A new class of drug that could prevent depression and PTSD | Rebecca Brachman

106,223 views ใƒป 2019-04-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Roni Weisman ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
So the first antidepressants were made from, of all things,
0
12880
4056
ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข,
00:16
rocket fuel, left over after World War II.
1
16960
3159
ืžื“ืœืง ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
00:20
Which is fitting, seeing as today, one in five soldiers develop depression,
2
20960
4936
ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžืคืชื— ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ,
00:25
or post-traumatic stress disorder or both.
3
25920
2520
ืื• ื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืคื•ืกื˜ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
00:29
But it's not just soldiers that are at high risk for these diseases.
4
29080
3896
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืืœื”.
00:33
It's firefighters, ER doctors, cancer patients, aid workers, refugees --
5
33000
5536
ื’ื ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ืืฉ, ืจื•ืคืื™ ื—ื“ืจ-ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืกื™ื•ืข, ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื --
00:38
anyone exposed to trauma or major life stress.
6
38560
2920
ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืื• ืœืœื—ืฅ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•.
00:42
And yet, despite how commonplace these disorders are,
7
42000
3856
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื” ื›ื” ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช,
00:45
our current treatments, if they work at all,
8
45880
3616
ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
00:49
only suppress symptoms.
9
49520
2680
ืžื“ื›ืื™ื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
00:53
In 1798, when Edward Jenner discovered the first vaccine --
10
53240
4456
ื‘-1798, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื’ึถ'ื ึถืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ --
00:57
it happened to be for smallpox --
11
57720
1696
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื ื’ื“ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช --
00:59
he didn't just discover a prophylactic for a disease,
12
59440
3696
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืจืง ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”,
01:03
but a whole new way of thinking:
13
63160
2096
ืืœื ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื”,
01:05
that medicine could prevent disease.
14
65280
2696
ืฉืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
01:08
However, for over 200 years,
15
68000
2096
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-200 ืฉื ื”,
01:10
this prevention was not believed to extend to psychiatric diseases.
16
70120
4016
ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื ื™ืขื” ื›ื–ืืช ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื’ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
01:14
Until 2014, when my colleague and I accidentally discovered
17
74160
4176
ืขื“ ืฉื ืช 2014, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืžื™ืชึดื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื’ืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืงืจื”
01:18
the first drugs that might prevent depression and PTSD.
18
78360
3200
ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.
01:22
We discovered the drugs in mice,
19
82640
1536
ื’ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:24
and we're currently studying whether they work in humans.
20
84200
3816
ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
01:28
And these preventative psychopharmaceuticals
21
88040
2896
ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื ืข ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืืœื”
01:30
are not antidepressants.
22
90960
1816
ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ื’ื“ื™-ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ.
01:32
They are a whole new class of drug.
23
92800
2016
ื”ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
01:34
And they work by increasing stress resilience,
24
94840
2296
ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ,
01:37
so let's call them resilience enhancers.
25
97160
2496
ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ืœื”ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช.
01:39
So think back to a stressful time that you've since recovered from.
26
99680
3816
ื ืกื• ืœื”ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืœื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื›ื, ืฉื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉืชื ืžืžื ื” ืžืื–.
01:43
Maybe a breakup or an exam, you missed a flight.
27
103520
4096
ืื•ืœื™ ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”, ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉื”ื—ืžืฆืชื.
01:47
Stress resilience is the active biological process
28
107640
3416
ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ื™ื ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
01:51
that allows us to bounce back after stress.
29
111080
2936
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืœื—ืฅ,
01:54
Similar to if you have a cold and your immune system fights it off.
30
114040
3456
ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืžืงื•ืจืจื™ื.
01:57
And insufficient resilience
31
117520
1816
ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืงืช
01:59
in the face of a significant enough stressor,
32
119360
2616
ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ืฅ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™,
02:02
can result in a psychiatric disorder, such as depression.
33
122000
2696
ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ.
02:04
In fact, most cases of major depressive disorder
34
124720
2856
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืช
02:07
are initially triggered by stress.
35
127600
2080
ื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ืฅ.
02:10
And from what we've seen so far in mice,
36
130720
2136
ื•ืžืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:12
resilience enhancers can protect against purely biological stressors,
37
132880
4096
ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™ื,
02:17
like stress hormones,
38
137000
1736
ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ,
02:18
and social and psychological stressors, like bullying and isolation.
39
138760
4080
ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
02:23
So here is an example where we gave mice
40
143560
4136
ืื– ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืงืจื” ื‘ื• ื ืชึธื ื• ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื
02:27
three weeks of high levels of stress hormones.
41
147720
2520
ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืš 3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
02:31
So, in other words, a biological stressor without a psychological component.
42
151000
3896
ืื•, ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื’ื•ืจื ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืœื ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
02:34
And this causes depressive behavior.
43
154920
2216
ื•ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื“ื›ืื•ื ื™ืช.
02:37
And if we give three weeks of antidepressant treatment beforehand,
44
157160
4336
ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื•ื’ื“-ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
02:41
it has no beneficial effects.
45
161520
1880
ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”.
02:43
But a single dose of a resilience enhancer given a week before
46
163760
5816
ืื‘ืœ ืžื ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
02:49
completely prevents the depressive behavior.
47
169600
3520
ืžื•ื ืขืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื“ื›ืื•ื ื™ืช.
02:53
Even after three weeks of stress.
48
173640
2256
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ 3 ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ.
02:55
This is the first time a drug has ever been shown
49
175920
3056
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืชืจื•ืคื”
02:59
to prevent the negative effects of stress.
50
179000
2120
ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ.
03:01
Depression and PTSD are chronic, often lifelong, clinical diseases.
51
181680
5920
ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:08
They also increase the risk of substance abuse, homelessness,
52
188160
3576
ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืžืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื™ื, ืœื ื˜ื™ื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ืกืจื™-ื‘ื™ืช,
03:11
heart disease, Alzheimer's, suicide.
53
191760
3656
ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘, ืœืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ, ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช.
03:15
The global cost of depression alone is over three trillion dollars per year.
54
195440
4480
ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืž-3 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:20
But now, imagine a scenario where we know someone is predictively
55
200760
3936
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืขืช, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:24
at high risk for exposure to extreme stress.
56
204720
3040
ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฆืคื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืœื—ืฅ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
03:28
Say, a red cross volunteer going into an earthquake zone.
57
208160
2960
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืชื ื“ื‘ืช ื‘ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืกืขืช ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ืช ืื“ืžื”.
03:31
In addition to the typhoid vaccine,
58
211760
1976
ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ,
03:33
we could give her a pill or an injection of a resilience enhancer
59
213760
3496
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื” ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืื• ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ
03:37
before she leaves.
60
217280
1656
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช.
03:38
So when she is held at gunpoint by looters or worse,
61
218960
3256
ื›ืš ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื–ื–ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš,
03:42
she would at least be protected against developing depression or PTSD
62
222240
4016
ื”ื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ืื• ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”
03:46
after the fact.
63
226280
1536
ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื”.
03:47
It won't prevent her from experiencing the stress,
64
227840
2816
ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื” ืžืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ,
03:50
but it will allow her to recover from it.
65
230680
2576
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืงื ืžืžื ื•.
03:53
And that's what's revolutionary here.
66
233280
2136
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืคื”.
03:55
By increasing resiliency,
67
235440
1976
ืข"ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืœื—ืฅ,
03:57
we can dramatically reduce her susceptibility to depression and PTSD,
68
237440
4936
ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”,
04:02
possibly saving her from losing her job, her home, her family or even her life.
69
242400
5480
ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”, ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื”.
04:09
After Jenner discovered the smallpox vaccine,
70
249640
2736
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื’ึถ'ื ืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
04:12
a lot of other vaccines rapidly followed.
71
252400
2320
ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
04:15
But it was over 150 years
72
255560
2176
ืื‘ืœ ืœืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-150 ืฉื ื”
04:17
before a tuberculosis vaccine was widely available.
73
257760
2600
ืขื“ ืฉื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ืคืช ื”ืคืš ืœื ืคื•ืฅ.
04:21
Why?
74
261200
1200
ืžื“ื•ืข?
04:23
In part because society believed
75
263040
2056
ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื”
04:25
that tuberculosis made people more sensitive and creative and empathetic.
76
265120
5080
ืฉืฉื—ืคืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื™ื.
04:30
And that it was caused by constitution and not biology.
77
270640
2600
ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื’ืจืžืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
04:34
And similar things are still said today about depression.
78
274560
3760
ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ.
04:39
And just as Jenner's discovery opened the door
79
279440
3056
ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื ืจ ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช
04:42
for all of the vaccines that followed after,
80
282520
2280
ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืื—ืจื™ื•,
04:45
the drugs we've discovered open the possibility of a whole new field:
81
285800
3576
ื›ืš ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืฉื“ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•ื—ื“ืฉ:
04:49
preventative psychopharmacology.
82
289400
2480
ืจืคื•ืื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช.
04:52
But whether that's 15 years away,
83
292800
2496
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืชืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš 15 ืฉื ื”,
04:55
or 150 years away,
84
295320
2096
ืื• 150 ืฉื ื”,
04:57
depends not just on the science,
85
297440
2016
ืชืœื•ื™ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ืข,
04:59
but on what we as a society choose to do with it.
86
299480
3080
ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืื ื•, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื”.
05:03
Thank you.
87
303320
1216
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
05:04
(Applause)
88
304560
3440
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7