„ė øź³ ,
03:06
but most of the water that soaked into the soil
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ė•…ģ†ģœ¼ė”œ ģŠ¤ė©°ė“¤ģ–“ź°„ ė¬¼ģ˜ ėŒ€ė¶€ė¶„ģ€
03:09
simply evaporated out again,
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ź·øėƒ„ ė‹¤ģ‹œ ģ¦ė°œķ•“ė²„ė øģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
03:11
exactly as it does in your garden
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ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ģ˜ ģ •ģ›ģ—ģ„œė„ ź·øė ‡ė“Æģ“ ė§ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
03:13
if you leave the soil uncovered.
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ė•…ģ„ ė®ģ§€ ģ•Šģœ¼ė©“ ģ“ėŸ° ģ¼ģ“ ģƒź¹ė‹ˆė‹¤.
03:16
Now, because the fate of water and carbon
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ģž, ė¬¼ź³¼ ķƒ„ģ†Œģ˜ ģš“ėŖ…ģ€
03:20
are tied to soil organic matter,
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ė•…ģ— ģžˆėŠ” ģœ źø°ė¬¼ź³¼ ģ—°ź“€ė˜ģ–“ ģžˆźø° ė•Œė¬øģ—
03:23
when we damage soils, you give off carbon.
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ė•…ģ„ ģ†ģƒģ‹œķ‚¤ė©“ ķƒ„ģ†Œė„¼ ģžƒģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
03:27
Carbon goes back to the atmosphere.
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ķƒ„ģ†ŒėŠ” ėŒ€źø°ė”œ ėŒģ•„ź°€ģ£ .
03:30
Now you're told over and over, repeatedly,
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ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ģ€ ģ—¬ėŸ¬ ė²ˆ ė°˜ė³µķ•“ģ„œ ė“¤ģ—ˆģ„ ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
03:34
that desertification is only occurring
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ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ėŠ”
03:37
in arid and semi-arid areas of the world,
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ź±“ģ”° ģ§€ėŒ€ģ™€ ė°˜ź±“ģ”° ģ§€ėŒ€ģ—ģ„œė§Œ ģ¼ģ–“ė‚œė‹¤ź³ ģš”.
03:41
and that tall grasslands like this one
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ź·øėž˜ģ„œ ģ“ģ²˜ėŸ¼ ź°•ģˆ˜ėŸ‰ģ“ ė§Žģ€
03:45
in high rainfall are of no consequence.
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ģ“ˆģ›ģ—ģ„œėŠ” ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ź°€ ģ¼ģ–“ė‚˜ģ§€ ģ•ŠėŠ”ė‹¤ėŠ” ź±°ģ£ .
03:48
But if you do not look at grasslands but look down into them,
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ģ“ˆģ›ģ„ ė³“ģ§€ ė§ź³  ź·ø ģ•„ėž˜ė„¼ ė³“ė©“
03:53
you find that most of the soil in that grassland
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ģ“ˆģ›ģ— ģžˆėŠ” ėŒ€ė¶€ė¶„ģ˜ ė•…ģ“
03:56
that you've just seen is bare and covered with a crust of algae,
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ķ—ė²—ģ—ˆź³  ģ”°ė„˜ė”œ ķ‘œė©“ģ“ ė®ģ—¬ģžˆģ–“ģ„œ
04:00
leading to increased runoff and evaporation.
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ź²°źµ­ ė¬¼ģ“ ė” ė§Žģ“ ķ˜ėŸ¬ė‚˜ź°€ź³  ģ¦ė°œķ•“ė²„ė¦½ė‹ˆė‹¤.
04:03
That is the cancer of desertification
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ź·øź²ƒģ€ ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ģ—ģ„œ ģ•”ź³¼ ź°™ź³ 
04:07
that we do not recognize till its terminal form.
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ģ¹˜ėŖ…ģ ģœ¼ė”œ ė˜źø° ģ „ź¹Œģ§€ėŠ” ģ•„ė¬“ė„ ėŖØė¦…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
04:12
Now we know that desertification is caused by livestock,
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ź°€ģ¶•ģ“ ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ė„¼ ģ¼ģœ¼ķ‚Øė‹¤ź³  ģ•Œź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
04:17
mostly cattle, sheep and goats,
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ėŒ€ė¶€ė¶„ģ“ ģ†Œ, ģ–‘, ģ—¼ģ†Œģøė°
04:20
overgrazing the plants,
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ķ’€ģ„ ė„ˆė¬“ ė§Žģ“ ėœÆģ–“ėعģ–“ģ„œ
04:23
leaving the soil bare and giving off methane.
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ė•…ģ„ ķ—ė²—ź²Œ ķ•˜ź³  ė©”ķƒ„ģ„ ė‚“ė³“ėƒ…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
04:27
Almost everybody knows this,
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ź±°ģ˜ ėŖØė‘ź°€ ģ“ź²ƒģ„ ģ•Œź³  ģžˆģ£ .
04:29
from nobel laureates to golf caddies,
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ė…øė²Øģƒ ģˆ˜ģƒģžė¶€ķ„° ź³Øķ”„ ģŗė””ź¹Œģ§€ ģ•Œź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
04:32
or was taught it, as I was.
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ģ•„ė‹ˆė©“ ģ €ģ²˜ėŸ¼ ė°°ģ› ź² ģ§€ģš”.
04:34
Now, the environments like you see here,
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ģž, ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ģ“ ģ—¬źø°ģ„œ ė³“ģ‹œėŠ” ķ™˜ź²½ģ€
04:38
dusty environments in Africa where I grew up,
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ģ œź°€ ģžėž€ ģ•„ķ”„ė¦¬ģ¹“ģ˜ ėؼģ§€ ė§Žģ€ ķ™˜ź²½ģøė°
04:41
and I loved wildlife,
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ģ €ėŠ” ģ•¼ģƒ ė™ė¬¼ģ„ ģ‚¬ėž‘ķ•“ģ„œ
04:44
and so I grew up hating livestock
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ģžėž„ ė•ŒėŠ” ź°€ģ¶•ģ„ ģ‹«ģ–“ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
04:47
because of the damage they were doing.
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ź°€ģ¶•ģ“ ģžģ—°ģ— ėÆøģ¹˜ėŠ” ģ†ģƒ ė•Œė¬øģ“ģ£ .
04:49
And then my university education as an ecologist
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ź·ø ė’¤ģ—ėŠ” ģƒķƒœķ•™ģžė”œ ėŒ€ķ•™ źµģœ”ģ„ ė°›ģœ¼ė©“ģ„œ
04:52
reinforced my beliefs.
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ģ €ģ˜ ģ“ėŸ° ėÆæģŒģ“ ė” ź°•ķ™”ė˜ģ—ˆźµ¬ģš”.
04:55
Well, I have news for you.
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źø€ģŽ„ģš”, ģ•Œė ¤ė“œė¦“ ė§ģ”€ģ“ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
05:01
We were once just as certain
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ķ•œ ė•Œ ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ”
05:04
that the world was flat.
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ģ„øģƒģ“ ķ‰ķ‰ķ•˜ė‹¤ź³  ķ™•ģ‹ ķ–ˆģ—ˆģ£ .
05:06
We were wrong then, and we are wrong again.
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ź·øė•Œ ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ķ‹€ė øź³ , ģ§€źøˆė„ ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ė˜ ķ‹€ė øģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
05:10
And I want to invite you now
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ģ €ėŠ” ģ“ģ œ ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ģ„ ģ“ˆėŒ€ķ•˜ź³  ģ‹¶ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
05:12
to come along on my journey of reeducation and discovery.
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ģ œź°€ ķ•˜ėŠ” ģž¬źµģœ”ź³¼ ė°œź²¬ģ˜ ģ—¬ģ •ģ„ ė”°ė¼ģ˜¤ģ„øģš”.
05:19
When I was a young man,
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ģ œź°€ ģ Šģ–“ģ„œ
05:21
a young biologist in Africa,
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ģ•„ķ”„ė¦¬ģ¹“ģ˜ ģ Šģ€ ģƒė¬¼ķ•™ģžģ˜€ģ„ ė•Œ
05:24
I was involved in setting aside marvelous areas
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ģ•„ģ£¼ ķ›Œė„­ķ•œ ź³³ģ„ ėÆøėž˜ģ˜ źµ­ė¦½ź³µģ›ģœ¼ė”œ
05:29
as future national parks.
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ķ™•ė³“ķ•“ė‘ėŠ” ģ¼ģ— ģ°øģ—¬ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
05:31
Now no sooner ā€” this was in the 1950s ā€”
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ź³§ģ“ģ–“ - 1950ė…„ģ“ģ—ˆģ£ . -
05:35
and no sooner did we remove the hunting,
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ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ģ‚¬ėƒ„ģ„ ģ—†ģ• ź³ 
05:38
drum-beating people to protect the animals,
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ė™ė¬¼ģ„ ė³“ķ˜øķ•˜ėŠ” ė¶ģ¹˜ėŠ” ģ‚¬ėžŒė“¤ģ„ ģ—†ģ• ģžė§ˆģž
05:41
than the land began to deteriorate,
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ė•…ģ€ ė” ė‚˜ė¹ ģ§€źø° ģ‹œģž‘ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
05:43
as you see in this park that we formed.
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ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ė§Œė“  ģ“ ź³µģ›ģ„ ė³“ģ‹œė©“ ģ•„ģ‹œź² ģ£ .
05:47
Now, no livestock were involved,
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ģ“ģ œ ź°€ģ¶•ģ€ ģ—†ģ§€ė§Œ
05:50
but suspecting that we had too many elephants now,
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ģ½”ė¼ė¦¬ź°€ ė„ˆė¬“ ė§Žė‹¤ėŠ” ģ˜ģ‹¬ģ„ ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
05:53
I did the research and I proved we had too many,
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ģ €ėŠ” ģ—°źµ¬ė„¼ ķ–ˆź³  ģ½”ė¼ė¦¬ź°€ ė„ˆė¬“ ė§Žė‹¤ėŠ” ź±ø ģ¦ėŖ…ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
05:58
and I recommended that we would have to reduce their numbers
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ź·øėž˜ģ„œ ģ½”ė¼ė¦¬ ģˆ˜ė„¼ ģ¤„ģ—¬ģ•¼ ķ•œė‹¤ź³  ģ œģ•ˆķ•˜ė©“ģ„œ
06:01
and bring them down to a level that the land could sustain.
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ė•…ģ“ ģœ ģ§€ź°€ ė  ģˆ˜ ģžˆģ„ ģˆ˜ģ¤€ģœ¼ė”œ ģˆ«ģžė„¼ ģ¤„ģ—¬ģ•¼ ķ•œė‹¤ź³  ė§ķ–ˆģ£ .
06:05
Now, that was a terrible decision for me to have to make,
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ģž, ź·øź²ƒģ€ ģ œź°€ ė‚“ė ¤ģ•¼ ķ–ˆė˜ ė”ģ°ķ•œ ź²°ģ •ģ“ģ—ˆź³ 
06:09
and it was political dynamite, frankly.
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ģ†”ģ§ķžˆ ė§ķ•˜ė©“ ģ •ģ¹˜ģ ģø ķ­ķƒ„ģ“ģ—ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:12
So our government formed a team of experts
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ź·øėž˜ģ„œ ģ •ė¶€ėŠ” ģ „ė¬øź°€ė”œ ģ“ė¤„ģ§„ ķŒ€ģ„ ź¾øė ¤ģ„œ
06:15
to evaluate my research.
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ģ œ ģ—°źµ¬ė„¼ ķ‰ź°€ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:18
They did. They agreed with me,
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ģ „ė¬øź°€ė“¤ģ“ ķ‰ź°€ė„¼ ķ–ˆź³  ģ œ ģ˜ź²¬ģ— ė™ģ˜ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:20
and over the following years,
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ė‹¤ģŒ ėŖ‡ ķ•“ ė™ģ•ˆ
06:22
we shot 40,000 elephants to try to stop the damage.
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ģ†ģƒģ„ ė§‰ģœ¼ė ¤ź³  4ė§Œ ė§ˆė¦¬ģ˜ ģ½”ė¼ė¦¬ė„¼ ģ‚¬ģ‚“ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:28
And it got worse, not better.
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ź·øėŸ°ė° ģƒķ™©ģ€ ė” ė‚˜ė¹ ģ”Œź³  ė” ė‚˜ģ•„ģ§€ģ§€ ģ•Šģ•˜ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:32
Loving elephants as I do,
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ģ œź°€ ģ½”ė¼ė¦¬ė“¤ģ„ ģ‚¬ėž‘ķ–ˆźø° ė•Œė¬øģ—
06:34
that was the saddest and greatest blunder of my life,
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ź·øź²ƒģ€ ģ œ ģøģƒģ—ģ„œ ź°€ģž„ ģŠ¬ķ”„ź³  ź°€ģž„ ķ° ģ‹¤ģˆ˜ģ˜€ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:38
and I will carry that to my grave.
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ķ‰ģƒ ģžŠģ„ ģˆ˜ ģ—†ģ„ ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:40
One good thing did come out of it.
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ķ•œ ź°€ģ§€ ģ¢‹ģ€ ģ¼ģ“ ģƒź²¼ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:43
It made me absolutely determined
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ź·ø ģ¼ģ€ ģ œź°€ ķ‰ģƒģ„ ė‹¤ ė°”ģ³
06:46
to devote my life to finding solutions.
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ķ•“ė‹µģ„ ģ°¾ź² ė‹¤ź³  ė§ˆģŒėعź²Œ ė§Œė“¤ģ—ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:52
When I came to the United States, I got a shock,
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ģ €ėŠ” ėÆøźµ­ģ— ģ™”ģ„ ė•Œ ģ €ėŠ” ģ¶©ź²©ģ„ ė°›ģ•˜ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
06:56
to find national parks like this one
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ģ“ģ™€ ź°™ģ€ źµ­ė¦½ź³µģ›ģ“
06:58
desertifying as badly as anything in Africa.
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ģ•„ķ”„ė¦¬ģ¹“ģ— ģžˆėŠ” ģ–“ėŠ ź³µģ›ģ²˜ėŸ¼ ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ė˜ģ–“ ź°€ėŠ” ź²ƒģ„ ė³“ź³  ģ¶©ź²©ģ„ ė°›ģ•˜ģ£ .
07:02
And there'd been no livestock on this land
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ģ“ ė•…ģ—ėŠ” ģ–“ė–¤ ź°€ģ¶•ė„ ģ‚“ģ§€ ģ•Šģ•˜ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
07:04
for over 70 years.
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70ė…„ģ“ ė„˜ė„ė”.
07:07
And I found that American scientists
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ėÆøźµ­ģ˜ ź³¼ķ•™ģžė“¤ģ€
07:09
had no explanation for this
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ģ—¬źø°ģ— ėŒ€ķ•“ ģ–“ė–¤ ģ„¤ėŖ…ė„ ķ•˜ģ§€ ėŖ»ķ–ˆģ£ .
07:12
except that it is arid and natural.
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ź·øź³³ģ“ ź±“ģ”°ķ•˜ź³  ģžģ—° ģ§€ģ—­ģ“ėž€ ź²ƒė§Œ ģ œģ™øķ•˜ź³ ģš”.
07:15
So I then began looking
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ź·øėž˜ģ„œ ģ €ėŠ” ģ—°źµ¬ė„¼ ķ•  ģˆ˜ ģžˆėŠ”
07:18
at all the research plots I could
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ė•…ģ„ ģ‚“ķŽ“ė³“źø° ģ‹œģž‘ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
07:22
over the whole of the Western United States
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ėÆøźµ­ ģ„œė¶€ ģ „ģ²“ ģ§€ģ—­ģ„ ģ‚“ķŽ“ģ„œ
07:24
where cattle had been removed
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ģ†Œė–¼ź°€ ģ‚¬ė¼ģ§„ ź³³ģ—ģ„œ
07:27
to prove that it would stop desertification,
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ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ź°€ ė©ˆģ·„ė‹¤ėŠ” ź²ƒģ„ ģ¦ėŖ…ķ•˜ė ¤ź³  ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
07:29
but I found the opposite,
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ź·ø ė°˜ėŒ€ė„¼ ģ•Œģ•„ėƒˆģ£ .
07:31
as we see on this research station,
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ģ“ ģ—°źµ¬ģ†Œģ—ģ„œ ė³“ģ‹œė‹¤ģ‹œķ”¼
07:34
where this grassland that was green in 1961,
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1961ė…„ģ—ėŠ” ķ‘øė„“ė €ė˜ ģ“ ģ“ˆģ›ģ“
07:38
by 2002 had changed to that situation.
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2002ė…„ģ“ ė˜ė©“ ģ“ėŸ° ģƒķ™©ģœ¼ė”œ ė°”ė€Œģ—ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
07:43
And the authors of the position paper on climate change
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źø°ķ›„ ė³€ķ™”ģ— ź“€ķ•œ ģ •ģ±… ė°©ģ¹Øģ„œė„¼ ģ““ ģ €ģžė“¤ģ€,
07:48
from which I obtained these pictures
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ģ €ė„ ź±°źø°ģ„œ ģ“ ģ‚¬ģ§„ģ„ ģ–»ģ—ˆėŠ”ė°,
07:50
attribute this change to "unknown processes."
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ģ“ ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ "ģ•Œė ¤ģ§€ģ§€ ģ•Šģ€ ź³¼ģ •" ģ“ė¼ź³  ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
07:56
Clearly, we have never understood
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ė¶„ėŖ…ķžˆ ģ“ķ•“ķ•˜ģ§€ ėŖ»ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
08:00
what is causing desertification,
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ė¬“ģ—‡ģ“ ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ė„¼ ģ¼ģœ¼ķ‚¤ėŠ”ģ§€ ė§ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
08:03
which has destroyed many civilizations
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ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ź°€ ė§Žģ€ ė¬øėŖ…ė“¤ģ„ ķŒŒź““ķ•˜ź³ 
08:06
and now threatens us globally.
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ģ§€źøˆģ€ ģ „ģ„øź³„ģ ģœ¼ė”œ ģš°ė¦¬ė„¼ ģœ„ķ˜‘ķ•˜ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
08:08
We have never understood it.
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ź²°ģ½” ģ“ķ•“ķ•˜ģ§€ ėŖ»ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
08:11
Take one square meter of soil
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ģ‚¬ė°© 1 mģ˜ ė•…ģ„ ź°€ģ§€ź³ 
08:13
and make it bare like this is down here,
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ģ—¬źø° ģžˆėŠ” ź²ƒģ²˜ėŸ¼ ė§Øė•…ģœ¼ė”œ ė§Œė“¤ė©“
08:16
and I promise you, you will find it much colder at dawn
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ģƒˆė²½ģ—ėŠ” ķ›Øģ”¬ ģ°Øź³ 
08:19
and much hotter at midday
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ė‚®ģ—ėŠ” ķ›Øģ”¬ ėœØź²ė‹¤ėŠ” ź±ø ģ•Œź²Œ ė  ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
08:22
than that same piece of ground if it's just covered with litter,
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ė˜‘ź°™ģ€ ė•…ģ„ ģ§šģœ¼ė”œ ė®ģœ¼ė©“
08:25
plant litter.
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ķ’€ė”œ ė§ģ“ģ£ ,
08:27
You have changed the microclimate.
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ėÆøģ„ø źø°ķ›„ė„¼ ė°”ź¾øėŠ” ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
08:30
Now, by the time you are doing that
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ź·øė ‡ź²Œ ķ•˜ė©“
08:32
and increasing greatly the percentage of bare ground
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ģ„øź³„ģ˜ ģ ˆė°˜ģ“ ė„˜ėŠ” ė•…ģ—ģ„œ
08:38
on more than half the world's land,
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ė§Øė•…ģ“ ģ°Øģ§€ķ•˜ėŠ” ė¹„ģœØģ“ ģ¦ź°€ķ•˜ź³  ģžˆėŠ”ė°ģ„œ
08:42
you are changing macroclimate.
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ź±°ėŒ€ źø°ķ›„ė„¼ ė°”ź¾øź²Œ ė©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
08:45
But we have just simply not understood
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ģ“ķ•“ė„¼ ėŖ»ķ•˜ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
08:47
why was it beginning to happen 10,000 years ago?
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ģ™œ 1ė§Œė…„ ģ „ģ— ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ź°€ ģ¼ģ–“ė‚˜ė ¤ź³  ķ–ˆģ„ź¹Œ?
08:51
Why has it accelerated lately?
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ģµœź·¼ģ— ģ™€ģ„œ ź°€ģ†ķ™”ė˜ėŠ” ź¹Œė‹­ģ€ ė­˜ź¹Œ?
08:54
We had no understanding of that.
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ź·øź±ø ģ „ķ˜€ ģ•Œģ§€ ėŖ»ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
08:56
What we had failed to understand
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ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ģ•Œģ§€ ėŖ»ķ•œ ź²ƒģ€
08:59
was that these seasonal humidity environments of the world,
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ģ„øģƒģ—ģ„œ ź³„ģ ˆģ— ė”°ė„ø ė‹¤ė„ø ģŠµė„ ķ™˜ź²½ź³¼
09:03
the soil and the vegetation
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ė•…ź³¼ ģ“ˆėŖ©ģ“
09:06
developed with very large numbers of grazing animals,
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ģ•„ģ£¼ ė§Žģ€ ģˆ˜ģ˜ ģ“ˆģ‹ ė™ė¬¼ė“¤ź³¼ ķ•Øź»˜ ė°œė‹¬ķ–ˆė‹¤ėŠ” ź²ƒģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
09:12
and that these grazing animals
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ģ“ė“¤ ģ“ˆģ‹ ė™ė¬¼ė“¤ģ€
09:15
developed with ferocious pack-hunting predators.
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ė–¼ė„¼ ģ§€ģ–“ ģ‚¬ėƒ„ķ•˜ėŠ” ģ‚¬ė‚˜ģš“ ķ¬ģ‹ģžė“¤ź³¼ ķ•Øź»˜ ė°œė‹¬ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
09:20
Now, the main defense against pack-hunting predators
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ģž, ė–¼ė„¼ ģ§€ģ–“ ģ‚¬ėƒ„ķ•˜ėŠ” ķ¬ģ‹ģžė“¤ģ—ź²Œ ė§žģ„œėŠ” ė°©ė²•ģ€
09:24
is to get into herds,
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ė¬“ė¦¬ė„¼ ģ§“ėŠ” ź²ƒģ“ģ£ .
09:26
and the larger the herd, the safer the individuals.
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ė¬“ė¦¬ź°€ ķ“ģˆ˜ė” ź°œģ²“ķ•œķ…Œ ė” ģ•ˆģ „ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
09:30
Now, large herds dung and urinate all over their own food,
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ķ° ė¬“ė¦¬ėŠ” ģžźø°ė“¤ģ˜ ėعģ“ ģœ„ģ— ģ˜Øķ†µ ė˜„ź³¼ ģ˜¤ģ¤Œģ„ ģ‹øė²„ė¦¬ė‹ˆź¹Œ
09:35
and they have to keep moving,
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ėŠģž„ģ—†ģ“ ģ“ė™ķ•“ģ•¼ ķ•˜ź³ 
09:38
and it was that movement
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ź·ø ģ“ė™ ė•Œė¬øģ—
09:40
that prevented the overgrazing of plants,
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ģ‹ė¬¼ģ“ ė„ˆė¬“ ė§Žģ“ ėعķ˜€ė²„ė¦¬ėŠ” ź±ø ė§‰ģ•„ģ¤¬ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
09:43
while the periodic trampling
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ķ•œķŽø ģ£¼źø°ģ ģø ģ§“ė°Ÿźø°ź°€
09:45
ensured good cover of the soil,
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ė•…ģ“ ģž˜ ė®ģ“ė„ė” ķ–ˆģ£ .
09:48
as we see where a herd has passed.
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ķ•œ ė¬“ė¦¬ź°€ ģ§€ė‚˜ź°„ ź³³ģ„ ė³“ģ‹œė©“ ģ•Œź² ģ§€ė§Œ.
09:51
This picture is a typical seasonal grassland.
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ģ“ ģ‚¬ģ§„ģ€ ģ „ķ˜•ģ ģø ź³„ģ ˆ ģ“ˆģ›ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
09:57
It has just come through four months of rain,
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4ź°œģ›”ģ˜ ģš°źø°ė„¼ ė§‰ ģ§€ė‚˜ģ„œ
10:00
and it's now going into eight months of dry season.
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8ź°œģ›”ģ˜ ź±“źø°ė”œ ė“¤ģ–“ź°€ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
10:03
And watch the change as it goes into this long dry season.
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ģ˜¤ėžœ ź±“źø°ė„¼ ģ§€ė‚˜ė©° ģ¼ģ–“ė‚˜ėŠ” ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ ė³“ģ„øģš”.
10:07
Now, all of that grass you see aboveground
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ģ“ģ œ ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ģ“ ė•…ģœ„ė”œ ė³“ėŠ” ķ’€ģ€ ėŖØė‘
10:10
has to decay biologically
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ģƒė¬¼ķ•™ģ ģœ¼ė”œ ģ©ģ–“ģ•¼ ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
10:14
before the next growing season, and if it doesn't,
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ė‹¤ģŒ ģƒģž„ ģ‹œźø°ź°€ ģ˜¤źø° ģ „ź¹Œģ§€ģš”. ź·øė ‡ģ§€ ģ•Šģœ¼ė©“
10:17
the grassland and the soil begin to die.
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ģ“ˆģ›ź³¼ ė•…ģ€ ģ£½źø° ģ‹œģž‘ķ•  ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
10:21
Now, if it does not decay biologically,
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ģž, ģƒė¬¼ķ•™ģ ģœ¼ė”œ ģ“ź²Œ ģ©ģ§€ ģ•Šģœ¼ė©“
10:25
it shifts to oxidation, which is a very slow process,
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ģ‚°ķ™” ź³¼ģ •ģœ¼ė”œ ė°”ė€ŒėŠ”ė° ģ“ź±“ ģ•„ģ£¼ ėŠė¦° ź³¼ģ •ģ“ė¼
10:30
and this smothers and kills grasses,
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ķ’€ģ„ ģ§ˆģ‹ģ‹œģ¼œ ģ£½ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
10:33
leading to a shift to woody vegetation
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ź·øėž˜ģ„œ ģ“ˆėŖ©ģ“ ė‚˜ėŠ” ģƒķƒœė”œ ė°”ė€Œź³ 
10:36
and bare soil, releasing carbon.
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ė§Øė•…ģœ¼ė”œ ė˜ģ–“ ķƒ„ģ†Œė„¼ ė°°ģ¶œģ‹œķ‚µė‹ˆė‹¤.
10:39
To prevent that, we have traditionally used fire.
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ģ“ź±ø ė§‰ģœ¼ė ¤ź³  ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ģ˜›ė‚ ė¶€ķ„° ė¶ˆģ„ ģ¼ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
10:44
But fire also leaves the soil bare, releasing carbon,
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ė¶ˆė„ ė•…ģ„ ķ—ė²—ź²Œ ķ•˜ź³  ķƒ„ģ†Œė„¼ ė°°ģ¶œģ‹œķ‚¤ė©°
10:50
and worse than that,
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ź·øė³“ė‹¤ ė” ė‚˜ģœ ź²ƒģ€
10:53
burning one hectare of grassland
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1ķ—„ķƒ€ė„“ģ˜ ģ“ˆģ›ģ„ ķƒœģš°ė©“
10:55
gives off more, and more damaging, pollutants
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6ģ²œėŒ€ģ˜ ģ°ØėŸ‰ģ“ ė‚“ėæœėŠ” ė§¤ģ—°ė³“ė‹¤
10:58
than 6,000 cars.
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ė” ķ•“ė”œģš“ ģ˜¤ģ—¼ė¬¼ģ§ˆģ“ ė‚˜ģ˜Øė‹¤ėŠ” ź±°ģ£ .
11:01
And we are burning in Africa, every single year,
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ķ•“ė§ˆė‹¤ ģ•„ķ”„ė¦¬ģ¹“ģ— ė¶ˆģ„ ė‚“ėŠ”ė°
11:06
more than one billion hectares of grasslands,
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10ģ–µ ķ—„ķƒ€ė„“ ģ“ģƒģ˜ ģ“ˆģ›ģ„ ķƒœģš°ģ§€ė§Œ
11:10
and almost nobody is talking about it.
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ź±°ģ˜ ģ•„ė¬“ė„ ź·ø ė¶€ė¶„ģ— ėŒ€ķ•“ģ„œėŠ” ė§ģ„ ķ•˜ģ§€ ģ•ŠģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
11:14
We justify the burning, as scientists,
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ź³¼ķ•™ģžė”œģ„œ ė¶ˆķƒœģš°ėŠ” ź²ƒģ„ ķ•©ė¦¬ķ™”ģ‹œķ‚¤ģ£ .
11:18
because it does remove the dead material
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ė¶ˆģ„ ķƒœģ›Œģ„œ ģ£½ģ€ ė¬¼ģ§ˆģ„ ģ—†ģ• ź³ 
11:21
and it allows the plants to grow.
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ģ‹ė¬¼ģ“ ė‹¤ģ‹œ ģžė¼ė‚˜ź²Œ ķ•˜ė‹ˆź¹Œģš”.
11:25
Now, looking at this grassland of ours that has gone dry,
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ģ“ģ œ ģ“ˆģ›ģ“ ė§ė¼ė²„ė¦° ź²ƒģ„ ė³“ģ‹œģ£ .
11:28
what could we do to keep that healthy?
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ģ“ˆģ›ģ„ ź±“ź°•ķ•˜ź²Œ ģ§€ķ‚¤ė ¤ė©“ ģ–“ė–»ź²Œ ķ•“ģ•¼ ķ• ź¹Œģš”?
11:30
And bear in mind, I'm talking of most of the world's land now.
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ģ œź°€ ģ „ ģ„øź³„ģ˜ ė•… ėŒ€ė¶€ė¶„ģ„ ģ–˜źø°ķ•œė‹¤ėŠ” ź²ƒģ„ źø°ģ–µķ•˜ģ‹­ģ‹œģ˜¤.
11:33
Okay? We cannot reduce animal numbers to rest it more
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ģ•„ģ‹œź² ģ£ ? ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ģ™€ źø°ķ›„ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ ģ¼ģœ¼ķ‚¤ģ§€ ģ•Šź³ ģ„œėŠ”
11:38
without causing desertification and climate change.
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ė™ė¬¼ģ˜ ź°œģ²“ģˆ˜ė„¼ ģ¤„ģ¼ ģˆ˜ ģ—†ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
11:42
We cannot burn it without causing
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ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ģ™€ źø°ķ›„ ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ ģ¼ģœ¼ķ‚¤ģ§€ ģ•Šź³ ģ„œėŠ”
11:45
desertification and climate change.
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ķƒœģšø ģˆ˜ė„ ģ—†ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
11:47
What are we going to do?
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ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ė­˜ ķ•“ģ•¼ ķ• ź¹Œģš”?
11:53
There is only one option,
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ķ•œ ź°€ģ§€ ė°©ė²• ėæģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
11:56
I'll repeat to you, only one option
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ė‹¤ģ‹œ ė§ģ”€ė“œė¦¬ģ£ . ķ•œ ź°€ģ§€ ė°©ė²• ėæģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
11:58
left to climatologists and scientists,
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źø°ķ›„ķ•™ģžģ™€ ź³¼ķ•™ģžģ—ź²Œ ė‚Øģ€ ķ•œ ź°€ģ§€ėŠ”
12:01
and that is to do the unthinkable,
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ģƒź°ģ§€ ėŖ»ķ•œ ģ¼ģ„ ķ•˜ėŠ” ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
12:04
and to use livestock,
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ź°€ģ¶•ģ„ ģ“ģš©ķ•“ģ„œ
12:07
bunched and moving,
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ė¬“ė¦¬ė„¼ ģ§€ģ–“ ģ“ė™ģ‹œķ‚¤ėŠ” ź±°ģ£ .
12:10
as a proxy for former herds and predators,
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ģ˜ˆģ „ģ˜ ģ“ˆģ‹ ė™ė¬¼ ė–¼ģ™€ ķ¬ģ‹ģžė„¼ ė³øė– 
12:13
and mimic nature.
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ģžģ—°ģ„ ķ‰ė‚“ė‚“ėŠ” ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
12:15
There is no other alternative left to mankind.
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ģøė„˜ķ•œķ…Œ ė‚Øģ€ ėŒ€ģ•ˆģ€ ģ—†ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
12:19
So let's do that.
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ģž, ķ•œ ė²ˆ ė“…ģ‹œė‹¤.
12:22
So on this bit of grassland, we'll do it, but just in the foreground.
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ģ“ ģ“ˆģ›ģ—ģ„œ ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ź·ø ģ¼ģ„ ķ• ķ…ė° ģ•žģ— ģžˆėŠ” ė¶€ė¶„ģ—ģ„œ
12:25
We'll impact it very heavily with cattle to mimic nature,
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ģžģ—°ģ„ ķ‰ė‚“ė‚“źø° ģœ„ķ•“ģ„œ ģ†Œė„¼ ź°€ģ§€ź³  ķ° ģ˜ķ–„ģ„ ģ¤„ ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
12:28
and we've done so, and look at that.
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ź·øė ‡ź²Œ ķ•œ ė’¤ģ— ģ“ź±ø ė³“ģ„øģš”.
12:31
All of that grass is now covering the soil
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ź·ø ė§Žģ€ ķ’€ģ€ ģ“ģ œ ė•…ģ„ ė®ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
12:35
as dung, urine and litter or mulch,
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ė˜„, ģ˜¤ģ¤Œ, ģ“°ė ˆźø° ė˜ėŠ” ź±°ė¦„ģœ¼ė”œ ė®ģ—¬ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
12:39
as every one of the gardeners amongst you would understand,
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ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ģ“ ģ •ģ›ģ„ ź°€ź¾¼ė‹¤ė©“ ģ“ķ•“ķ•˜ģ‹¤ ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
12:42
and that soil is ready to absorb and hold the rain,
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ė•…ģ€ ė¹„ė„¼ ķ”ģˆ˜ķ•“ģ„œ ģ €ģž„ķ•  ģ¤€ė¹„ź°€ ė˜ģ—ˆź³ 
12:46
to store carbon, and to break down methane.
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ķƒ„ģ†Œė„¼ ģ €ģž„ķ•“ģ„œ ė©”ķƒ„ģ„ ė¶„ķ•“ķ•  ģ¤€ė¹„ź°€ ėœ ź±°ģ£ .
12:51
And we did that,
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ź·ø ģ¼ģ„ ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
12:53
without using fire to damage the soil,
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ė•…ģ„ ģ†ģƒģ‹œķ‚¤ėŠ” ė¶ˆģ„ ģ‚¬ģš©ķ•˜ģ§€ ģ•Šģ•˜ģ£ .
12:56
and the plants are free to grow.
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ģ‹ė¬¼ģ€ ģž˜ ģžėž„ ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
12:59
When I first realized
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ģ œź°€ ģ²˜ģŒ ģ“ ģ‚¬ģ‹¤ģ„ ź¹Øė‹¬ģ•˜ģ„ ė•Œ
13:02
that we had no option as scientists
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ź³¼ķ•™ģžė”œģ„œ ė‹¤ė„ø ģ„ ķƒģ“ ģ—†ź³ 
13:04
but to use much-vilified livestock
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ģ—„ģ²­ė‚œ ė¹„ė‚œģ„ ė°›ģœ¼ė©° ź°€ģ¶•ģ„ ģ“ģš©ķ•“ģ„œ
13:07
to address climate change and desertification,
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źø°ķ›„ė³€ķ™”ģ™€ ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™” ė¬øģ œė„¼ ķ•“ź²°ķ•“ģ•¼ ķ•œė‹¤ėŠ” ź²ƒģ„ ź¹Øė‹¬ģ•˜ģ„ ė•Œ
13:12
I was faced with a real dilemma.
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ģ •ė§ ė‚œź°ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
13:14
How were we to do it?
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ģ–“ė–»ź²Œ ķ•“ģ•¼ ķ•˜ė‚˜?
13:16
We'd had 10,000 years of extremely knowledgeable pastoralists
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ģ•„ģ£¼ ė˜‘ė˜‘ķ•œ ģœ ėŖ©ėƼė“¤ģ“ 1ė§Œė…„ė™ģ•ˆ
13:21
bunching and moving their animals,
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ź°€ģ¶•ģ„ ė¬“ė¦¬ģ§€ģ–“ ģ“ė™ģ‹œģ¼°ģ§€ė§Œ
13:23
but they had created the great manmade deserts of the world.
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ź·øė“¤ģ€ ģ„øģƒģ„ ź°€ģž„ ź±°ėŒ€ķ•œ ģøź³µ ģ‚¬ė§‰ģœ¼ė”œ ė§Œė“¤ģ–“ė²„ė øģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
13:26
Then we'd had 100 years of modern rain science,
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ź·ø ė‹¤ģŒģ—ėŠ” 100ė…„ ė™ģ•ˆ ķ˜„ėŒ€ ź³¼ķ•™ģ“
13:30
and that had accelerated desertification,
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ģ‚¬ė§‰ķ™”ė„¼ ź°€ģ†ģ‹œģ¼°ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
13:33
as we first discovered in Africa
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ģ²˜ģŒģ— ģ•„ķ”„ė¦¬ģ¹“ģ—ģ„œ ģ•Œź²Œ ė˜ģ—ˆģ§€ė§Œ
13:36
and then confirmed in the United States,
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ź·ø ė‹¤ģŒģ—” ėÆøźµ­ģ—ģ„œė„ ķ™•ģøģ“ ė˜ģ—ˆģ£ .
13:38
and as you see in this picture
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ģ“ ģ‚¬ģ§„ģ—ģ„œ ė³“ģ‹œė“Æģ“
13:40
of land managed by the federal government.
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ģ“ ė•…ģ€ ģ—°ė°© ģ •ė¶€ź°€ ź“€ė¦¬ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
13:44
Clearly more was needed
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ķ‹€ė¦¼ģ—†ģ“ ė™ė¬¼ė“¤ģ„ ė¬“ė¦¬ģ§€ģ–“
13:46
than bunching and moving the animals,
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ģ“ė™ģ‹œķ‚¤ėŠ” ź²ƒ ė³“ė‹¤ ė” ė§Žģ€ ź²ƒģ“ ķ•„ģš”ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
13:48
and humans, over thousands of years,
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ģ‚¬ėžŒė“¤ģ€ ģˆ˜ģ²œ ė…„ģ„ ź±°ģ³ģ˜¤ėŠ” ė™ģ•ˆ
13:51
had never been able to deal with nature's complexity.
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ģžģ—°ģ˜ ė³µķ•©ģ„±ģ„ ė‹¤ė¤„ė³ø ģ ģ“ ģ—†ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
13:56
But we biologists and ecologists
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ģš°ė¦¬ ģƒė¬¼ķ•™ģžģ™€ ģƒķƒœķ•™ģžė“¤ģ€
13:58
had never tackled anything as complex as this.
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ģ“ė ‡ź²Œź¹Œģ§€ ė³µģž”ķ•œ ė¬øģ œģ™€ ģ”Øė¦„ķ•œ ģ ģ“ ģ—†ģ—ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
14:01
So rather than reinvent the wheel,
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ź·øėž˜ģ„œ ģ“øė°ģ—†ģ“ ģ‹œź°„ģ„ ė³“ė‚“ėŠė‹ˆ
14:04
I began studying other professions to see if anybody had.
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ėˆ„ź°€ ķ•“ė²•ģ„ ź°–ź³  ģžˆėŠ”ģ§€ ė³“ė ¤ź³  ė‹¤ė„ø ė¶„ģ•¼ė„¼ ģ—°źµ¬ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
14:08
And I found there were planning techniques
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ź·øėž˜ģ„œ ź³„ķš źø°ė²•ģ„ ģ°¾ģ•˜ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
14:10
that I could take and adapt to our biological need,
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ź³„ķš źø°ė²•ģ„ ģƒė¬¼ķ•™ģ— ģ ģš©ķ•  ģˆ˜ ģžˆģ—ˆź³ 
14:14
and from those I developed what we call
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ź±°źø°ģ„œ ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ź°œė°œķ•œ ė°©ė²•ģ„
14:17
holistic management and planned grazing,
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ģ „ģ²“ ź“€ė¦¬ģ™€ ź³„ķš ė°©ėŖ©
14:20
a planning process,
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ź³„ķš ź³¼ģ •ģ“ė¼ź³  ė¶€ė¦…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
14:22
and that does address all of nature's complexity
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ź·ø ė°©ė²•ģœ¼ė”œ ģžģ—°ģ˜ ė³µķ•©ģ„±
14:26
and our social, environmental, economic complexity.
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ģ‚¬ķšŒģ , ķ™˜ź²½ģ , ź²½ģ œģ  ė³µķ•©ģ„±ģ„ ķ•“ź²°ķ•  ģˆ˜ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
14:31
Today, we have young women like this one
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ģ˜¤ėŠ˜ė‚  ģ“ėŸ° ģ Šģ€ ģ—¬ģžė“¤ģ“
14:33
teaching villages in Africa
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ģ•„ķ”„ė¦¬ģ¹“ģ˜ ė§ˆģ„ģ—ģ„œ
14:36
how to put their animals together into larger herds,
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ė™ė¬¼ė“¤ģ„ ģ–“ė–»ź²Œ ķ° ė¬“ė¦¬ė”œ ģ§€ģ–“ģ„œ
14:39
plan their grazing to mimic nature,
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ģžģ—°ź³¼ ė¹„ģŠ·ķ•˜ź²Œ ė°©ėŖ©ķ•  ģˆ˜ģžˆėŠ”ģ§€ė„¼ ź°€ė„“ģ¹©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
14:41
and where we have them hold their animals overnight --
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ė™ė¬¼ė“¤ģ„ ķ•˜ė£»ė°¤ ėØøė¬“ė„“ź²Œ ķ•˜ź³ 
14:46
we run them in a predator-friendly manner,
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ķ¬ģ‹ģžė“¤ģ—ź²Œ ģ¹œģ ˆķ•œ ė°©ģ‹ģœ¼ė”œ ģš“ģ˜ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
14:48
because we have a lot of lands, and so on --
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ģ™œėƒķ•˜ė©“ ģš°ė¦¬ģ—ź² ė•…ģ“ ģ•„ģ£¼ ė§Žģœ¼ė‹ˆź¹Œģš”.
14:50
and where they do this and hold them overnight
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ź±°źø°ģ„œ ė™ė¬¼ė“¤ģ„ ė°©ėŖ©ķ•˜ź³ 
14:52
to prepare the crop fields,
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ė…¼ė°­ģ“ ģ¤€ė¹„ė˜ė„ė” ķ•˜ė£»ė°¤ ėØøė¬¼ź²Œ ķ•˜ģ£ .
14:54
we are getting very great increases in crop yield as well.
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ė…¼ė°­ģ—ģ„œ ģˆ˜ķ™•ė¬¼ģ“ ģ—„ģ²­ė‚˜ź²Œ ėŠ˜ģ–“ė‚¬ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
14:58
Let's look at some results.
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ź²°ź³¼ė„¼ ģ¢€ ė³“ģ‹œģ£ .
15:00
This is land close to land that we manage in Zimbabwe.
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ģ“ź²ƒģ€ ģ§ė°”ėøŒģ›Øė‚“ģ˜ ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ź“€ė¦¬ķ•˜ėŠ” ė•… ź°€ź¹Œģ“ ģžˆėŠ” ź³³ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
15:04
It has just come through four months of very good rains
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ģ§€ė‚œ 4ź°œģ›”ė™ģ•ˆ ė¹„ź°€ ė§Žģ“ ė‚“ė øź³ 
15:07
it got that year, and it's going into the long dry season.
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ģ“ģ œ ź±“źø°ė”œ ģ ‘ģ–“ė“¤ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
15:11
But as you can see, all of that rain, almost of all it,
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ė³“ģ‹œė‹¤ģ‹œķ”¼, ź·ø ė¹„ėŠ” ėŖØė‘, ź±°ģ˜ ėŒ€ė¶€ė¶„
15:14
has evaporated from the soil surface.
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ė•… ķ‘œė©“ģ—ģ„œ ģ¦ė°œķ•“ė²„ė øģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
15:17
Their river is dry despite the rain just having ended,
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ģ“ģ œ ė§‰ ė¹„ź°€ ė‚“ė øėŠ”ė°ė„ ź°•ģ€ ė©”ė§ˆė¦…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
15:21
and we have 150,000 people
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15ė§Œ ėŖ…ģ“
15:24
on almost permanent food aid.
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ź±°ģ˜ ģ˜źµ¬ģ ģø ģ‹ėŸ‰ ģ›ģ”°ė”œ ģ‚“ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
15:28
Now let's go to our land nearby on the same day,
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ģ“ģ œ ź°™ģ€ ė‚  ź°€ź¹Œģ“ ģžˆėŠ” ģš°ė¦¬ ė•…ģ„ ė³“ģ‹œģ£ .
15:33
with the same rainfall, and look at that.
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ź°™ģ€ ź°•ģˆ˜ėŸ‰ģøė° ģ €ź±ø ė³“ģ„øģš”.
15:36
Our river is flowing and healthy and clean.
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ģš°ė¦¬ ź°•ģ€ ė¬¼ģ“ ķė„“ź³ , ź±“ź°•ķ•˜ź³ , ź¹Øė—ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
15:38
It's fine.
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ģ¢‹ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
15:41
The production of grass, shrubs, trees, wildlife,
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ķ’€, ź“€ėŖ©, ė‚˜ė¬“, ģ•¼ģƒ ė™ė¬¼ģ˜ ģ„±ģž„ģ€
15:46
everything is now more productive,
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ģ“ģ œ ėŖØė‘ź°€ ė” ģƒģ‚°ģ ģ“ź³ 
15:49
and we have virtually no fear of dry years.
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ģ“ģ œ ģš°ė¼ėŠ” ź±“źø°ģ— ėŒ€ķ•œ ė‘ė ¤ģ›€ģ“ ģ—†ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
15:53
And we did that by increasing the cattle and goats
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ģ†Œģ™€ ģ—¼ģ†Œ ģˆ˜ė„¼
15:59
400 percent,
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400 %ė”œ ėŠ˜ė ¤ģ„œ ź·ø ģ‚¬ģ—…ģ„ ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
16:00
planning the grazing to mimic nature
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ģžģ—°ģ„ ķ‰ė‚“ė‚“ģ–“ ź³„ķšėœ ė°©ėŖ©ģ„ ķ•˜ź³ 
16:04
and integrate them with all the elephants, buffalo,
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ģ½”ė¼ė¦¬, ė¬¼ģ†Œ
16:06
giraffe and other animals that we have.
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źø°ė¦°, ė‹¤ė„ø ė™ė¬¼ė“¤ź³¼ ķ•Øź»˜ ė³‘ķ•©ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
16:10
But before we began, our land looked like that.
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ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ģ‚¬ģ—…ģ„ ķ•˜źø° ģ „ģ—ėŠ” ė•…ģ“ ģ“ėž¬ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
16:15
This site was bare and eroding for over 30 years
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ģ“ź³³ģ€ 30ė…„ģ“ ė„˜ė„ė” ķ—ė²—ģ—ˆź³  ģ¹Øģ‹ģ“ ģ¼ģ–“ė‚¬ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
16:21
regardless of what rain we got.
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ė‚“ė¦¬ėŠ” ė¹„ģ˜ ģ–‘ź³¼ ģƒź“€ģ—†ģ“ ė§ģ“ģ£ .
16:23
Okay? Watch the marked tree and see the change
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ģ¢‹ģŠµė‹ˆź¹Œ? ķ‘œģ‹œķ•œ ė‚˜ė¬“ė„¼ ė³“ź³  ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ ė³“ģ‹­ģ‹œģ˜¤.
16:27
as we use livestock to mimic nature.
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ź°€ģ¶•ģ„ ģØģ„œ ģžģ—°ģ„ ķ‰ė‚“ė‚ø ź²°ź³¼ė„¼ģš”.
16:31
This was another site
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ģ“ź²ƒģ€ ė‹¤ė„ø ģž„ģ†Œģøė°
16:32
where it had been bare and eroding,
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ė§Øė•…ģ“ź³  ģ¹Øģ‹ģ“ ģ¼ģ–“ė‚˜ź³  ģžˆģ—ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
16:35
and at the base of the marked small tree,
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ķ‘œģ‹œķ•œ ģž‘ģ€ ė‚˜ė¬“ ė°‘ė‘„ģ—ģ„œ
16:37
we had lost over 30 centimeters of soil. Okay?
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30 cmź°€ ė„˜ėŠ” ķ™ģ„ ģžƒģ—ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤. ģ¢‹ģŠµė‹ˆź¹Œ?
16:42
And again, watch the change
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ė‹¤ģ‹œ, ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ ė³“ģ„øģš”.
16:43
just using livestock to mimic nature.
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ź°€ģ¶•ģ„ ģ“ģš©ķ•“ģ„œ ģžģ—°ģ„ ķ‰ė‚“ė‚ø ź²°ź³¼ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
16:46
And there are fallen trees in there now,
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ģ“ģ œ ģ €źø°ģ—ėŠ” ģ“°ėŸ¬ģ§„ ė‚˜ė¬“ė“¤ģ“ ģžˆėŠ”ė°
16:48
because the better land is now attracting elephants, etc.
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ė” ė‚˜ģ€ ė•…ģ“ ģ½”ė¼ė¦¬ė„¼ ėŒģ–“ė“¤ģ“źø° ė•Œė¬øģ“ģ£ .
16:53
This land in Mexico was in terrible condition,
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ė©•ģ‹œģ½”ģ— ģžˆėŠ” ģ“ė•…ģ€ ė”ģ°ķ•œ ģƒķƒœģ˜€ėŠ”ė°
16:57
and I've had to mark the hill
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ģ œź°€ ģ–øė•ģ„ ķ‘œģ‹œķ•“ģ•¼ ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
16:59
because the change is so profound.
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ź·ø ė³€ķ™”ź°€ ė„ˆė¬“ ģ—„ģ²­ė‚¬źø° ė•Œė¬øģ“ģ£ .
17:03
(Applause)
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(ģ†ė¼‰ģ¹˜ėŠ” ģ†Œė¦¬)
17:10
I began helping a family in the Karoo Desert in the 1970s
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ģ €ėŠ” 1970ė…„ėŒ€ ģ¹“ė£Ø ģ‚¬ė§‰ģ—ģ„œ ķ•œ ź°€ģ”±ģ„ ė•źø° ģ‹œģž‘ķ–ˆėŠ”ė°
17:15
turn the desert that you see on the right there
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ģ˜¤ė„øģŖ½ģ— ė³“ģ“ėŠ” ģ‚¬ė§‰ģ„
17:18
back to grassland,
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ģ“ˆģ›ģœ¼ė”œ ė˜ėŒė øģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
17:20
and thankfully, now their grandchildren are on the land
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ź³ ė§™ź²Œė„ ģ“ģ œėŠ” ģ†ģžė“¤ģ“ ź·ø ė•…ģ—ģ„œ
17:24
with hope for the future.
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ģ•žė‚ ģ— ėŒ€ķ•œ ķ¬ė§ģ„ ģ•ˆź³  ģ‚“ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
17:26
And look at the amazing change in this one,
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ź·øė¦¬ź³  ģ—¬źø°ģ— ė³“ģ“ėŠ” ė†€ė¼ģš“ ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ ė³“ģ„øģš”.
17:28
where that gully has completely healed
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ź±°źø°ģ—ėŠ” ė„ėž‘ģ“ ģ™„ģ „ķžˆ ķšŒė³µė˜ģ—ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
17:31
using nothing but livestock mimicking nature,
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ģ•„ė¬“ź²ƒė„ ģ“°ģ§€ ģ•Šź³  ź°€ģ¶•ė§Œ ģ‚¬ģš©ķ•“ģ„œ ģžģ—°ģ„ ķ‰ė‚“ė‚“ģ—ˆģ£ .
17:36
and once more, we have the third generation of that family
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ź²Œė‹¤ź°€ ź·ø ź°€ģ”±ģ˜ ģ„øė²ˆģ§ø ģ„øėŒ€ź°€
17:40
on that land with their flag still flying.
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ź·ø ė•…ģ—ģ„œ ģ—¬ģ „ķžˆ ź¹ƒė°œģ„ ķœ˜ė‚ ė¦¬ė©° ģ‚“ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
17:43
The vast grasslands of Patagonia
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ķŒŒķƒ€ź³ ė‹ˆģ•„ģ˜ ė“œė„“ģ€ ģ“ˆģ›ģ“
17:46
are turning to desert as you see here.
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ģ—¬źø°ģ„œ ė³“ģ‹œė‹¤ģ‹œķ”¼ ģ‚¬ė§‰ģœ¼ė”œ ė°”ė€Œź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
17:48
The man in the middle is an Argentinian researcher,
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ź°€ģš“ė° ģžˆėŠ” ė‚Øģžź°€ ģ•„ė„“ķ—Øķ‹°ė‚˜ ģ—°źµ¬ģ›ģøė°
17:51
and he has documented the steady decline of that land
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ź·øė•…ģ—ģ„œ ģ„œģ„œķžˆ ģ¼ģ–“ė‚œ ģ‡ ķ‡“ ķ˜„ģƒģ„ źø°ė”ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
17:55
over the years as they kept reducing sheep numbers.
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ķ•“ė§ˆė‹¤ ģ–‘ģ˜ ģˆ˜ė„¼ ģ¤„ģ—¬ź°€ė©“ģ„œ ė§ģ“ģ£ .
17:58
They put 25,000 sheep in one flock,
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ź·øė“¤ģ€ 2ė§Œ5ģ²œ ė§ˆė¦¬ģ˜ ģ–‘ģ„ ķ•œ ė¬“ė¦¬ė”œ ė§Œė“¤ģ–“
18:03
really mimicking nature now with planned grazing,
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ź³„ķš ė°©ėŖ©ź³¼ ķ•Øź»˜ ģžģ—°ģ„ ķ‰ė‚“ė‚“ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
18:07
and they have documented a 50-percent increase
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ź·øė“¤ģ€ ģ²«ķ•“ģ— ė•…ģ˜ ģƒģ‚°ģœØģ“
18:11
in the production of the land in the first year.
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50 % ģ¦ź°€ķ–ˆģŒģ„ źø°ė”ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
18:15
We now have in the violent Horn of Africa
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ģ“ģ œėŠ” ź±°ģ¹œ ģ•„ķ”„ė¦¬ģ¹“ ė¶ė™ė¶€ģ—ģ„œ
18:18
pastoralists planning their grazing to mimic nature
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ģœ ėŖ©ėƼė“¤ģ“ ģžģ—°ģ„ ķ‰ė‚“ė‚“ė ¤ź³  ė°©ėŖ©ģ„ ź³„ķšķ•˜ė©“ģ„œ
18:21
and openly saying it is the only hope they have
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ź³µź°œģ ģœ¼ė”œ ģ–˜źø°ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤. ģ“ź²ƒģ“ ź°€ģ”±ź³¼ ź·øė“¤ģ˜ ė¬øķ™”ė„¼ ģ‚“ė¦¬ėŠ”
18:25
of saving their families and saving their culture.
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ģœ ģ¼ķ•œ ķ¬ė§ģ“ė¼ź³  ģ–˜źø°ķ•˜ģ£ .
18:28
Ninety-five percent of that land
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ź·ø ė•…ģ˜ 95 %ėŠ” ė™ė¬¼ģ„ ģ“ģš©ķ•“ģ„œ
18:30
can only feed people from animals.
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ģ‚¬ėžŒė“¤ģ„ ėعģ—¬ģ‚“ė¦“ ģˆ˜ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
18:34
I remind you that I am talking about
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ģ €ėŠ” ģ„øģƒģ— ģžˆėŠ” ėŒ€ė¶€ė¶„ģ˜ ė•…ģ“
18:36
most of the world's land here that controls our fate,
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ģš°ė¦¬ ģš“ėŖ…ģ„ ģ”°ģ ˆķ•œė‹¤ėŠ” ź²ƒģ„ ģ¼ź¹Øģ›Œė“œė¦¬ź³  ģ‹¶ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
18:40
including the most violent region of the world,
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ģ„øģƒģ—ģ„œ ź°€ģž„ ź±°ģ¹œ ģ§€ģ—­ģ„ ķ¬ķ•Øķ•“ģ„œ ė§ģ“ģ£ .
18:43
where only animals can feed people
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ź·ø ė•…ģ˜ 95% ģ—ģ„œėŠ” ė™ė¬¼ė§Œģ“
18:46
from about 95 percent of the land.
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ģ‚¬ėžŒė“¤ģ„ ėعģ—¬ģ‚“ė¦“ ģˆ˜ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
18:49
What we are doing globally is causing climate change
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ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ģ„øź³„ģ ģœ¼ė”œ ķ•˜ėŠ” ģ‚¬ģ—…ģ€ ķ™”ģ„ ģ—°ė£Œ ė§Œķ¼ģ“ė‚˜
18:55
as much as, I believe, fossil fuels,
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źø°ķ›„ ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ ģ¼ģœ¼ķ‚¤ź³  ģžˆėŠ”ė°
18:58
and maybe more than fossil fuels.
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ģ–“ģ©Œė©“ ķ™”ģ„ ģ—°ė£Œ ė³“ė‹¤ ė” ķ• ģ§€ė„ ėŖØė¦…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
19:01
But worse than that, it is causing hunger, poverty,
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ź·øė³“ė‹¤ ė” ė‚˜ģœ ź²ƒģ€ ė°°ź³ ķ””, ź°€ė‚œ
19:05
violence, social breakdown and war,
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ķ­ė „, ģ‚¬ķšŒģ  ė¶•ź““ģ™€ ģ „ģŸģ„ ģ¼ģœ¼ķ‚Øė‹¤ėŠ” ź²ƒģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
19:08
and as I am talking to you,
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ģ œź°€ ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ź»˜ ė§ģ”€ė“œė¦¬ź³  ģžˆėŠ” ģ¤‘ģ—ė„
19:11
millions of men, women and children
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ģˆ˜ė°± ė§Œģ˜ ė‚Øģž, ģ—¬ģž, ģ•„ģ“ė“¤ģ“
19:14
are suffering and dying.
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ź““ė”œģ›Œķ•˜ė©° ģ£½ģ–“ź°€ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
19:16
And if this continues,
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ģ“ź²Œ ź³„ģ†ė˜ė©“
19:19
we are unlikely to be able to stop the climate changing,
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ģ„¤ė ¹ ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ķ™”ģ„ ģ—°ė£Œė„¼ ģ‚¬ģš©ķ•˜ģ§€ ģ•ŠėŠ”ė‹¤ź³  ķ•“ė„
19:23
even after we have eliminated the use of fossil fuels.
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źø°ķ›„ ė³€ķ™”ė„¼ ė§‰ģ„ ģˆ˜ ģ—†ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
19:28
I believe I've shown you how we can work with nature
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ģžģ—°ź³¼ ķ•Øź»˜ķ•˜ėŠ” ė²•ģ„ ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ź»˜ ė³“ģ—¬ė“œė øė‹¤ź³  ģƒź°ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
19:32
at very low cost
353
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ģ•„ģ£¼ ģ ģ€ ė¹„ģš©ģœ¼ė”œ
19:34
to reverse all this.
354
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ģ“ ėŖØė“  ź²ƒģ„ ź±°ź¾øė”œ ėŒė¦“ ģˆ˜ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
19:37
We are already doing so
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ģ“ėÆø ģ“ė ‡ź²Œ ķ•˜ź³  ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
19:39
on about 15 million hectares
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ģ²œ 5ė°±ė§Œ ķ—„ķƒ€ė„“ģ˜ ė•…ģ„
19:43
on five continents,
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5ź°œ ėŒ€ė„™ģ— ź±øģ³ģ„œ ė§ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
19:46
and people who understand
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ģ €ė³“ė‹¤ ķƒ„ģ†Œģ— ėŒ€ķ•“
19:47
far more about carbon than I do
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ķ›Øģ”¬ ė” ģž˜ ģ•„ėŠ” ģ‚¬ėžŒė“¤ģ“
19:50
calculate that, for illustrative purposes,
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ģ˜ˆģ‹œė„¼ ģœ„ķ•“ģ„œ ź³„ģ‚°ķ•“ė“¤ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
19:53
if we do what I am showing you here,
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ģ œź°€ ģ—¬źø°ģ„œ ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ź»˜ ė³“ģ—¬ė“œė¦° ź²ƒģ„ ķ•˜ė©“
19:56
we can take enough carbon out of the atmosphere
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ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ėŒ€źø°ģ—ģ„œ ģ¶©ė¶„ķ•œ ķƒ„ģ†Œė„¼ ė½‘ģ•„ė‚“ģ„œ
20:00
and safely store it in the grassland soils
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ģ“ˆģ›ģ˜ ķ™ģ†ģ— ģˆ˜ģ²œė…„ ė™ģ•ˆ
20:03
for thousands of years,
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ģ•ˆģ „ķ•˜ź²Œ ģ €ģž„ķ•  ģˆ˜ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
20:05
and if we just do that on about half the world's grasslands
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ģš°ė¦¬ź°€ ģ„øģƒģ— ģžˆėŠ” ģ“ˆģ›ģ˜ ģ ˆė°˜ģ—
20:10
that I've shown you,
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ģ œź°€ ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ź»˜ ė³“ģ—¬ė“œė¦° ģ¼ģ„ ķ•˜ė©“
20:11
we can take us back to pre-industrial levels,
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ģ‚¬ėžŒė“¤ģ„ ėعģ—¬ģ‚“ė¦¬ė©“ģ„œ
20:15
while feeding people.
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ģ‚°ģ—…ķ™” ģ“ģ „ ģ‹œėŒ€ė”œ ė˜ėŒė¦“ ģˆ˜ ģžˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
20:16
I can think of almost nothing
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ģ €ėŠ” ģ§€źµ¬ģ— ė” ķ° ķ¬ė§ģ„ ģ£¼ėŠ” ź²ƒģœ¼ė”œ
20:19
that offers more hope for our planet,
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ģ“ź²ƒ ė§ź³ ėŠ” ģƒź°ķ•  ģˆ˜ź°€ ģ—†ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
20:23
for your children,
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ģ—¬ėŸ¬ė¶„ģ˜ ģ•„ģ“ė“¤ģ„ ģœ„ķ•“
20:25
and their children, and all of humanity.
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ź·øė“¤ģ˜ ģ•„ģ“ė“¤ź³¼ ėŖØė“  ģøė„˜ė„¼ ģœ„ķ•“ģ„œ ė§ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
20:28
Thank you.
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ź³ ė§™ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
20:31
(Applause)
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(ģ†ė¼‰ģ¹˜ėŠ” ģ†Œė¦¬)
20:39
Thank you. (Applause)
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ź°ģ‚¬ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤. (ģ†ė¼‰ģ¹˜ėŠ” ģ†Œė¦¬)
20:52
Thank you, Chris.
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ź³ ė§™ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤. ķ¬ė¦¬ģŠ¤.
20:54
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I have,
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ķ¬ė¦¬ģŠ¤ ģ•¤ė”ģŠØ: ź°ģ‚¬ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤. ģ €ėŠ”
20:57
and I'm sure everyone here has,
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ė‹¤ė„ø ģ‚¬ėžŒė“¤ė„ ėŖØė‘
20:59
A) a hundred questions, B) wants to hug you.
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ė°±ģ—¬ź°€ģ§€ ģ§ˆė¬øģ„ ź°–ź³  ģžˆź³  ė‹¹ģ‹ ģ„ ģ•ˆģ•„ģ£¼ź³  ģ‹¶ģ–“ķ•˜ė¦¬ė¼ ģƒź°ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
21:03
I'm just going to ask you one quick question.
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ģ§§ģ€ ģ§ˆė¬øģ„ ķ•˜ė‚˜ ė“œė¦¬ź³  ģ‹¶ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
21:05
When you first start this and you bring in a flock of animals,
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ģ²˜ģŒ ģ“ ģ¼ģ„ ģ‹œģž‘ķ–ˆģ„ ė•Œ ķ•œ ė¬“ė¦¬ģ˜ ė™ė¬¼ė“¤ģ„ ė°ė¦¬ź³  ģ˜¤ģ£ .
21:09
it's desert. What do they eat? How does that part work?
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ź±°źø°ėŠ” ģ‚¬ė§‰ģ“ź³ . ė™ė¬¼ė“¤ģ“ ė­˜ ėعģŠµė‹ˆź¹Œ? ź·ø ė¶€ė¶„ģ€ ģ–“ė–»ź²Œ ė©ė‹ˆź¹Œ?
21:12
How do you start?
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ģ–“ė–»ź²Œ ģ‹œģž‘ķ•©ė‹ˆź¹Œ?
21:13
Allan Savory: Well, we have done this for a long time,
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ģ•ØėŸ° ģƒˆģ“ė²„ė¦¬: źø€ģŽ„ģš”, ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ģ¼ģ„ ģ˜¤ėž«ė™ģ•ˆ ķ–ˆź³ 
21:15
and the only time we have ever had to provide any feed
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ģ¼ė¶€ėŸ¬ ėعģ—¬ģ•¼ ķ–ˆė˜ ģœ ģ¼ķ•œ ė•ŒėŠ”
21:18
is during mine reclamation,
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ź“‘ģ‚°ģ„ ė§¤ė¦½ķ•  ė•Œģ˜€ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
21:20
where it's 100 percent bare.
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ź·øź³³ģ€ 100% ķ—ė²—ģ—ˆźø° ė•Œė¬øģ“ģ£ .
21:22
But many years ago, we took the worst land in Zimbabwe,
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ķ•˜ģ§€ė§Œ ėŖ‡ė…„ ģ „ ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ģ§ė°”ėøŒģ›Øģ—ģ„œ ź°€ģž„ ė‚˜ģœ ė•…ģ„ ė°›ģ•˜ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
21:27
where I offered a Ā£5 note
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ģ €ėŠ” 5ķŒŒģš“ė“œė„¼ ė‚“ź±øģ—ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
21:30
in a hundred-mile drive
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ė°± ė§ˆģ¼ģ„ ź°€ģ„œ
21:32
if somebody could find one grass
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ķ’€ ķ•œ ķ¬źø°ė¼ė„ ģ°¾ėŠ” ź²ƒģ— ė§ģ“ģ£ .
21:34
in a hundred-mile drive,
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ė°± ė§ˆģ¼ģ„ ź°€ģ„œģš”.
21:36
and on that, we trebled the stocking rate,
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ź±°źø°ģ„œ ģš°ė¦¬ėŠ” ź°€ģ¶•ģ„ ģ„øė°°ė”œ ėŠ˜ė øź³ 
21:39
the number of animals, in the first year with no feeding,
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ź·ø ģˆ˜ė”œ ģ²«ķ•“ģ— ģ‚¬ė£Œė„¼ ģ£¼ģ§€ ģ•Šź³ 
21:42
just by the movement, mimicking nature,
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ź·øėƒ„ ģ“ė™ė§Œ ģ‹œģ¼œģ„œ ģžģ—°ģ„ ķ‰ė‚“ėƒˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
21:45
and using a sigmoid curve, that principle.
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Sģž ź³”ģ„ ģ„ ģØģ„œ, ź·øź²Œ ģ›ė¦¬ģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤.
21:50
It's a little bit technical to explain here, but just that.
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ģ—¬źø°ģ„œ ģ„¤ėŖ…ķ•˜źø°ėŠ” ģ¢€ źø°ģˆ ģ ģøė° ź·øź²ƒė§Œ ķ–ˆģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤.
21:52
CA: Well, I would love to -- I mean, this such an interesting and important idea.
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ķ¬ė¦¬ģŠ¤ ģ•¤ė”ģŠØ: źø€ģŽ„ģš”. ģ •ė§ ķ„ėÆøė”­ź³  ģ¤‘ģš”ķ•œ ģƒź°ģøė°ģš”.
21:56
The best people on our blog are going to come and talk to you
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ģš°ė¦¬ ėø”ė”œź·øģ—ģ„œ ģµœź³ ģ˜ ģ‚¬ėžŒė“¤ģ“ ģ™€ģ„œ ė‹¹ģ‹ ģ—ź²Œ ģ§ˆė¬øģ„ ķ•  ź²ė‹ˆė‹¤.
21:58
and try and -- I want to get more on this
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ģ—¬źø°ģ— ź“€ķ•“ ģ¢€ ė” ģ•Œź³  ģ‹¶źµ°ģš”.
22:01
that we could share along with the talk.AS: Wonderful.
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ź°•ģ—°ģ— ź“€ķ•“ ė‚˜ėˆŒź²Œ ģžˆģ„ ź²ƒ ź°™ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤. ģ•ØėŸ° ģƒˆģ“ė²„ė¦¬: ķ›Œė„­ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
22:04
CA: That is an astonishing talk, truly an astonishing talk,
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ķ¬ė¦¬ģŠ¤ ģ•¤ė”ģŠØ: ė†€ė¼ģš“ ģ–˜źø°ģ—ģš”. ģ •ė§ė”œ ķ›Œė„­ķ•œ ź°•ģ—°ģ“ź³ 
22:07
and I think you heard that we all are cheering you on your way.
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ģš°ė¦¬ ėŖØė‘ ģ‘ģ›ķ•˜ėŠ” ź²ƒģ„ ė“¤ģ–“ģ…Øģœ¼ė¦¬ė¼ ģƒź°ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤.
22:10
Thank you so much.AS: Well, thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Chris.
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ģ•„ģ£¼ ź³ ė§™ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤. ģ•ØėŸ° ģƒˆģ“ė²„ė¦¬: ź³ ė§™ģŠµė‹ˆė‹¤. ź³ ė§ˆģ›Œģš”. ź°ģ‚¬ķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤. ķ¬ė¦¬ģŠ¤
22:13
(Applause)
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(ģ†ė¼‰ģ¹˜ėŠ” ģ†Œė¦¬)
ģ“ ģ›¹ģ‚¬ģ“ķŠø ģ •ė³“

ģ“ ģ‚¬ģ“ķŠøėŠ” ģ˜ģ–“ ķ•™ģŠµģ— ģœ ģš©ķ•œ YouTube ė™ģ˜ģƒģ„ ģ†Œź°œķ•©ė‹ˆė‹¤. ģ „ ģ„øź³„ ģµœź³ ģ˜ ģ„ ģƒė‹˜ė“¤ģ“ ź°€ė„“ģ¹˜ėŠ” ģ˜ģ–“ ģˆ˜ģ—…ģ„ ė³“ź²Œ ė  ź²ƒģž…ė‹ˆė‹¤. ź° ė™ģ˜ģƒ ķŽ˜ģ“ģ§€ģ— ķ‘œģ‹œė˜ėŠ” ģ˜ģ–“ ģžė§‰ģ„ ė”ėø” ķ“ė¦­ķ•˜ė©“ ź·øź³³ģ—ģ„œ ė™ģ˜ģƒģ“ ģž¬ģƒė©ė‹ˆė‹¤. ė¹„ė””ģ˜¤ ģž¬ģƒģ— ė§žģ¶° ģžė§‰ģ“ ģŠ¤ķ¬ė”¤ė©ė‹ˆė‹¤. ģ˜ź²¬ģ“ė‚˜ ģš”ģ²­ģ“ ģžˆėŠ” ź²½ģš° ģ“ ė¬øģ˜ ģ–‘ģ‹ģ„ ģ‚¬ģš©ķ•˜ģ—¬ ė¬øģ˜ķ•˜ģ‹­ģ‹œģ˜¤.

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