The pattern behind self-deception | Michael Shermer

737,180 views ใƒป 2010-06-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:16
So since I was here last in '06,
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ืžืื– ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ 2006,
00:19
we discovered that global climate change
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
00:21
is turning out to be a pretty serious issue,
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
00:23
so we covered that fairly extensively
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ืื– ื›ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”
00:25
in Skeptic magazine.
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ื‘ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ "Skeptic".
00:27
We investigate all kinds
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™
00:29
of scientific and quasi-scientific controversies,
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ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืื™ืœื•-ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช.
00:32
but it turns out we don't have to worry about any of this
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื”
00:34
because the world's going to end in 2012.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืงื™ืฆื• ื‘ 2012.
00:36
Another update:
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ:
00:38
You will recall I introduced you guys
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื
00:40
to the Quadro Tracker.
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ืืช "ืขื•ืงื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื“ืจื•".
00:42
It's like a water dowsing device.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืžืชืงืŸ ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ืžื™ื.
00:44
It's just a hollow piece of plastic with an antenna that swivels around.
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ื–ืืช ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื—ืœื•ืœื” ืขื ืื ื˜ื ื” ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช.
00:47
And you walk around, and it points to things.
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ื•ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืื™ืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
00:49
Like if you're looking for marijuana in students' lockers,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืื ื” ื‘ืืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื,
00:52
it'll point right to somebody.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื‘ื™ืข ื™ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
00:54
Oh, sorry. (Laughter)
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ืื”, ืกืœื™ื—ื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:56
This particular one that was given to me
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ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ื•ืขื“
00:58
finds golf balls,
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ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
01:00
especially if you're at a golf course
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ื’ื•ืœืฃ
01:02
and you check under enough bushes.
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ื—ื™ื.
01:05
Well, under the category of "What's the harm of silly stuff like this?"
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ืชื—ืช ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” "ืžื” ื”ื ื–ืง ื‘ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”?"
01:08
this device, the ADE 651,
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ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ADE 651,
01:11
was sold to the Iraqi government
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ื ืžื›ืจ ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืขื™ืจืง
01:14
for 40,000 dollars apiece.
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ื‘ $40,000 ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
01:16
It's just like this one, completely worthless,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” - ื—ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:18
in which it allegedly worked by "electrostatic
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ืฉืืžื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืข"ื™ "ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื
01:20
magnetic ion attraction,"
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ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืœืงื˜ืจื•-ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,"
01:24
which translates to
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ืื• ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืฉืคื” ื™ืคื”:
01:26
"pseudoscientific baloney" -- would be the nice word --
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"ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช"
01:29
in which you string together a bunch of words that sound good,
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ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืชื” ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžืข ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:31
but it does absolutely nothing.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืื•ื.
01:33
In this case, at trespass points,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื’ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
01:36
allowing people to go through
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
01:38
because your little tracker device said they were okay,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
01:41
actually cost lives.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ืจื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:44
So there is a danger to pseudoscience,
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื›ื ื” ื‘ืคืกืื•ื“ื•-ืžื“ืข,
01:46
in believing in this sort of thing.
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ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืืœื”.
01:49
So what I want to talk about today is belief.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื”.
01:52
I want to believe,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ,
01:54
and you do too.
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ื•ื’ื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ.
01:56
And in fact, I think my thesis here is that
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื
01:58
belief is the natural state of things.
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ืฉืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
02:00
It is the default option. We just believe.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ. ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื.
02:02
We believe all sorts of things.
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:04
Belief is natural;
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ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
02:06
disbelief, skepticism, science, is not natural.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืกืคืงื ื•ืช, ืžื“ืข, ื”ื ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื.
02:08
It's more difficult.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”,
02:10
It's uncomfortable to not believe things.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื•ื— ืฉืœื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:12
So like Fox Mulder on "X-Files,"
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืงืก ืžื•ืœื“ืจ ื‘"ืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืืคืœื”,"
02:15
who wants to believe in UFOs? Well, we all do,
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
02:18
and the reason for that is because
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื
02:20
we have a belief engine in our brains.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื ื•ืข ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—.
02:23
Essentially, we are pattern-seeking primates.
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ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื.
02:26
We connect the dots: A is connected to B; B is connected to C.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช: A ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœ B, B ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœ C.
02:29
And sometimes A really is connected to B,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื A ื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœ B.
02:32
and that's called association learning.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืงืฉืจื™ื.
02:34
We find patterns, we make those connections,
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื,
02:37
whether it's Pavlov's dog here
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ื’ื ืื ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
02:39
associating the sound of the bell with the food,
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ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
02:42
and then he salivates to the sound of the bell,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืžืข ื”ืคืขืžื•ืŸ,
02:44
or whether it's a Skinnerian rat,
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ืื• ืื ื–ื” ื—ื•ืœื“ื” ืกืงื™ื ืจื™ืื ื™ืช,
02:46
in which he's having an association
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ื”ืžืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ
02:48
between his behavior and a reward for it,
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ,
02:50
and therefore he repeats the behavior.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
02:52
In fact, what Skinner discovered
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืกืงื™ื ืจ ื’ื™ืœื”
02:54
is that, if you put a pigeon in a box like this,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืชื›ื ื™ืกื• ื™ื•ื ื” ืœืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคืกื ื›ื–ื•,
02:57
and he has to press one of these two keys,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
02:59
and he tries to figure out what the pattern is,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ืคื•ืก,
03:01
and you give him a little reward in the hopper box there --
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ื•ืชืชื ื• ืœื” ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื ื›ืืŸ.
03:03
if you just randomly assign rewards
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ืื ืชืชื ื• ืชื’ืžื•ืœื™ื ืจื ื“ื•ืžืœื™ื™ื
03:06
such that there is no pattern,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ืคื•ืก,
03:08
they will figure out any kind of pattern.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื“ืคื•ืก ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
03:10
And whatever they were doing just before they got the reward,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ,
03:12
they repeat that particular pattern.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื“ืคื•ืก.
03:14
Sometimes it was even spinning around twice counterclockwise,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ,
03:17
once clockwise and peck the key twice.
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ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ, ื•ืื– ืœื ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
03:20
And that's called superstition,
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ื•ืœื–ื” ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืžื•ื ื” ืชืคืœื”.
03:22
and that, I'm afraid,
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ื•ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ,
03:24
we will always have with us.
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืžื ื•.
03:26
I call this process "patternicity" --
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” "ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื•ืช,"
03:28
that is, the tendency to find meaningful patterns
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืืชืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
03:30
in both meaningful and meaningless noise.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจืขืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื• ื—ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
03:33
When we do this process, we make two types of errors.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช.
03:36
A Type I error, or false positive,
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ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืžืกื•ื’ I, ืื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื’ื•ื™ (ืื–ืขืงืช ืฉื•ื•ื)
03:38
is believing a pattern is real
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™
03:40
when it's not.
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ื›ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ืœื.
03:42
Our second type of error is a false negative.
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ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืžืกื•ื’ II ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉื’ื•ื™ (ืคืกืคื•ืก)
03:44
A Type II error is not believing
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ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืžืกื•ื’ II ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื” ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ
03:46
a pattern is real when it is.
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ืฉื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืžื™ืชื™.
03:49
So let's do a thought experiment.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™.
03:51
You are a hominid three million years ago
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ืืช ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื
03:53
walking on the plains of Africa.
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ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
03:56
Your name is Lucy, okay?
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืš ืœื•ืกื™, ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
03:58
And you hear a rustle in the grass.
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ื•ืืช ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืจืฉืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืฉื.
04:00
Is it a dangerous predator,
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
04:02
or is it just the wind?
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ืื• ืฉื–ื• ืจืง ื”ืจื•ื—?
04:04
Your next decision could be the most important one of your life.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืš.
04:07
Well, if you think that the rustle in the grass is a dangerous predator
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉื”ืจืฉืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ
04:10
and it turns out it's just the wind,
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ืืช ืจืง ื”ืจื•ื—,
04:12
you've made an error in cognition,
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ืขืฉื™ืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ืช,
04:14
made a Type I error, false positive.
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ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ I ืฉืœ ืื–ืขืงืช ืฉื•ื•ื.
04:16
But no harm. You just move away.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงืจื” ื›ืœื•ื. ืืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžืฉื.
04:18
You're more cautious. You're more vigilant.
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ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื”ื™ืจื”. ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื™ืจื ื™ืช.
04:20
On the other hand, if you believe that the rustle in the grass is just the wind,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ืืช ืจืง ื”ืจื•ื—,
04:22
and it turns out it's a dangerous predator,
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ,
04:25
you're lunch.
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ื ื˜ืจืคืช.
04:27
You've just won a Darwin award.
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ื”ืจื’ืข ื–ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ื“ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
04:29
You've been taken out of the gene pool.
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ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™.
04:31
Now the problem here is that
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื
04:33
patternicities will occur whenever the cost
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ืฉื“ืคื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ
04:35
of making a Type I error
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ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ I
04:37
is less than the cost of making a Type II error.
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ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ II.
04:39
This is the only equation in the talk by the way.
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ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™.
04:41
We have a pattern detection problem
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื
04:43
that is assessing the difference between a Type I and a Type II error
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
04:46
is highly problematic,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ I ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ II,
04:48
especially in split-second, life-and-death situations.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช.
04:51
So the default position
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื
04:53
is just: Believe all patterns are real --
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"ื”ืืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื."
04:55
All rustles in the grass are dangerous predators
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"ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืฉื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
04:58
and not just the wind.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืจื•ื—."
05:00
And so I think that we evolved ...
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื‘ืจืจื ื•...
05:02
there was a natural selection for the propensity for our belief engines,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ,
05:05
our pattern-seeking brain processes,
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ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื,
05:07
to always find meaningful patterns
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื
05:09
and infuse them with these sort of
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืช
05:11
predatory or intentional agencies that I'll come back to.
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ืื• ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืื—"ื›.
05:14
So for example, what do you see here?
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ืื– ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ?
05:16
It's a horse head, that's right.
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ื–ื” ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก, ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:18
It looks like a horse. It must be a horse.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืก. ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืก.
05:20
That's a pattern.
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ื–ื” ื“ืคื•ืก.
05:22
And is it really a horse?
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ื•ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืกื•ืก?
05:24
Or is it more like a frog?
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืคืจื“ืข?
05:27
See, our pattern detection device,
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ืชืจืื•, ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:29
which appears to be located in the anterior cingulate cortex --
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ anterior cingulate cortex
05:32
it's our little detection device there --
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ื–ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ -
05:35
can be easily fooled, and this is the problem.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืžื™ื™ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช, ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
05:37
For example, what do you see here?
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ?
05:39
Yes, of course, it's a cow.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืืช ืคืจื”.
05:42
Once I prime the brain -- it's called cognitive priming --
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— - ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ื˜ืจืžื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช -
05:45
once I prime the brain to see it,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
05:47
it pops back out again even without the pattern that I've imposed on it.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืคืฅ ื—ื–ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉื›ืคื™ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•.
05:50
And what do you see here?
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ื•ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ?
05:52
Some people see a Dalmatian dog.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœื‘ ื“ืœืžื˜ื™.
05:54
Yes, there it is. And there's the prime.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื. ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ื˜ืจืžื”.
05:56
So when I go back without the prime,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœืœื ื”ื”ื˜ืจืžื”,
05:58
your brain already has the model
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ
06:00
so you can see it again.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘.
06:02
What do you see here?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ?
06:05
Planet Saturn. Yes, that's good.
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชืื™. ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
06:07
How about here?
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ื•ืžื” ื›ืืŸ?
06:10
Just shout out anything you see.
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ืชืฆืขืงื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
06:14
That's a good audience, Chris.
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ื–ื” ืงื”ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืจื™ืก.
06:16
Because there's nothing in this. Well, allegedly there's nothing.
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœื•ื. ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœื•ื.
06:19
This is an experiment done by Jennifer Whitson
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืจืš ืข"ื™ ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ื•ื™ื˜ืกื•ืŸ
06:22
at U.T. Austin
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก
06:24
on corporate environments
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ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
06:26
and whether feelings of uncertainty and out of control
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
06:29
makes people see illusory patterns.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืืฉืœื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
06:31
That is, almost everybody sees the planet Saturn.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชืื™.
06:34
People that are put in a condition of feeling out of control
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ืื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
06:37
are more likely to see something in this,
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ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื–ื”,
06:39
which is allegedly patternless.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจ ื“ืคื•ืก.
06:42
In other words, the propensity to find these patterns
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืืชืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื›ืืœื”
06:45
goes up when there's a lack of control.
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ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
06:48
For example, baseball players are notoriously superstitious
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืฉืžืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืคืœื•ืช
06:51
when they're batting,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
06:53
but not so much when they're fielding.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›"ื› ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื‘ื”ื’ื ื”.
06:55
Because fielders are successful
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื
06:57
90 to 95 percent of the time.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 90 ืขื“ 95 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
06:59
The best batters fail seven out of 10 times.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื›ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื 7 ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืš 10.
07:02
So their superstitions, their patternicities,
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ืื– ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
07:04
are all associated with feelings of lack of control
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ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”
07:07
and so forth.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
07:10
What do you see in this particular one here, in this field?
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ืžื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ?
07:13
Anybody see an object there?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจื•ืื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•?
07:15
There actually is something here,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•,
07:17
but it's degraded.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ื“ื”.
07:19
While you're thinking about that,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
07:21
this was an experiment done by Susan Blackmore,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืข"ื™ ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืœืงืžื•ืจ,
07:23
a psychologist in England,
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ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
07:25
who showed subjects this degraded image
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ืฉื”ืจืืชื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”
07:27
and then ran a correlation between
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื“ืงื” ืืช ื”ืžืชืื ืขื
07:29
their scores on an ESP test:
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœ-ื—ื•ืฉื™,
07:31
How much did they believe in the paranormal,
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
07:33
supernatural, angels and so forth.
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ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
07:36
And those who scored high on the ESP scale,
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืขืœ-ื—ื•ืฉื™,
07:39
tended to not only see
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ื ื˜ื• ืœื ืจืง ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:41
more patterns in the degraded images
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ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ื“ื™ื,
07:43
but incorrect patterns.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื.
07:45
Here is what you show subjects.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืœืื•ืชื ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื.
07:47
The fish is degraded 20 percent, 50 percent
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ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ ื™ืจื•ื“ื” ื‘ 20%, 50%
07:50
and then the one I showed you,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื ืงื•ื“ื,
07:52
70 percent.
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70%.
07:54
A similar experiment was done by another [Swiss] psychologist
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืข"ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ ืื—ืจ
07:56
named Peter Brugger,
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ื‘ืฉื ืคื™ื˜ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื’ืจ,
07:58
who found significantly more meaningful patterns
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ืฉืžืฆื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
08:01
were perceived on the right hemisphere,
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ื ืชืคืกื• ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—,
08:03
via the left visual field, than the left hemisphere.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช.
08:06
So if you present subjects the images such
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ืื– ืื ืชืจืื• ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื
08:08
that it's going to end up on the right hemisphere instead of the left,
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ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืžืืœื™ืช,
08:11
then they're more likely to see patterns
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ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืจืื• ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื,
08:13
than if you put it on the left hemisphere.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืœืื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช.
08:15
Our right hemisphere appears to be
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช
08:17
where a lot of this patternicity occurs.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
08:19
So what we're trying to do is bore into the brain
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืงื“ื•ื— ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—
08:21
to see where all this happens.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
08:23
Brugger and his colleague, Christine Mohr,
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ื‘ืจื•ื’ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืชืคืชื• ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจ
08:26
gave subjects L-DOPA.
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื L-DOPA.
08:28
L-DOPA's a drug, as you know, given for treating Parkinson's disease,
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L-DOPA ื”ื™ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืฉื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
08:31
which is related to a decrease in dopamine.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ.
08:34
L-DOPA increases dopamine.
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L-DOPA ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ.
08:36
An increase of dopamine caused
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื’ืจืžื”
08:38
subjects to see more patterns
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ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื
08:40
than those that did not receive the dopamine.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ.
08:42
So dopamine appears to be the drug
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
08:44
associated with patternicity.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื•ืช.
08:46
In fact, neuroleptic drugs
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืžื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœืคื˜ื™ื™ื
08:48
that are used to eliminate psychotic behavior,
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ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ืช
08:50
things like paranoia, delusions
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจื ื•ื™ื”, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื
08:52
and hallucinations,
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ื•ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช,
08:54
these are patternicities.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื•ื™ื•ืช.
08:56
They're incorrect patterns. They're false positives. They're Type I errors.
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ืืœื” ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืงืจื™ื™ื. ืืœื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ I.
08:59
And if you give them drugs
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ื•ืื ืชืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
09:01
that are dopamine antagonists,
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ืฉื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ (ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื)
09:03
they go away.
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ื”ื ื™ื™ืขืœืžื•.
09:05
That is, you decrease the amount of dopamine,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ืชืงื˜ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ,
09:07
and their tendency to see
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ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœืจืื•ืช
09:09
patterns like that decreases.
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ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืชืงื˜ืŸ.
09:11
On the other hand, amphetamines like cocaine
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืืžืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ
09:14
are dopamine agonists.
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ื”ื ืื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ.
09:16
They increase the amount of dopamine.
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ื”ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ.
09:18
So you're more likely to feel in a euphoric state,
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ืื– ืขื•ืœื™ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื•ืคื•ืจื™ื”,
09:21
creativity, find more patterns.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชืžืฆืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื.
09:23
In fact, I saw Robin Williams recently
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืืžืก
09:25
talk about how he thought he was much funnier
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ืžืกืคืจ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฆื—ื™ืง
09:27
when he was doing cocaine, when he had that issue, than now.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืงื•ืงืื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืจ, ืžืืฉืจ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
09:30
So perhaps more dopamine
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ
09:32
is related to more creativity.
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ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
09:34
Dopamine, I think, changes
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ื”
09:36
our signal-to-noise ratio.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ืœืจืขืฉ.
09:38
That is, how accurate we are
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื
09:40
in finding patterns.
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ื‘ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื.
09:42
If it's too low, you're more likely to make too many Type II errors.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ืžื“ื™, ืืชื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ II.
09:45
You miss the real patterns. You don't want to be too skeptical.
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ืืชื ืžืคืกืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืงื ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™.
09:47
If you're too skeptical, you'll miss the really interesting good ideas.
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืกืคืงื ื™ื™ื, ืืชื ืชืคืกืคืกื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:51
Just right, you're creative, and yet you don't fall for too much baloney.
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืืชื ืชื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ืžื›ืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื•ืงืฉื™ื.
09:54
Too high and maybe you see patterns everywhere.
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ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื™ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืื• ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
09:57
Every time somebody looks at you, you think people are staring at you.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื›ื, ืืชื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขืฅ ื‘ื›ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
10:00
You think people are talking about you.
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ืืชื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื.
10:02
And if you go too far on that, that's just simply
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ื•ืื ืชืจื—ื™ืงื• ืœื›ืช, ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ
10:04
labeled as madness.
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ื ืงืจื ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ.
10:06
It's a distinction perhaps we might make
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ื–ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
10:08
between two Nobel laureates, Richard Feynman
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืคื™ื™ื ืžืŸ
10:10
and John Nash.
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ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ืืฉ.
10:12
One sees maybe just the right number
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ื”ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื
10:14
of patterns to win a Nobel Prize.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ.
10:16
The other one also, but maybe too many patterns.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื’ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื.
10:18
And we then call that schizophrenia.
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”.
10:21
So the signal-to-noise ratio then presents us with a pattern-detection problem.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืช ืœืจืขืฉ ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื.
10:24
And of course you all know exactly
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
10:26
what this is, right?
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ืžื” ื–ื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:28
And what pattern do you see here?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ?
10:30
Again, I'm putting your anterior cingulate cortex to the test here,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื” anterior cingulate cortex ืฉืœื›ื,
10:33
causing you conflicting pattern detections.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ื ืœืืชืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื.
10:36
You know, of course, this is Via Uno shoes.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืืœื” ื ืขืœื™ ื•ื™ื” ืื•ื ื•.
10:38
These are sandals.
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ืืœื” ืกื ื“ืœื™ื.
10:41
Pretty sexy feet, I must say.
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ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื“ื™ ืกืงืกื™ื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืžืจ.
10:44
Maybe a little Photoshopped.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืขื‘ืจื• ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค.
10:46
And of course, the ambiguous figures
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช
10:48
that seem to flip-flop back and forth.
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืงื•ืคืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
10:50
It turns out what you're thinking about a lot
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื›ื
10:52
influences what you
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ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื”
10:54
tend to see.
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ืฉืืชื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
10:56
And you see the lamp here, I know.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข.
10:58
Because the lights on here.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืœืงื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
11:01
Of course, thanks to the environmentalist movement
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช
11:03
we're all sensitive to the plight of marine mammals.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืงืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
11:06
So what you see in this particular ambiguous figure
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื• ืžืฉืžืขื™ ื”ื–ื”
11:09
is, of course, the dolphins, right?
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:11
You see a dolphin here,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ.
11:13
and there's a dolphin,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ.
11:15
and there's a dolphin.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ.
11:17
That's a dolphin tail there, guys.
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ื–ื” ื–ื ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื.
11:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:25
If we can give you conflicting data, again,
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ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื‘,
11:28
your ACC is going to be going into hyperdrive.
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ื” ACC ื‘ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช-ืขืœ.
11:31
If you look down here, it's fine. If you look up here, then you get conflicting data.
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืœืžื˜ื”, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื•ืชืจ.
11:34
And then we have to flip the image
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™
11:36
for you to see that it's a set up.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœื™ื›ื.
11:40
The impossible crate illusion.
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ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืืจื’ื– ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™.
11:42
It's easy to fool the brain in 2D.
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ืงืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
11:44
So you say, "Aw, come on Shermer, anybody can do that
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ืื– ืชื’ื™ื“ื• "ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืจืžืจ, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
11:46
in a Psych 101 text with an illusion like that."
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ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื ืืฉืœื™ื” ื›ื–ื•."
11:48
Well here's the late, great Jerry Andrus'
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ
11:50
"impossible crate" illusion in 3D,
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ื’'ืจื™ ืื ื“ืจื•ืก ื”ืžื ื•ื— - "ืืจื’ื– ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™,"
11:53
in which Jerry is standing inside
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ื•ื‘ื” ื’'ืจื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš
11:55
the impossible crate.
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ื”ืืจื’ื– ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
11:57
And he was kind enough to post this
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ืคืจืกื ืืช ื–ื”
11:59
and give us the reveal.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื” ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
12:01
Of course, camera angle is everything. The photographer is over there,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ. ื”ืฆืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ.
12:04
and this board appears to overlap with this one, and this one with that one, and so on.
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ื•ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืคืฃ ืขื ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
12:07
But even when I take it away,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”,
12:09
the illusion is so powerful because of how are brains are wired
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ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜
12:11
to find those certain kinds of patterns.
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ืœืืชืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื”.
12:14
This is a fairly new one
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ื”ื ื” ืืฉืœื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช
12:16
that throws us off because of the conflicting patterns
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ืฉืžื˜ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืกื•ืชืจื™ื
12:18
of comparing this angle with that angle.
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืขื ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช.
12:21
In fact, it's the exact same picture side by side.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืœื” ืฉืชื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช.
12:24
So what you're doing is comparing that angle
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
12:26
instead of with this one, but with that one.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื–ื•, ืœื–ื•.
12:28
And so your brain is fooled.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืžื•ืœืš ืฉื•ืœืœ.
12:30
Yet again, your pattern detection devices are fooled.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื™ืชื•ืจ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื.
12:32
Faces are easy to see
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ืงืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™ื
12:34
because we have an additional evolved
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ื›ื™ ื ื‘ืจืจื” ืืฆืœื ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื”
12:36
facial recognition software
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ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื
12:38
in our temporal lobes.
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ื‘ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช (ืฆื“ื™ื•ืช) ืฉืœื ื•.
12:41
Here's some faces on the side of a rock.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืกืœืข.
12:44
I'm actually not even sure if this is -- this might be Photoshopped.
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื ื–ื” - ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค.
12:47
But anyway, the point is still made.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื”.
12:49
Now which one of these looks odd to you?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ืืŸ ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ?
12:51
In a quick reaction, which one looks odd?
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”, ืžื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ?
12:53
The one on the left. Okay. So I'll rotate it
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ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ. ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื•
12:55
so it'll be the one on the right.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ.
12:57
And you are correct.
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ื•ืืชื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื.
12:59
A fairly famous illusion -- it was first done with Margaret Thatcher.
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ืืฉืœื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื ืขืฉืชื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืช'ืืฆ'ืจ.
13:02
Now, they trade up the politicians every time.
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ืขื›ื™ืฉื•, ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
13:04
Well, why is this happening?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
13:06
Well, we know exactly where it happens,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
13:08
in the temporal lobe, right across, sort of above your ear there,
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ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ืช, ืžืขืœ ืœืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื›ืืŸ.
13:11
in a little structure called the fusiform gyrus.
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ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื ืงืจื ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™-ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจ (fusiform gyrus).
13:14
And there's two types of cells that do this,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืชืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช,
13:16
that record facial features either globally,
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ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืชื•ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™,
13:19
or specifically these large, rapid-firing cells,
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ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ืืœื” ืชืื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
13:21
first look at the general face.
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื.
13:23
So you recognize Obama immediately.
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ื›ืš ืืชื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืืช ืื•ื‘ืžื”.
13:25
And then you notice something quite
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื˜
13:27
a little bit odd about the eyes and the mouth.
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ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืคื”.
13:29
Especially when they're upside down,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื,
13:31
you're engaging that general facial recognition software there.
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ืืชื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ื.
13:34
Now I said back in our little thought experiment,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžืงื•ื“ื ืืžืจืชื™
13:37
you're a hominid walking on the plains of Africa.
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ืฉืืช ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืขื“ืช ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
13:39
Is it just the wind or a dangerous predator?
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ื”ืื ื–ืืช ืจืง ื”ืจื•ื— ืื• ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ?
13:42
What's the difference between those?
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ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื?
13:44
Well, the wind is inanimate;
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจื•ื— ืื™ื ื” ื—ื™ื”,
13:46
the dangerous predator is an intentional agent.
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ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
13:48
And I call this process agenticity.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
13:50
That is the tendency to infuse patterns
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื“ืคื•ืกื™ื
13:52
with meaning, intention and agency,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”,
13:54
often invisible beings from the top down.
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช.
13:57
This is an idea that we got
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ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™
13:59
from a fellow TEDster here, Dan Dennett,
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ืžื—ื‘ืจ TED ื›ืืŸ, ื“ืŸ ื“ื ื˜,
14:01
who talked about taking the intentional stance.
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ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
14:03
So it's a type of that expanded to explain, I think, a lot of different things:
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
14:06
souls, spirits, ghosts, gods, demons, angels,
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ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ืืœื•ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื“ื™ื, ืžืœืื›ื™ื,
14:09
aliens, intelligent designers,
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ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืืชื ื™ื,
14:11
government conspiracists
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ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื,
14:13
and all manner of invisible agents
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ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื
14:15
with power and intention, are believed
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ื•ื— ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื”, ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
14:17
to haunt our world and control our lives.
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ืฉื”ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
14:19
I think it's the basis of animism
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืื ื™ืžื™ื–ื
14:21
and polytheism and monotheism.
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ืคื•ืœื™ืชืื™ื–ื ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืชืื™ื–ื.
14:24
It's the belief that aliens are somehow
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ื–ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
14:26
more advanced than us, more moral than us,
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ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
14:28
and the narratives always are
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ื•ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“
14:30
that they're coming here to save us and rescue us from on high.
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
14:33
The intelligent designer's always portrayed
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ื”ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืžืชื•ืืจ ืชืžื™ื“
14:35
as this super intelligent, moral being
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ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืกื•ืคืจ-ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
14:38
that comes down to design life.
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ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:40
Even the idea that government can rescue us --
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
14:42
that's no longer the wave of the future,
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ื–ืืช ืื™ื ื” ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช
14:44
but that is, I think, a type of agenticity:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช,
14:46
projecting somebody up there,
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ืขืœื” ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”,
14:48
big and powerful, will come rescue us.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•.
14:50
And this is also, I think, the basis of conspiracy theories.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
14:52
There's somebody hiding behind there pulling the strings,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืžืชื—ื‘ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืš ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื,
14:55
whether it's the Illuminati
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื˜ื™
14:57
or the Bilderbergers.
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ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืœื“ืจื‘ืจื’ืจื™ื.
14:59
But this is a pattern detection problem, isn't it?
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
15:01
Some patterns are real and some are not.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื.
15:03
Was JFK assassinated by a conspiracy or by a lone assassin?
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ื”ืื ืงื ื“ื™ ื ืจืฆื— ืข"ื™ ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื” ืื• ืข"ื™ ืžืชื ืงืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื“?
15:06
Well, if you go there -- there's people there on any given day --
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ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื - ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื -
15:09
like when I went there, here -- showing me where the different shooters were.
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ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื, ื”ื ื” - ืžืจืื™ื ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœืคื™ื.
15:12
My favorite one was he was in the manhole.
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ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ืจ
15:15
And he popped out at the last second, took that shot.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืคืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื”.
15:18
But of course, Lincoln was assassinated by a conspiracy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื ืจืฆื— ื‘ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
15:20
So we can't just uniformly dismiss
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ืื– ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ
15:22
all patterns like that.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
15:24
Because, let's face it, some patterns are real.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืช, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™.
15:26
Some conspiracies really are true.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื›ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
15:30
Explains a lot, maybe.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื•ืœื™.
15:32
And 9/11 has a conspiracy theory. It is a conspiracy.
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ื•ืœืืจื•ืขื™ 9 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
15:35
We did a whole issue on it.
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ื”ืงื“ืฉื ื• ืœื›ืš ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื.
15:37
Nineteen members of Al Queda plotting to fly planes into buildings
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19 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืืœ ืงืขื™ื“ื” ื–ื•ืžืžื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื™ื
15:39
constitutes a conspiracy.
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ื–ืืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื™ืจืฆื™ื”.
15:41
But that's not what the "9/11 truthers" think.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ "ื”ืืžืช ืขืœ 9/11."
15:43
They think it was an inside job by the Bush administration.
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืฆืข ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ.
15:46
Well, that's a whole other lecture.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืื—ืจืช.
15:48
You know how we know that 9/11
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉ 9/11
15:50
was not orchestrated by the Bush administration?
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ืœื ืชื•ื–ืžืจ ืข"ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ?
15:52
Because it worked.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
15:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:00
So we are natural-born dualists.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืœื™ื“ื”.
16:02
Our agenticity process comes from
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข
16:04
the fact that we can enjoy movies like these.
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ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
16:06
Because we can imagine, in essence,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช,
16:08
continuing on.
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ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช.
16:10
We know that if you stimulate the temporal lobe,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ืžื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ืช,
16:12
you can produce a feeling of out-of-body experiences,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืคื™ื•ืช,
16:14
near-death experiences,
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ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช,
16:16
which you can do by just touching an electrode to the temporal lobe there.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ืช ืฉื.
16:19
Or you can do it through loss of consciousness,
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ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืข"ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื”,
16:21
by accelerating in a centrifuge.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืืฆื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ื’ื”.
16:23
You get a hypoxia, or a lower oxygen.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืกื™ื”, ืื• ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ืžื•ืš.
16:26
And the brain then senses
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ืฉ
16:28
that there's an out-of-body experience.
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ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืคื™ืช.
16:30
You can use -- which I did, went out and did --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ - ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” -
16:32
Michael Persinger's God Helmet,
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ื‘ืงืกื“ืช ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคืจืกื™ื ื’ืจ,
16:34
that bombards your temporal lobes with electromagnetic waves.
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ืฉืžืคื’ื™ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคื•ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื’ืœื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
16:36
And you get a sense of out-of-body experience.
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ื•ืืชื ื—ืฉื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื•ืคื™ืช.
16:39
So I'm going to end here with a short video clip
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืืกื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ
16:41
that sort of brings all this together.
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื—ื“.
16:43
It's just a minute and a half.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื“ืงื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.
16:45
It ties together all this into the power of expectation and the power of belief.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืฉืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ืืžื•ื ื”.
16:48
Go ahead and roll it.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ.
16:50
Narrator: This is the venue they chose for their fake auditions
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื“ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคื™ื
16:53
for an advert for lip balm.
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ืœืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœืฉืคืชื•ืŸ.
16:55
Woman: We're hoping we can use part of this
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ืืฉื”: ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”
16:57
in a national commercial, right?
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ืœืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื˜ื•ื‘.
16:59
And this is test on some lip balms
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืคืชื•ื ื™ื
17:01
that we have over here.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
17:03
And these are our models who are going to help us,
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื ื•,
17:05
Roger and Matt.
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ืจื•ื’'ืจ ื•ืžืื˜.
17:07
And we have our own lip balm,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
17:09
and we have a leading brand.
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ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ืง.
17:11
Would you have any problem
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ื”ืื ืื›ืคืช ืœื›ืŸ
17:13
kissing our models to test it?
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ืœื ืฉืง ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื?
17:15
Girl: No.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจื”: "ืœื."
17:17
Woman: You wouldn't? (Girl: No.) Woman: You'd think that was fine.
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"ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœืš?" "ืœื" "ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœืš ื‘ืกื“ืจ?"
17:19
Girl: That would be fine. (Woman: Okay.)
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"ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ." "ืื•ืงื™ื™."
17:21
So this is a blind test.
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"ืื– ื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ.
17:24
I'm going to ask you to go ahead
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืš
17:26
and put a blindfold on.
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ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ืš.
17:29
Kay, now can you see anything? (Girl: No.)
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•?" "ืœื."
17:32
Pull it so you can't even see down. (Girl: Okay.)
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"ืชื•ืจื™ื“ื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ืชืจืื™ ืœืžื˜ื”." "ืื•ืงื™ื™."
17:34
Woman: It's completely blind now, right?
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"ืืช ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื›ืœื•ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
17:36
Girl: Yes. (Woman: Okay.)
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"ื ื›ื•ืŸ." "ืื•ืงื™ื™.
17:38
Now, what I'm going to be looking for in this test
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
17:41
is how it protects your lips,
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ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืคืชื•ืŸ ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉืคืชื™ืš,
17:44
the texture, right,
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ื”ืžืจืงื, ื›ืŸ?
17:46
and maybe if you can discern any flavor or not.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืื ืืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•."
17:49
Girl: Okay. (Woman: Have you ever done a kissing test before?)
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"ืื•ืงื™ื™." "ื”ืื ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืขื‘ืจ?"
17:52
Girl: No.
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"ืœื."
17:54
Woman: Take a step here.
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"ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœื›ืืŸ.
17:56
Okay, now I'm going to ask you to pucker up.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื›ื™ื ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื.
17:58
Pucker up big and lean in just a little bit, okay?
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ืชืชื›ื•ื ื ื™ ื•ืชื™ืฉืขื ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™."
18:06
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
18:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:30
Woman: Okay.
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"ืื•ืงื™ื™.
18:32
And, Jennifer, how did that feel?
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ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ - ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”?"
18:34
Jennifer: Good.
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"ื˜ื•ื‘."
18:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:43
Girl: Oh my God!
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"ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื."
18:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:50
Michael Shermer: Thank you very much. Thank you. Thanks.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืฉืจืžืจ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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