How to green the world's deserts and reverse climate change | Allan Savory

5,903,108 views

2013-03-04 ใƒป TED


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How to green the world's deserts and reverse climate change | Allan Savory

5,903,108 views ใƒป 2013-03-04

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gemma Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Surie Lee
00:16
The most massive
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ
00:20
tsunami perfect storm
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์“ฐ๋‚˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด
00:25
is bearing down upon us.
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๋Œ์ง„ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
This perfect storm
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์ด ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
00:32
is mounting a grim reality, increasingly grim reality,
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๋ƒ‰ํ˜นํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ๋ƒ‰ํ˜นํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
00:37
and we are facing that reality
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ˜„์‹ค์„
00:42
with the full belief
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜
00:43
that we can solve our problems with technology,
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์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
00:46
and that's very understandable.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
Now, this perfect storm that we are facing
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฅ์นœ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
00:52
is the result of our rising population,
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100์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
00:56
rising towards 10 billion people,
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€
00:59
land that is turning to desert,
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ง€,
01:01
and, of course, climate change.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
Now there's no question about it at all:
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๊ทธ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜๋ฌธ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€์š”.
01:07
we will only solve the problem
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ
01:09
of replacing fossil fuels with technology.
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๋Œ€์ฒดํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
But fossil fuels, carbon -- coal and gas --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ, ํƒ„์†Œ๊ฐ€ -- ์„ํƒ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์Šค --
01:16
are by no means the only thing
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”
01:18
that is causing climate change.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ์›์ธ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
Desertification
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๋Š”
01:24
is a fancy word for land that is turning to desert,
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๋•…์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ ๋ง์ด๊ณ 
01:29
and this happens only when
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์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋งจ๋•…์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์„ ๋•Œ
01:31
we create too much bare ground.
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์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
There's no other cause.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:35
And I intend to focus
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋•…์—
01:37
on most of the world's land that is turning to desert.
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์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:42
But I have for you a very simple message
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:48
that offers more hope than you can imagine.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์˜ ํฌ๋ง์„ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
We have environments
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์Šต๋„๊ฐ€ 1๋…„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด
01:54
where humidity is guaranteed throughout the year.
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์œ ์ง€๋˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
On those, it is almost impossible
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“œ๋„“์€ ๋งจ๋•…์„
02:00
to create vast areas of bare ground.
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๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
No matter what you do, nature covers it up so quickly.
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๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋“ , ์ž์—ฐ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฎ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
02:06
And we have environments
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๋˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
where we have months of humidity
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๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๋™์•ˆ ์Šต๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
02:10
followed by months of dryness,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฑด์กฐํ•œ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
and that is where desertification is occurring.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
Fortunately, with space technology now,
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
02:18
we can look at it from space,
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด
02:19
and when we do, you can see the proportions fairly well.
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๊ทธ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
Generally, what you see in green
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๋ณดํ†ต ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
02:25
is not desertifying,
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
02:27
and what you see in brown is,
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๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด
02:29
and these are by far the greatest areas of the Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
About two thirds, I would guess, of the world is desertifying.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ 2/3๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
I took this picture in the Tihamah Desert
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ํ‹ฐํ•˜๋งˆ(Tihamah) ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
while 25 millimeters -- that's an inch of rain -- was falling.
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25 mm -1 ์ธ์น˜- ์˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
Think of it in terms of drums of water,
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๊ทธ ์–‘์„ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‹ด๊ธด ๋“œ๋Ÿผํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:48
each containing 200 liters.
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ํ•œ ํ†ต์— 200 ๋ฆฌํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Over 1,000 drums of water fell on every hectare
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๊ทธ๋‚  ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—๋Š” 1ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด๋งˆ๋‹ค
02:55
of that land that day.
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1์ฒœํ†ต์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์ด ์Ÿ์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
The next day, the land looked like this.
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๋‹ค์Œ๋‚  ๋•…์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Where had that water gone?
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๊ทธ ๋ฌผ์€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ”์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:03
Some of it ran off as flooding,
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ํ™์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋„˜์ณ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๊ณ ,
03:06
but most of the water that soaked into the soil
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๋•…์†์œผ๋กœ ์Šค๋ฉฐ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
03:09
simply evaporated out again,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
exactly as it does in your garden
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ •์›์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:13
if you leave the soil uncovered.
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๋•…์„ ๋ฎ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:16
Now, because the fate of water and carbon
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์ž, ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ํƒ„์†Œ์˜ ์šด๋ช…์€
03:20
are tied to soil organic matter,
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๋•…์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
03:23
when we damage soils, you give off carbon.
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๋•…์„ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
Carbon goes back to the atmosphere.
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ํƒ„์†Œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ .
03:30
Now you're told over and over, repeatedly,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
that desertification is only occurring
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๋Š”
03:37
in arid and semi-arid areas of the world,
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๊ฑด์กฐ ์ง€๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฐ˜๊ฑด์กฐ ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
03:41
and that tall grasslands like this one
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์€
03:45
in high rainfall are of no consequence.
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์ดˆ์›์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:48
But if you do not look at grasslands but look down into them,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ดˆ์›์„ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
03:53
you find that most of the soil in that grassland
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์ดˆ์›์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋•…์ด
03:56
that you've just seen is bare and covered with a crust of algae,
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ํ—๋ฒ—์—ˆ๊ณ  ์กฐ๋ฅ˜๋กœ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ด ๋ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
04:00
leading to increased runoff and evaporation.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฌผ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
That is the cancer of desertification
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”์—์„œ ์•”๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๊ณ 
04:07
that we do not recognize till its terminal form.
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์น˜๋ช…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Now we know that desertification is caused by livestock,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ถ•์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:17
mostly cattle, sheep and goats,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์†Œ, ์–‘, ์—ผ์†Œ์ธ๋ฐ
04:20
overgrazing the plants,
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ํ’€์„ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋œฏ์–ด๋จน์–ด์„œ
04:23
leaving the soil bare and giving off methane.
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๋•…์„ ํ—๋ฒ—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ๋‚ด๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
Almost everybody knows this,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:29
from nobel laureates to golf caddies,
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๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณจํ”„ ์บ๋””๊นŒ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
or was taught it, as I was.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ €์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
04:34
Now, the environments like you see here,
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€
04:38
dusty environments in Africa where I grew up,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ž€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋จผ์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ธ๋ฐ
04:41
and I loved wildlife,
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์ €๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
04:44
and so I grew up hating livestock
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์ž๋ž„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ถ•์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:47
because of the damage they were doing.
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๊ฐ€์ถ•์ด ์ž์—ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์†์ƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
04:49
And then my university education as an ecologist
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๊ทธ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ž๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
04:52
reinforced my beliefs.
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์ €์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
04:55
Well, I have news for you.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด ๋ง์”€์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
We were once just as certain
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ํ•œ ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
05:04
that the world was flat.
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์„ธ์ƒ์ด ํ‰ํ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
05:06
We were wrong then, and we are wrong again.
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ‹€๋ ธ๊ณ , ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
And I want to invite you now
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
to come along on my journey of reeducation and discovery.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฌ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ •์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ค์„ธ์š”.
05:19
When I was a young man,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ Š์–ด์„œ
05:21
a young biologist in Africa,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ์ Š์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์˜€์„ ๋•Œ
05:24
I was involved in setting aside marvelous areas
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์•„์ฃผ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์œผ๋กœ
05:29
as future national parks.
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ํ™•๋ณดํ•ด๋‘๋Š” ์ผ์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
Now no sooner โ€” this was in the 1950s โ€”
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๊ณง์ด์–ด - 1950๋…„์ด์—ˆ์ฃ . -
05:35
and no sooner did we remove the hunting,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
05:38
drum-beating people to protect the animals,
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๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์—†์• ์ž๋งˆ์ž
05:41
than the land began to deteriorate,
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๋•…์€ ๋” ๋‚˜๋น ์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
as you see in this park that we formed.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ด ๊ณต์›์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
05:47
Now, no livestock were involved,
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์ด์ œ ๊ฐ€์ถ•์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
05:50
but suspecting that we had too many elephants now,
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ์˜์‹ฌ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:53
I did the research and I proved we had too many,
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:58
and I recommended that we would have to reduce their numbers
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
06:01
and bring them down to a level that the land could sustain.
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๋•…์ด ์œ ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
06:05
Now, that was a terrible decision for me to have to make,
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์ž, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
06:09
and it was political dynamite, frankly.
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์†”์งํžˆ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ํญํƒ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
So our government formed a team of experts
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด๋ค„์ง„ ํŒ€์„ ๊พธ๋ ค์„œ
06:15
to evaluate my research.
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์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
They did. They agreed with me,
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋™์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
and over the following years,
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๋‹ค์Œ ๋ช‡ ํ•ด ๋™์•ˆ
06:22
we shot 40,000 elephants to try to stop the damage.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  4๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์‚ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
And it got worse, not better.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋” ๋‚˜๋น ์กŒ๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Loving elephants as I do,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:34
that was the saddest and greatest blunder of my life,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ ์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์Šฌํ”„๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:38
and I will carry that to my grave.
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ํ‰์ƒ ์žŠ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
One good thing did come out of it.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
It made me absolutely determined
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๊ทธ ์ผ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ณ
06:46
to devote my life to finding solutions.
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ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Œ๋จน๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
When I came to the United States, I got a shock,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์™”์„ ๋•Œ ์ €๋Š” ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
to find national parks like this one
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์›์ด
06:58
desertifying as badly as anything in Africa.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ๊ณต์›์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์ฃ .
07:02
And there'd been no livestock on this land
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์ด ๋•…์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์ถ•๋„ ์‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
for over 70 years.
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70๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋„๋ก.
07:07
And I found that American scientists
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
07:09
had no explanation for this
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์„ค๋ช…๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:12
except that it is arid and natural.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์ด ๊ฑด์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
07:15
So I then began looking
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
07:18
at all the research plots I could
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๋•…์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:22
over the whole of the Western United States
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„œ๋ถ€ ์ „์ฒด ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์‚ดํŽด์„œ
07:24
where cattle had been removed
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์†Œ๋–ผ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
07:27
to prove that it would stop desertification,
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฉˆ์ท„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
but I found the opposite,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
07:31
as we see on this research station,
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
07:34
where this grassland that was green in 1961,
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1961๋…„์—๋Š” ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋ €๋˜ ์ด ์ดˆ์›์ด
07:38
by 2002 had changed to that situation.
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2002๋…„์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
And the authors of the position paper on climate change
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐฉ์นจ์„œ๋ฅผ ์“ด ์ €์ž๋“ค์€,
07:48
from which I obtained these pictures
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์ €๋„ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
07:50
attribute this change to "unknown processes."
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์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ "์•Œ๋ ค์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ณผ์ •" ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
Clearly, we have never understood
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
what is causing desertification,
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:03
which has destroyed many civilizations
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ช…๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๊ณ 
08:06
and now threatens us globally.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
We have never understood it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
Take one square meter of soil
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์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ 1 m์˜ ๋•…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
08:13
and make it bare like this is down here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งจ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด
08:16
and I promise you, you will find it much colder at dawn
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์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์—๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ฐจ๊ณ 
08:19
and much hotter at midday
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๋‚ฎ์—๋Š” ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
than that same piece of ground if it's just covered with litter,
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋•…์„ ์งš์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์œผ๋ฉด
08:25
plant litter.
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ํ’€๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
08:27
You have changed the microclimate.
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๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
Now, by the time you are doing that
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
08:32
and increasing greatly the percentage of bare ground
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์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๋•…์—์„œ
08:38
on more than half the world's land,
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๋งจ๋•…์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์„œ
08:42
you are changing macroclimate.
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๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:45
But we have just simply not understood
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
why was it beginning to happen 10,000 years ago?
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์™œ 1๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ?
08:51
Why has it accelerated lately?
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์™€์„œ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ?
08:54
We had no understanding of that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ „ํ˜€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
What we had failed to understand
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
08:59
was that these seasonal humidity environments of the world,
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ ˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์Šต๋„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
09:03
the soil and the vegetation
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๋•…๊ณผ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ์ด
09:06
developed with very large numbers of grazing animals,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ดˆ์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
and that these grazing animals
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์ด๋“ค ์ดˆ์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
09:15
developed with ferocious pack-hunting predators.
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๋–ผ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋‚˜์šด ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
Now, the main defense against pack-hunting predators
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์ž, ๋–ผ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š” ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งž์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
09:24
is to get into herds,
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:26
and the larger the herd, the safer the individuals.
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํด์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐœ์ฒดํ•œํ…Œ ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
Now, large herds dung and urinate all over their own food,
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ํฐ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ๋จน์ด ์œ„์— ์˜จํ†ต ๋˜ฅ๊ณผ ์˜ค์คŒ์„ ์‹ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
09:35
and they have to keep moving,
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๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ด๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:38
and it was that movement
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๊ทธ ์ด๋™ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:40
that prevented the overgrazing of plants,
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋จนํ˜€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ง‰์•„์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
while the periodic trampling
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ํ•œํŽธ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ง“๋ฐŸ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
09:45
ensured good cover of the soil,
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๋•…์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฎ์ด๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:48
as we see where a herd has passed.
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ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณณ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์•Œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ.
09:51
This picture is a typical seasonal grassland.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ณ„์ ˆ ์ดˆ์›์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
It has just come through four months of rain,
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4๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ์šฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰ ์ง€๋‚˜์„œ
10:00
and it's now going into eight months of dry season.
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8๊ฐœ์›”์˜ ๊ฑด๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
And watch the change as it goes into this long dry season.
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์˜ค๋žœ ๊ฑด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:07
Now, all of that grass you see aboveground
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋•…์œ„๋กœ ๋ณด๋Š” ํ’€์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
10:10
has to decay biologically
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฉ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
before the next growing season, and if it doesn't,
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๋‹ค์Œ ์ƒ์žฅ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
10:17
the grassland and the soil begin to die.
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์ดˆ์›๊ณผ ๋•…์€ ์ฃฝ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
Now, if it does not decay biologically,
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์ž, ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ฉ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
10:25
it shifts to oxidation, which is a very slow process,
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์‚ฐํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ
10:30
and this smothers and kills grasses,
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ํ’€์„ ์งˆ์‹์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
leading to a shift to woody vegetation
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ดˆ๋ชฉ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ 
10:36
and bare soil, releasing carbon.
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๋งจ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
To prevent that, we have traditionally used fire.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ง‰์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜›๋‚ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถˆ์„ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
But fire also leaves the soil bare, releasing carbon,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถˆ๋„ ๋•…์„ ํ—๋ฒ—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ
10:50
and worse than that,
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:53
burning one hectare of grassland
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1ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ์ดˆ์›์„ ํƒœ์šฐ๋ฉด
10:55
gives off more, and more damaging, pollutants
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6์ฒœ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋‚ด๋ฟœ๋Š” ๋งค์—ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค
10:58
than 6,000 cars.
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๋” ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ์˜ค์—ผ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:01
And we are burning in Africa, every single year,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์— ๋ถˆ์„ ๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ
11:06
more than one billion hectares of grasslands,
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10์–ต ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ดˆ์›์„ ํƒœ์šฐ์ง€๋งŒ
11:10
and almost nobody is talking about it.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
We justify the burning, as scientists,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋ถˆํƒœ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ .
11:18
because it does remove the dead material
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๋ถˆ์„ ํƒœ์›Œ์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
11:21
and it allows the plants to grow.
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์‹๋ฌผ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:25
Now, looking at this grassland of ours that has gone dry,
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์ด์ œ ์ดˆ์›์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
11:28
what could we do to keep that healthy?
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์ดˆ์›์„ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:30
And bear in mind, I'm talking of most of the world's land now.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋•… ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
11:33
Okay? We cannot reduce animal numbers to rest it more
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์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ? ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋Š”
11:38
without causing desertification and climate change.
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
We cannot burn it without causing
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”์™€ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋Š”
11:45
desertification and climate change.
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ํƒœ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
What are we going to do?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
11:53
There is only one option,
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
I'll repeat to you, only one option
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ฃ . ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
left to climatologists and scientists,
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๊ธฐํ›„ํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
12:01
and that is to do the unthinkable,
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์ƒ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
and to use livestock,
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๊ฐ€์ถ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:07
bunched and moving,
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๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด ์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:10
as a proxy for former herds and predators,
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์˜ˆ์ „์˜ ์ดˆ์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋–ผ์™€ ํฌ์‹์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๋– 
12:13
and mimic nature.
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
There is no other alternative left to mankind.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๋‚จ์€ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
So let's do that.
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์ž, ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
12:22
So on this bit of grassland, we'll do it, but just in the foreground.
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์ด ์ดˆ์›์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ• ํ…๋ฐ ์•ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ
12:25
We'll impact it very heavily with cattle to mimic nature,
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
and we've done so, and look at that.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๋’ค์— ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
12:31
All of that grass is now covering the soil
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๊ทธ ๋งŽ์€ ํ’€์€ ์ด์ œ ๋•…์„ ๋ฎ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:35
as dung, urine and litter or mulch,
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๋˜ฅ, ์˜ค์คŒ, ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎ์—ฌ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
as every one of the gardeners amongst you would understand,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ •์›์„ ๊ฐ€๊พผ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
and that soil is ready to absorb and hold the rain,
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๋•…์€ ๋น„๋ฅผ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
12:46
to store carbon, and to break down methane.
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ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ €์žฅํ•ด์„œ ๋ฉ”ํƒ„์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•  ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:51
And we did that,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
without using fire to damage the soil,
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๋•…์„ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ถˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
12:56
and the plants are free to grow.
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์‹๋ฌผ์€ ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
When I first realized
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
13:02
that we had no option as scientists
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์—†๊ณ 
13:04
but to use much-vilified livestock
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์ถ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
13:07
to address climate change and desertification,
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๊ธฐํ›„๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์„ ๋•Œ
13:12
I was faced with a real dilemma.
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์ •๋ง ๋‚œ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
How were we to do it?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋‚˜?
13:16
We'd had 10,000 years of extremely knowledgeable pastoralists
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์•„์ฃผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด 1๋งŒ๋…„๋™์•ˆ
13:21
bunching and moving their animals,
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๊ฐ€์ถ•์„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง€์–ด ์ด๋™์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€๋งŒ
13:23
but they had created the great manmade deserts of the world.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
Then we'd had 100 years of modern rain science,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” 100๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ณผํ•™์ด
13:30
and that had accelerated desertification,
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์†์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
as we first discovered in Africa
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์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:36
and then confirmed in the United States,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:38
and as you see in this picture
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด
13:40
of land managed by the federal government.
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์ด ๋•…์€ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
Clearly more was needed
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ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง€์–ด
13:46
than bunching and moving the animals,
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์ด๋™์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
and humans, over thousands of years,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋…„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์˜ค๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
13:51
had never been able to deal with nature's complexity.
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ค„๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:56
But we biologists and ecologists
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์™€ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
13:58
had never tackled anything as complex as this.
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์”จ๋ฆ„ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
So rather than reinvent the wheel,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์“ธ๋ฐ์—†์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š๋‹ˆ
14:04
I began studying other professions to see if anybody had.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
And I found there were planning techniques
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณ„ํš ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:10
that I could take and adapt to our biological need,
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๊ณ„ํš ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
14:14
and from those I developed what we call
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
14:17
holistic management and planned grazing,
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์ „์ฒด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ
14:20
a planning process,
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๊ณ„ํš ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
and that does address all of nature's complexity
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๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ
14:26
and our social, environmental, economic complexity.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ณตํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
Today, we have young women like this one
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ Š์€ ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด
14:33
teaching villages in Africa
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ
14:36
how to put their animals together into larger herds,
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์„œ
14:39
plan their grazing to mimic nature,
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์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:41
and where we have them hold their animals overnight --
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ 
14:46
we run them in a predator-friendly manner,
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ํฌ์‹์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
because we have a lot of lands, and so on --
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ ๋•…์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:50
and where they do this and hold them overnight
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ 
14:52
to prepare the crop fields,
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๋…ผ๋ฐญ์ด ์ค€๋น„๋˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋ฃป๋ฐค ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
14:54
we are getting very great increases in crop yield as well.
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๋…ผ๋ฐญ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ™•๋ฌผ์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
Let's look at some results.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
15:00
This is land close to land that we manage in Zimbabwe.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ง๋ฐ”๋ธŒ์›จ๋‚ด์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋•… ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:04
It has just come through four months of very good rains
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์ง€๋‚œ 4๊ฐœ์›”๋™์•ˆ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ด๋ ธ๊ณ 
15:07
it got that year, and it's going into the long dry season.
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์ด์ œ ๊ฑด๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:11
But as you can see, all of that rain, almost of all it,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๊ทธ ๋น„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„
15:14
has evaporated from the soil surface.
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๋•… ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:17
Their river is dry despite the rain just having ended,
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์ด์ œ ๋ง‰ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ฐ•์€ ๋ฉ”๋งˆ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
and we have 150,000 people
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15๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด
15:24
on almost permanent food aid.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์›์กฐ๋กœ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
Now let's go to our land nearby on the same day,
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์ด์ œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚  ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋•…์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
15:33
with the same rainfall, and look at that.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ธ๋ฐ ์ €๊ฑธ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
15:36
Our river is flowing and healthy and clean.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ•์€ ๋ฌผ์ด ํ๋ฅด๊ณ , ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊นจ๋—ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:38
It's fine.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
The production of grass, shrubs, trees, wildlife,
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ํ’€, ๊ด€๋ชฉ, ๋‚˜๋ฌด, ์•ผ์ƒ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€
15:46
everything is now more productive,
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์ด์ œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ด๊ณ 
15:49
and we have virtually no fear of dry years.
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
And we did that by increasing the cattle and goats
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์™€ ์—ผ์†Œ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
15:59
400 percent,
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400 %๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ค์„œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
planning the grazing to mimic nature
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์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด์–ด ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
16:04
and integrate them with all the elephants, buffalo,
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์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ, ๋ฌผ์†Œ
16:06
giraffe and other animals that we have.
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๊ธฐ๋ฆฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณ‘ํ•ฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
But before we began, our land looked like that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋•…์ด ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:15
This site was bare and eroding for over 30 years
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์ด๊ณณ์€ 30๋…„์ด ๋„˜๋„๋ก ํ—๋ฒ—์—ˆ๊ณ  ์นจ์‹์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:21
regardless of what rain we got.
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๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:23
Okay? Watch the marked tree and see the change
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
16:27
as we use livestock to mimic nature.
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๊ฐ€์ถ•์„ ์จ์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ์š”.
16:31
This was another site
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ์†Œ์ธ๋ฐ
16:32
where it had been bare and eroding,
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๋งจ๋•…์ด๊ณ  ์นจ์‹์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:35
and at the base of the marked small tree,
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ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ๋ฐ‘๋‘ฅ์—์„œ
16:37
we had lost over 30 centimeters of soil. Okay?
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30 cm๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ํ™์„ ์žƒ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
16:42
And again, watch the change
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๋‹ค์‹œ, ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
16:43
just using livestock to mimic nature.
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๊ฐ€์ถ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:46
And there are fallen trees in there now,
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์ด์ œ ์ €๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
16:48
because the better land is now attracting elephants, etc.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๋•…์ด ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
16:53
This land in Mexico was in terrible condition,
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๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋•…์€ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
16:57
and I've had to mark the hill
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๋•์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
because the change is so profound.
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
17:03
(Applause)
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(์†๋ผ‰์น˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
17:10
I began helping a family in the Karoo Desert in the 1970s
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์ €๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์นด๋ฃจ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๋•๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
17:15
turn the desert that you see on the right there
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์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์„
17:18
back to grassland,
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์ดˆ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:20
and thankfully, now their grandchildren are on the land
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๊ณ ๋ง™๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์†์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋•…์—์„œ
17:24
with hope for the future.
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์•ž๋‚ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
And look at the amazing change in this one,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
17:28
where that gully has completely healed
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„๋ž‘์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:31
using nothing but livestock mimicking nature,
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์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ถ•๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
17:36
and once more, we have the third generation of that family
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ฐ€
17:40
on that land with their flag still flying.
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๊ทธ ๋•…์—์„œ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ์„ ํœ˜๋‚ ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:43
The vast grasslands of Patagonia
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ํŒŒํƒ€๊ณ ๋‹ˆ์•„์˜ ๋“œ๋„“์€ ์ดˆ์›์ด
17:46
are turning to desert as you see here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:48
The man in the middle is an Argentinian researcher,
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๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฅดํ—จํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์ธ๋ฐ
17:51
and he has documented the steady decline of that land
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๊ทธ๋•…์—์„œ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‡ ํ‡ด ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
over the years as they kept reducing sheep numbers.
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ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ์–‘์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:58
They put 25,000 sheep in one flock,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 2๋งŒ5์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์–‘์„ ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
18:03
really mimicking nature now with planned grazing,
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๊ณ„ํš ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
and they have documented a 50-percent increase
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฒซํ•ด์— ๋•…์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์œจ์ด
18:11
in the production of the land in the first year.
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50 % ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:15
We now have in the violent Horn of Africa
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ถ๋™๋ถ€์—์„œ
18:18
pastoralists planning their grazing to mimic nature
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์œ ๋ชฉ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ๋ชฉ์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
18:21
and openly saying it is the only hope they have
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๊ณต๊ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”
18:25
of saving their families and saving their culture.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ํฌ๋ง์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์ฃ .
18:28
Ninety-five percent of that land
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๊ทธ ๋•…์˜ 95 %๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
18:30
can only feed people from animals.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:34
I remind you that I am talking about
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์ €๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋•…์ด
18:36
most of the world's land here that controls our fate,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šด๋ช…์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ผ๊นจ์›Œ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:40
including the most violent region of the world,
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
18:43
where only animals can feed people
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๊ทธ ๋•…์˜ 95% ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋งŒ์ด
18:46
from about 95 percent of the land.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:49
What we are doing globally is causing climate change
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
18:55
as much as, I believe, fossil fuels,
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
18:58
and maybe more than fossil fuels.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:01
But worse than that, it is causing hunger, poverty,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ””, ๊ฐ€๋‚œ
19:05
violence, social breakdown and war,
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ํญ๋ ฅ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ•๊ดด์™€ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:08
and as I am talking to you,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์—๋„
19:11
millions of men, women and children
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋‚จ์ž, ์—ฌ์ž, ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด
19:14
are suffering and dying.
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๊ดด๋กœ์›Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:16
And if this continues,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋ฉด
19:19
we are unlikely to be able to stop the climate changing,
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์„ค๋ น ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„
19:23
even after we have eliminated the use of fossil fuels.
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๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:28
I believe I've shown you how we can work with nature
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์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:32
at very low cost
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์•„์ฃผ ์ ์€ ๋น„์šฉ์œผ๋กœ
19:34
to reverse all this.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:37
We are already doing so
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:39
on about 15 million hectares
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์ฒœ 5๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ํ—ฅํƒ€๋ฅด์˜ ๋•…์„
19:43
on five continents,
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5๊ฐœ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์— ๊ฑธ์ณ์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:46
and people who understand
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์ €๋ณด๋‹ค ํƒ„์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
19:47
far more about carbon than I do
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ž˜ ์•„๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
19:50
calculate that, for illustrative purposes,
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์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:53
if we do what I am showing you here,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด
19:56
we can take enough carbon out of the atmosphere
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด์„œ
20:00
and safely store it in the grassland soils
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์ดˆ์›์˜ ํ™์†์— ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
20:03
for thousands of years,
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์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:05
and if we just do that on about half the world's grasslands
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ดˆ์›์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—
20:10
that I've shown you,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด
20:11
we can take us back to pre-industrial levels,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋จน์—ฌ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ
20:15
while feeding people.
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์‚ฐ์—…ํ™” ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:16
I can think of almost nothing
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์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ๋” ํฐ ํฌ๋ง์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
20:19
that offers more hope for our planet,
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์ด๊ฒƒ ๋ง๊ณ ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:23
for your children,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
20:25
and their children, and all of humanity.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:28
Thank you.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:31
(Applause)
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(์†๋ผ‰์น˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
20:39
Thank you. (Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์†๋ผ‰์น˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
20:52
Thank you, Chris.
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๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค.
20:54
Chris Anderson: Thank you. I have,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š”
20:57
and I'm sure everyone here has,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘
20:59
A) a hundred questions, B) wants to hug you.
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๋ฐฑ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์•ˆ์•„์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:03
I'm just going to ask you one quick question.
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์งง์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:05
When you first start this and you bring in a flock of animals,
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์ด ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค์ฃ .
21:09
it's desert. What do they eat? How does that part work?
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์ด๊ณ . ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ญ˜ ๋จน์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
21:12
How do you start?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
21:13
Allan Savory: Well, we have done this for a long time,
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์•จ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒˆ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ: ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
21:15
and the only time we have ever had to provide any feed
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ๋จน์—ฌ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋•Œ๋Š”
21:18
is during mine reclamation,
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๊ด‘์‚ฐ์„ ๋งค๋ฆฝํ•  ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:20
where it's 100 percent bare.
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๊ทธ๊ณณ์€ 100% ํ—๋ฒ—์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
21:22
But many years ago, we took the worst land in Zimbabwe,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡๋…„ ์ „ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง๋ฐ”๋ธŒ์›จ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚˜์œ ๋•…์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:27
where I offered a ยฃ5 note
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์ €๋Š” 5ํŒŒ์šด๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๊ฑธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:30
in a hundred-mile drive
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๋ฐฑ ๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์„œ
21:32
if somebody could find one grass
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ํ’€ ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
21:34
in a hundred-mile drive,
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๋ฐฑ ๋งˆ์ผ์„ ๊ฐ€์„œ์š”.
21:36
and on that, we trebled the stocking rate,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ถ•์„ ์„ธ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ ธ๊ณ 
21:39
the number of animals, in the first year with no feeding,
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๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ฒซํ•ด์— ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
21:42
just by the movement, mimicking nature,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ด๋™๋งŒ ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ‰๋‚ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:45
and using a sigmoid curve, that principle.
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S์ž ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์จ์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์›๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:50
It's a little bit technical to explain here, but just that.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ข€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:52
CA: Well, I would love to -- I mean, this such an interesting and important idea.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”. ์ •๋ง ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
21:56
The best people on our blog are going to come and talk to you
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ธ”๋กœ๊ทธ์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™€์„œ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
21:58
and try and -- I want to get more on this
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
22:01
that we could share along with the talk.AS: Wonderful.
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๊ฐ•์—ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒˆ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ: ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:04
CA: That is an astonishing talk, truly an astonishing talk,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์–˜๊ธฐ์—์š”. ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ด๊ณ 
22:07
and I think you heard that we all are cheering you on your way.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‘์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค์–ด์…จ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
22:10
Thank you so much.AS: Well, thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Chris.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•จ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒˆ์ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ: ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋งˆ์›Œ์š”. ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค
22:13
(Applause)
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(์†๋ผ‰์น˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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