How to green the world's deserts and reverse climate change | Allan Savory

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

譯者: Regina Chu 審譯者: Sailin Lu

The most massive

一場最大規模

tsunami perfect storm

厲害的海嘯風暴

is bearing down upon us.

正臨頭痛擊我們

This perfect storm

這場厲害的風暴

is mounting a grim reality, increasingly grim reality,

正造成嚴峻的事實 日益嚴峻的事實

and we are facing that reality

而我們面對這事實的態度

with the full belief

是全然地相信

that we can solve our problems with technology,

我們可以用科技解決這個問題

and that's very understandable.

而這是非常可以理解的

Now, this perfect storm that we are facing

那麼，我們面對的這場厲害風暴

is the result of our rising population,

是我們人口增加的結果

rising towards 10 billion people,

攀升至近百億的人口

land that is turning to desert,

土地變成沙漠

and, of course, climate change.

當然，還有氣候變遷

Now there's no question about it at all:

那麼，無庸置疑的

we will only solve the problem

我們只能以科技

of replacing fossil fuels with technology.

代替石化燃料以解決這個問題

But fossil fuels, carbon -- coal and gas --

但石化燃料、碳——煤及石油——

are by no means the only thing

絕不是導致氣候變遷的

that is causing climate change.

唯一理由

Desertification

沙漠化

is a fancy word for land that is turning to desert,

是形容土地變成沙漠的華麗名詞

and this happens only when

而這種情況是因為

we create too much bare ground.

我們造出太多裸露的土地

There's no other cause.

沒有其他的原因了

And I intend to focus

而我刻意要把重點放在

on most of the world's land that is turning to desert.

全球那些變成沙漠的土地

But I have for you a very simple message

但我要提出一個非常簡單的方法

that offers more hope than you can imagine.

能提供更多超乎想像的希望

We have environments

我們有

where humidity is guaranteed throughout the year.

終年溼氣不斷的環境

On those, it is almost impossible

在這些地方，幾乎不可能

to create vast areas of bare ground.

產生大面積裸露土壤

No matter what you do, nature covers it up so quickly.

無論你怎麼做 大自然都能快速覆蓋它

And we have environments

而我們也有這樣的環境

where we have months of humidity

是我們有幾個月的濕氣

followed by months of dryness,

然後接著是好幾個月的乾旱

and that is where desertification is occurring.

而這就是沙漠化發生之處

Fortunately, with space technology now,

幸運的是，現在因著太空科技

we can look at it from space,

我們可以從太空觀察它

and when we do, you can see the proportions fairly well.

如此做，我們相當能清楚地看見比例

Generally, what you see in green

一般來說，你所見綠色之處

is not desertifying,

就是沒有沙漠化的地方

and what you see in brown is,

棕色處則是發生沙漠化的地方

and these are by far the greatest areas of the Earth.

這些是迄今世上最大的幾處

About two thirds, I would guess, of the world is desertifying.

我猜，大約三分之二的 全球土地正經歷沙漠化

I took this picture in the Tihamah Desert

我在提哈馬沙漠拍了這張照片

while 25 millimeters -- that's an inch of rain -- was falling.

當時降雨量為25公釐 大約是一英寸的雨量

Think of it in terms of drums of water,

以汽油桶裝水來想像一下

each containing 200 liters.

每桶可裝二百公升的水

Over 1,000 drums of water fell on every hectare

那天，那塊地每公頃上

of that land that day.

降下了超過一千桶的水

The next day, the land looked like this.

但隔天，那塊地看起來變成這樣

Where had that water gone?

那些水都去了哪裡？

Some of it ran off as flooding,

有些變成了溢流跑掉了

but most of the water that soaked into the soil

但大部分浸入土裡的水

simply evaporated out again,

就只是再蒸發掉了

exactly as it does in your garden

完全就像你家花園的情況一樣

if you leave the soil uncovered.

如果你讓花園土壤裸露

Now, because the fate of water and carbon

那麼，因為水及碳的循環

are tied to soil organic matter,

與土壤有機質息息相關

when we damage soils, you give off carbon.

當我們破壞了土壤，你就釋放了碳

Carbon goes back to the atmosphere.

碳會回到大氣層

Now you're told over and over, repeatedly,

你一遍又一遍地聽到人再三地說

that desertification is only occurring

沙漠化只能發生在

in arid and semi-arid areas of the world,

地球的乾旱及半乾旱氣候區

and that tall grasslands like this one

而像這樣的高草地

in high rainfall are of no consequence.

因降雨量高，不會發生這現象

But if you do not look at grasslands but look down into them,

但是如果你不看其上之草 只看其下的土壤

you find that most of the soil in that grassland

你會發現你剛剛所見的草原

that you've just seen is bare and covered with a crust of algae,

其土壤都裸露並被苔原覆蓋

leading to increased runoff and evaporation.

造成逕流增加及水分蒸發

That is the cancer of desertification

那就是我們未能早期發現的

that we do not recognize till its terminal form.

沙漠化惡瘤，直到它已惡化到末期

Now we know that desertification is caused by livestock,

現在我們知道沙漠化是因家畜造成

mostly cattle, sheep and goats,

大部分是養牛、綿羊及山羊

overgrazing the plants,

過度放牧造成植被無法復原

leaving the soil bare and giving off methane.

使得土壤裸露並釋放甲烷

Almost everybody knows this,

幾乎大家都知道這個現象

from nobel laureates to golf caddies,

從諾貝爾獎得主到高爾夫球桿弟

or was taught it, as I was.

或者至少你被教導過，像我一樣

Now, the environments like you see here,

你在這張圖看到的

dusty environments in Africa where I grew up,

塵土飛揚的環境，那是我的家鄉非洲

and I loved wildlife,

我很愛野生動物

and so I grew up hating livestock

所以我長大後非常恨惡家畜

because of the damage they were doing.

因為牠們造成許多破壞

And then my university education as an ecologist

我的大學教育讓我成為生物學者

reinforced my beliefs.

更加堅固了我的信仰

Well, I have news for you.

但是，我要告訴你

We were once just as certain

我們曾經如此堅信

that the world was flat.

世界是平的

We were wrong then, and we are wrong again.

然後發現我們錯了 現在我們發現我們又錯了

And I want to invite you now

我要邀請你

to come along on my journey of reeducation and discovery.

與我一同走過我被 再教育及重新發現的旅程

When I was a young man,

當我還很年輕，在非洲

a young biologist in Africa,

還是一個沒經驗的生物學家時

I was involved in setting aside marvelous areas

我參與一項計畫，要把幾片壯麗的土地

as future national parks.

預留成未來的國家公園

Now no sooner — this was in the 1950s —

沒多久──這是1950年代

and no sooner did we remove the hunting,

沒多久，我們就把一群以狩獵

drum-beating people to protect the animals,

敲鼓為生的人移居以保護動物

than the land began to deteriorate,

然後這塊地的情況就開始惡化

as you see in this park that we formed.

就像你看到的這個 我們弄出來的公園一樣

Now, no livestock were involved,

那麼，雖然沒有家畜了

but suspecting that we had too many elephants now,

但我們懷疑有太多大象

I did the research and I proved we had too many,

我做了個研究證明的確如此

and I recommended that we would have to reduce their numbers

所以我建議我們要降低其數目

and bring them down to a level that the land could sustain.

且要降到這片土地 可以自給自足的水平

Now, that was a terrible decision for me to have to make,

對我而言 那是個不得不的可怕決定

and it was political dynamite, frankly.

而老實說也是政治炸彈

So our government formed a team of experts

所以我們的政府組了一個專家團隊

to evaluate my research.

來評估我的研究

They did. They agreed with me,

他們的確做了，也與我持相同意見

and over the following years,

所以接下來幾年

we shot 40,000 elephants to try to stop the damage.

我們射殺了四萬頭大象 試圖停止土地破壞

And it got worse, not better.

然而事情變得更糟，沒有更好

Loving elephants as I do,

我是如此愛著大象

that was the saddest and greatest blunder of my life,

那真是我一生中最難過 也是最大的失誤

and I will carry that to my grave.

終其一生我都將懷著悔恨

One good thing did come out of it.

但痛定思痛，還是有件好事

It made me absolutely determined

它讓我矢志不移

to devote my life to finding solutions.

要畢生投入以找出解決方案

When I came to the United States, I got a shock,

當我到美國時我很震驚

to find national parks like this one

發現像這樣的國家公園

desertifying as badly as anything in Africa.

其沙漠化的程度就跟非洲的一樣糟

And there'd been no livestock on this land

而且這片土地已超過

for over 70 years.

70年的時間沒有家畜

And I found that American scientists

而且我發現美國科學家

had no explanation for this

除了說它是乾旱及自然現象外

except that it is arid and natural.

對此沒有任何解釋

So I then began looking

所以我開始在

at all the research plots I could

我能找到的

over the whole of the Western United States

針對美西的研究報告中尋找

where cattle had been removed

牛隻遷移

to prove that it would stop desertification,

真的可以停止沙漠化的證明

but I found the opposite,

但我發現的是完全相反的證明

as we see on this research station,

如同我們在這個研究站看到的

where this grassland that was green in 1961,

1961年這片草地還是綠油油一片

by 2002 had changed to that situation.

但到了2002年已經變成這樣

And the authors of the position paper on climate change

而寫這篇氣候變遷意見書的作者

from which I obtained these pictures

我就是從那裏拿到這些照片

attribute this change to "unknown processes."

把此改變歸因於未知現象

Clearly, we have never understood

很明顯我們並不了解

what is causing desertification,

沙漠化的原因

which has destroyed many civilizations

而此現象已經毀滅了許多文明

and now threatens us globally.

而現在正對我們產生全球性威脅

We have never understood it.

我們從來沒有了解過這件事

Take one square meter of soil

把一平方公尺的土壤

and make it bare like this is down here,

像這樣光禿禿攤平在這裡

and I promise you, you will find it much colder at dawn

我保證你會發現，這片土與僅由

and much hotter at midday

枯枝落葉覆蓋住的同樣土壤

than that same piece of ground if it's just covered with litter,

在破曉時冷得多，在日正當中時熱得多

plant litter.

只要枯枝落葉就好

You have changed the microclimate.

你就改變了微氣候

Now, by the time you are doing that

所以，當你這麼做

and increasing greatly the percentage of bare ground

並在超過全球一半的土地

on more than half the world's land,

大幅增加裸露地面的百分比時

you are changing macroclimate.

你就在改變總體氣候

But we have just simply not understood

但我們就是不了解

why was it beginning to happen 10,000 years ago?

為什麼這現象於一萬年前開始發生？

Why has it accelerated lately?

為什麼最近大幅加快？

We had no understanding of that.

我們對其一無所知

What we had failed to understand

我們並沒有了解到

was that these seasonal humidity environments of the world,

這些隨季節改變濕度的環境

the soil and the vegetation

其土壤及植被的發展

developed with very large numbers of grazing animals,

與非常大數目的放牧有關

and that these grazing animals

也沒有了解到這些放牧動物

developed with ferocious pack-hunting predators.

與兇猛的群體狩獵掠食動物息息相關

Now, the main defense against pack-hunting predators

那麼，要對抗群體狩獵掠食 動物的主要方法

is to get into herds,

就是集結成群

and the larger the herd, the safer the individuals.

而且群體愈大，個體就愈安全

Now, large herds dung and urinate all over their own food,

大群動物在其食物上排便及尿

and they have to keep moving,

牠們還必須遷徙

and it was that movement

而也就是這個遷徙

that prevented the overgrazing of plants,

避免了過度放牧

while the periodic trampling

而時時遷徙

ensured good cover of the soil,

確保土壤覆蓋良好

as we see where a herd has passed.

就像我們看到一群動物走過後的樣子

This picture is a typical seasonal grassland.

這張照片是典型的季節性草原

It has just come through four months of rain,

它剛剛經歷了四個月的雨季

and it's now going into eight months of dry season.

現在正進入為期八個月的乾季

And watch the change as it goes into this long dry season.

請注意看它進入長時間乾季後的改變

Now, all of that grass you see aboveground

現在，所有長在地上的草

has to decay biologically

在下個生長期前

before the next growing season, and if it doesn't,

都要腐爛，要不然

the grassland and the soil begin to die.

整片草原及土壤就會開始死亡

Now, if it does not decay biologically,

那麼，如果它沒有腐爛

it shifts to oxidation, which is a very slow process,

就會轉變成氧化作用 而這是非常慢的過程

and this smothers and kills grasses,

而這會使草窒息死亡

leading to a shift to woody vegetation

使原本的草地轉變成木本植被

and bare soil, releasing carbon.

及裸露的土壤，釋放碳

To prevent that, we have traditionally used fire.

要避免此現象 傳統的方法是使用火燒

But fire also leaves the soil bare, releasing carbon,

但火一樣會使土地裸露，釋放碳

and worse than that,

且更糟的是

burning one hectare of grassland

每燒一公頃的草地

gives off more, and more damaging, pollutants

比六千輛車所造成的汙染跟破壞，

than 6,000 cars.

都大上許多

And we are burning in Africa, every single year,

但我們卻每年都在非洲

more than one billion hectares of grasslands,

燒掉超過十億公頃的草原

and almost nobody is talking about it.

卻幾乎沒人在意

We justify the burning, as scientists,

身為科學家，我們辯稱

because it does remove the dead material

燃燒能移除已死的物質

and it allows the plants to grow.

讓植物能夠生長

Now, looking at this grassland of ours that has gone dry,

現在，眼看著我們這片草原變成荒蕪

what could we do to keep that healthy?

到底我們能要怎麼做 才能讓它保持健康？

And bear in mind, I'm talking of most of the world's land now.

請記住，我現在談的是 全球大部分的土地

Okay? We cannot reduce animal numbers to rest it more

好嗎？我們不能降低動物 數目以復原更多土地

without causing desertification and climate change.

卻不造成沙漠化及氣候變遷

We cannot burn it without causing

我們無法燒了它

desertification and climate change.

卻不造成沙漠化及氣候變遷

What are we going to do?

我們到底要怎麼做？

There is only one option,

只有一個選擇

I'll repeat to you, only one option

我再說一次，只有一個選擇

left to climatologists and scientists,

留給氣象學家及科學家

and that is to do the unthinkable,

就是要做匪夷所思之事

and to use livestock,

要用蓄養牲畜

bunched and moving,

要一群一群養，還要遷徙

as a proxy for former herds and predators,

就像之前牧群及掠食者一樣

and mimic nature.

模仿大自然的運作

There is no other alternative left to mankind.

我們沒有其他替代方案了

So let's do that.

所以就開始做吧

So on this bit of grassland, we'll do it, but just in the foreground.

所以我們就在這塊草原上實行 但僅限在草原前端

We'll impact it very heavily with cattle to mimic nature,

我們放置牲畜 倣效自然界運作

and we've done so, and look at that.

而我們的確也做到了，看到沒

All of that grass is now covering the soil

現在滿滿的草覆蓋著這塊土壤

as dung, urine and litter or mulch,

因為有糞、尿、枯枝落葉及覆蓋物

as every one of the gardeners amongst you would understand,

就像在座的園藝愛好者都能了解這個現象

and that soil is ready to absorb and hold the rain,

這片土壤已準備就緒 可以吸收保留雨水

to store carbon, and to break down methane.

可以儲存碳，可以分解甲烷

And we did that,

我們這樣做

without using fire to damage the soil,

不需用火破壞土壤

and the plants are free to grow.

而植物可以自由生長

When I first realized

當我第一次了解到

that we had no option as scientists

身為科學家，我們別無選擇

but to use much-vilified livestock

只能用惡名昭彰的家畜

to address climate change and desertification,

來解釋氣候變遷及沙漠化時

I was faced with a real dilemma.

我面對著一個真正的兩難問題

How were we to do it?

我們是怎麼搞成這樣的？

We'd had 10,000 years of extremely knowledgeable pastoralists

我們在過去一萬年 有非常有知識的放牧者

bunching and moving their animals,

群集趕放動物

but they had created the great manmade deserts of the world.

但造成了世上大規模的人造沙漠

Then we'd had 100 years of modern rain science,

然後我們在僅一百年的 先進降雨科學發展下

and that had accelerated desertification,

卻加速了沙漠化的發展

as we first discovered in Africa

就像我們首先在非洲發現的

and then confirmed in the United States,

然後在美國也得到確認

and as you see in this picture

就如同你在這張照片看到的

of land managed by the federal government.

由聯邦政府管理的土地一樣

Clearly more was needed

很明顯地除了集結趕放動物

than bunching and moving the animals,

我們需要做更多

and humans, over thousands of years,

而人類在過去數千年

had never been able to deal with nature's complexity.

從未解決過什麼大自然的複雜問題

But we biologists and ecologists

但我們生物學及生態學家

had never tackled anything as complex as this.

也從未應付過像這樣複雜的問題

So rather than reinvent the wheel,

所以與其閉門造車

I began studying other professions to see if anybody had.

我開始研究其他領域 看看有沒人有已經有解答

And I found there were planning techniques

而我發現的確有一些規劃方法

that I could take and adapt to our biological need,

是我可以拿來運用在生物學需求上的

and from those I developed what we call

而從那裡開始，我發展出一套我們稱為

holistic management and planned grazing,

整體管理規劃放牧法

a planning process,

一種規劃流程

and that does address all of nature's complexity

而這的確解決了自然的複雜問題

and our social, environmental, economic complexity.

及我們社會、環境及經濟的複雜問題

Today, we have young women like this one

今天我們有年輕女士像這位

teaching villages in Africa

在非洲村落教導

how to put their animals together into larger herds,

如何將動物集合成一個大牧群

plan their grazing to mimic nature,

規劃放牧法以模仿大自然

and where we have them hold their animals overnight --

我們也讓他們集結動物在某處過夜

we run them in a predator-friendly manner,

我們不特別做保護措施讓牠們不受掠食者威脅

because we have a lot of lands, and so on --

因為我們有很多地，諸如此類的

and where they do this and hold them overnight

在那裡他們放牧並在那裡集結過夜

to prepare the crop fields,

就是為了讓這塊田地準備好

we are getting very great increases in crop yield as well.

我們也在作物產量上有大幅增加

Let's look at some results.

來看一看結果

This is land close to land that we manage in Zimbabwe.

這片土地很靠近 我們在辛巴威管理的地

It has just come through four months of very good rains

它才剛剛經歷那年 為期四個月的充沛雨量

it got that year, and it's going into the long dry season.

馬上要進入乾季

But as you can see, all of that rain, almost of all it,

但如你所見，幾乎所有的降雨

has evaporated from the soil surface.

都從地表蒸發

Their river is dry despite the rain just having ended,

儘管雨季才剛結束，河流都乾涸了

and we have 150,000 people

而我們有十五萬人

on almost permanent food aid.

得永久依靠糧食援助

Now let's go to our land nearby on the same day,

現在來看一看我們 在附近的那塊地，同一天

with the same rainfall, and look at that.

同樣的降雨量，看哪！

Our river is flowing and healthy and clean.

我們的河水流充沛、乾淨

It's fine.

非常好

The production of grass, shrubs, trees, wildlife,

草、灌木、樹、野生動植物的產量

everything is now more productive,

每樣東西的產量都更好

and we have virtually no fear of dry years.

我們幾乎不怕旱年

And we did that by increasing the cattle and goats

我們以增加牛羊的量來達到此效果

400 percent,

增加四倍

planning the grazing to mimic nature

有計劃的放牧以模仿自然

and integrate them with all the elephants, buffalo,

並與大象、水牛、長頸鹿

giraffe and other animals that we have.

及其它我們有的動物整合在一起

But before we began, our land looked like that.

但在我們開始計劃前 這塊土地看起來像那樣

This site was bare and eroding for over 30 years

這地過去三十年不管下多少雨

regardless of what rain we got.

土壤總是光禿禿受侵蝕

Okay? Watch the marked tree and see the change

懂嗎？看這棵標記的樹及其變化

as we use livestock to mimic nature.

在我們使用家畜模仿自然後

This was another site

這是另一個地方

where it had been bare and eroding,

也是土壤裸露受侵蝕

and at the base of the marked small tree,

在這棵被標示的小樹的基底

we had lost over 30 centimeters of soil. Okay?

我們流失了超過30公分的土壤，看到嗎？

And again, watch the change

再一次看看這個改變

just using livestock to mimic nature.

只是用家畜來模仿自然

And there are fallen trees in there now,

現在那裡有倒落的樹木

because the better land is now attracting elephants, etc.

因為改善的土地現在會吸引大象等等

This land in Mexico was in terrible condition,

這片位於墨西哥的地原本狀況很糟

and I've had to mark the hill

而現在我還必須標示 原本的坡地在哪

because the change is so profound.

因為這改變實在太深刻了

(Applause)

（掌聲）

I began helping a family in the Karoo Desert in the 1970s

我於1970年代開始幫助 南非卡魯沙漠的一個家庭

turn the desert that you see on the right there

把你看到右手邊的這片沙漠

back to grassland,

轉回成草原

and thankfully, now their grandchildren are on the land

值得慶幸的是，現在他們的孫輩 還住在這片土地上

with hope for the future.

對未來抱持希望

And look at the amazing change in this one,

並且看看這個驚人改變

where that gully has completely healed

那片小峽谷已經完全復原了

using nothing but livestock mimicking nature,

沒用別的，就只用了家畜模仿自然

and once more, we have the third generation of that family

而再一次，我們看到 那個家庭的第三代

on that land with their flag still flying.

還留在那片土地上 家族的旗子依然飄動

The vast grasslands of Patagonia

巴塔哥尼亞上廣闊的草原

are turning to desert as you see here.

正變成沙漠，正如你在這看見的

The man in the middle is an Argentinian researcher,

在中間那位是個阿根廷研究員

and he has documented the steady decline of that land

他記錄了過去數年，因著他們 逐年減少綿羊的數目

over the years as they kept reducing sheep numbers.

使得那塊地逐步變壞的情況

They put 25,000 sheep in one flock,

現在他們集結 二萬五千頭羊成一群

really mimicking nature now with planned grazing,

真的模仿自然現象，有計劃地放牧

and they have documented a 50-percent increase

然後他們記錄到那塊地第一年的產量

in the production of the land in the first year.

增加了百分之五十

We now have in the violent Horn of Africa

現在我們在暴力頻繁的非洲之角

pastoralists planning their grazing to mimic nature

有牧民計畫放牧模仿自然

and openly saying it is the only hope they have

並公開地說這是他們唯一的希望

of saving their families and saving their culture.

能拯救他們的家庭及文化

Ninety-five percent of that land

那塊地的95%

can only feed people from animals.

只能以動物餵飽人

I remind you that I am talking about

我要提醒各位，我在談論的是

most of the world's land here that controls our fate,

掌控着我們命運的土地

including the most violent region of the world,

包括世界上最暴力的地區

where only animals can feed people

在那裡約95%的土地

from about 95 percent of the land.

只有靠動物能餵飽人

What we are doing globally is causing climate change

我們在全球做的事正造成氣候變遷

as much as, I believe, fossil fuels,

我相信就像石化燃料造成的一樣多

and maybe more than fossil fuels.

可能比石化燃料還多

But worse than that, it is causing hunger, poverty,

但更糟的是，這還產生饑荒貧窮

violence, social breakdown and war,

暴力、社會瓦解及戰爭

and as I am talking to you,

而就在我對各位演講的這當下

millions of men, women and children

就有數百萬的男人、女人及小孩

are suffering and dying.

在受苦瀕臨死亡

And if this continues,

而如果這現象持續下去

we are unlikely to be able to stop the climate changing,

我們不可能停止氣候變遷

even after we have eliminated the use of fossil fuels.

即使我們停止使用石化燃料

I believe I've shown you how we can work with nature

我相信我已經讓各位看到 我們如何與自然合作

at very low cost

以非常低的成本

to reverse all this.

來扭轉這一切

We are already doing so

我們已經在

on about 15 million hectares

約一千五百萬公頃

on five continents,

遍佈五大洲的土地上做這件事

and people who understand

而照那些比我更瞭解

far more about carbon than I do

碳循環的人的計算，

calculate that, for illustrative purposes,

可以清楚地說明

if we do what I am showing you here,

如果我們都做了 我展示給大家看的方法

we can take enough carbon out of the atmosphere

我們就能從大氣層吸收掉碳

and safely store it in the grassland soils

而且牢牢固碳在草原土壤中

for thousands of years,

數千年

and if we just do that on about half the world's grasslands

而且如果我們能在 全球約半數的草原上

that I've shown you,

實施我展示給大家看的方法

we can take us back to pre-industrial levels,

我們就能把排碳量 減低到工業革命前的水準

while feeding people.

同時還能餵飽人群

I can think of almost nothing

我真的想不出還有什麼

that offers more hope for our planet,

能比這個給地球

for your children,

給大家的孩子

and their children, and all of humanity.

及他們的孩子， 及所有人類帶來更多希望

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Thank you. (Applause)

謝謝（掌聲）

Thank you, Chris.

謝謝，克里斯

Chris Anderson: Thank you. I have,

克里斯·安德森：謝謝。我有——

and I'm sure everyone here has,

而且我很確定這裡每個人都

A) a hundred questions, B) wants to hug you.

1）有上百個問題，2）想擁抱你

I'm just going to ask you one quick question.

我只要很快問一個問題

When you first start this and you bring in a flock of animals,

當你開始做這個，而且你帶了一群動物

it's desert. What do they eat? How does that part work?

這是沙漠！你給牠們吃什麼？這部分怎麼解決？

How do you start?

你是怎麼開始的？

Allan Savory: Well, we have done this for a long time,

艾倫·薩弗瑞：嗯，我們已經做了很久了

and the only time we have ever had to provide any feed

我碰過唯一需要提供飼料的地方是

is during mine reclamation,

在礦山復墾時

where it's 100 percent bare.

那裡完全沒有草

But many years ago, we took the worst land in Zimbabwe,

但很多年前，我們在 辛巴威拿了一塊最糟的地

where I offered a £5 note

我在那裡提供五英鎊獎金

in a hundred-mile drive

給在一百哩車程內

if somebody could find one grass

能找到一根草的人

in a hundred-mile drive,

在一百哩車程內

and on that, we trebled the stocking rate,

而在那樣的情況，我們翻了三倍放養率

the number of animals, in the first year with no feeding,

增加三倍的動物數量 在第一年沒有給飼料的狀態下

just by the movement, mimicking nature,

就只靠趕動物，模仿大自然

and using a sigmoid curve, that principle.

運用「S型曲線」那個理論

It's a little bit technical to explain here, but just that.

在這很難解釋，因為有一點技術理論，但就是那樣

CA: Well, I would love to -- I mean, this such an interesting and important idea.

克：嗯，我很想知道——我是說 這真的是很有意思很重要的概念

The best people on our blog are going to come and talk to you

我們部落格最棒的員工會找你談談

and try and -- I want to get more on this

還會試一下——我很想知道更多

that we could share along with the talk.AS: Wonderful.

我們可以分享更多 艾：沒問題。

CA: That is an astonishing talk, truly an astonishing talk,

克：真是非常驚人的演講，真的很驚人

and I think you heard that we all are cheering you on your way.

我想你也聽到了，我們都為你起立鼓掌

Thank you so much.AS: Well, thank you. Thank you. Thank you, Chris.

非常謝謝你。 艾：嗯，謝謝，謝謝克里斯。

(Applause)

（掌聲）