The pattern behind self-deception | Michael Shermer

729,912 views ใƒป 2010-06-14

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Sun Young Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Nakho Kim
00:16
So since I was here last in '06,
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2006๋…„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์ดํ›„
00:19
we discovered that global climate change
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๊ฐ€
00:21
is turning out to be a pretty serious issue,
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
so we covered that fairly extensively
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฝค ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
00:25
in Skeptic magazine.
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์Šค์ผ‘ํ‹ฑ ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ค˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
We investigate all kinds
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
00:29
of scientific and quasi-scientific controversies,
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๊ณผํ•™์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์œ ์‚ฌ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋…ผ๋ž€๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:32
but it turns out we don't have to worry about any of this
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์„ ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
because the world's going to end in 2012.
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2012๋…„ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ข…๋ง์ด ์˜ฌํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”..
00:36
Another update:
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋” ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด ์†Œ์‹์ด...
00:38
You will recall I introduced you guys
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€
00:40
to the Quadro Tracker.
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์ฟผ๋“œ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ž˜์ปค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆฐ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
It's like a water dowsing device.
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์ˆ˜๋งฅ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ฃ .
00:44
It's just a hollow piece of plastic with an antenna that swivels around.
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํšŒ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ˆํ…Œ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋นˆ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šคํ‹ฑ ๋ง‰๋Œ€์ธ๋ฐ
00:47
And you walk around, and it points to things.
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์ด๋ฆฌ ์ €๋ฆฌ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค์ฃ .
00:49
Like if you're looking for marijuana in students' lockers,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์‚ฌ๋ฌผํ•จ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ๋ฆฌํ™”๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„๋•Œ
00:52
it'll point right to somebody.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋“ฏ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:54
Oh, sorry. (Laughter)
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์ด๋Ÿฐ, ์ฃ„์†กํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
00:56
This particular one that was given to me
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์€
00:58
finds golf balls,
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๊ณจํ”„ ๊ณต์„ ์ฐพ์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:00
especially if you're at a golf course
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณจํ”„ ์ฝ”์Šค์—์„œ
01:02
and you check under enough bushes.
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์ˆ˜ํ’€ ์•„๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ ธ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:05
Well, under the category of "What's the harm of silly stuff like this?"
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"์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์˜ ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ์ ์ด ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‚˜"์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
01:08
this device, the ADE 651,
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์ด ADE 651์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€
01:11
was sold to the Iraqi government
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์ด๋ผํฌ ์ •๋ถ€์—
01:14
for 40,000 dollars apiece.
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์— 4๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ ํŒ”๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
It's just like this one, completely worthless,
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์ด๊ฑฐ๋ž‘ ๊ผญ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ . ์ „ํ˜€ ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†์ฃ .
01:18
in which it allegedly worked by "electrostatic
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด ๋…€์„์€ ์†Œ์œ„ "์ •์ „๊ธฐ ์ž์„ฑ ์ด์˜จ ์ธ๋ ฅ"
01:20
magnetic ion attraction,"
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์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
which translates to
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด
01:26
"pseudoscientific baloney" -- would be the nice word --
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"์œ ์‚ฌ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ" ๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•  ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋„ค์š”
01:29
in which you string together a bunch of words that sound good,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด์‹ธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ๋†“์•˜์ง€๋งŒ
01:31
but it does absolutely nothing.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
01:33
In this case, at trespass points,
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”, ๊ฒ€๋ฌธ์†Œ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์„œ
01:36
allowing people to go through
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋ณ„ํ•ด์ค˜์„œ
01:38
because your little tracker device said they were okay,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๋Š”
01:41
actually cost lives.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ธ๋ช… ์†์‹ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
So there is a danger to pseudoscience,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ, ์œ ์‚ฌ ๊ณผํ•™์—๋Š” ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋„์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
in believing in this sort of thing.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:49
So what I want to talk about today is belief.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:52
I want to believe,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ฏฟ๊ณ ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
and you do too.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ 
01:56
And in fact, I think my thesis here is that
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ ์ „์ œ๋Š”
01:58
belief is the natural state of things.
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๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
It is the default option. We just believe.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์˜ต์…˜์ด์ฃ . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
We believe all sorts of things.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
Belief is natural;
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๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
disbelief, skepticism, science, is not natural.
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๋ถˆ์‹ , ํšŒ์˜, ๊ณผํ•™์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:08
It's more difficult.
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๋ถˆ์‹ ์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
It's uncomfortable to not believe things.
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๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
So like Fox Mulder on "X-Files,"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—‘์ŠคํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ๋ฉ€๋” ์š”์›์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:15
who wants to believe in UFOs? Well, we all do,
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ UFO์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ• ๊นŒ์š”? ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฏฟ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ฃ .
02:18
and the reason for that is because
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด
02:20
we have a belief engine in our brains.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘๋‡Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ ์—”์ง„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
Essentially, we are pattern-seeking primates.
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๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
We connect the dots: A is connected to B; B is connected to C.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค: A๋Š” B์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, B๋Š” C๋ž‘ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์ฃ .
02:29
And sometimes A really is connected to B,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ A๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ B์™€ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ผ ์žˆ์ฃ .
02:32
and that's called association learning.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉํ•™์Šต์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:34
We find patterns, we make those connections,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ ,
02:37
whether it's Pavlov's dog here
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ํŒŒ๋ธ”๋กœํ”„์˜ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€
02:39
associating the sound of the bell with the food,
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์ข…์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์Œ์‹๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง“๊ณ 
02:42
and then he salivates to the sound of the bell,
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์ข…์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ์นจ์„ ํ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ ,
02:44
or whether it's a Skinnerian rat,
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์Šคํ‚ค๋„ˆ์˜ ์ฅ๊ฐ€
02:46
in which he's having an association
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ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ๋ณด์ƒ ๊ฐ„์—
02:48
between his behavior and a reward for it,
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์—ฐ๊ด€์„ ์ง€์–ด์„œ
02:50
and therefore he repeats the behavior.
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๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋“  ๊ฐ„์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:52
In fact, what Skinner discovered
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์Šคํ‚ค๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:54
is that, if you put a pigeon in a box like this,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ์ž์— ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋‘ฌ๋†“๊ณ 
02:57
and he has to press one of these two keys,
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ‚ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:59
and he tries to figure out what the pattern is,
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์ž‘์€ ์นธ์— ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋–จ์–ดํŠธ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด
03:01
and you give him a little reward in the hopper box there --
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๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
if you just randomly assign rewards
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
03:06
such that there is no pattern,
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ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:08
they will figure out any kind of pattern.
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๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
And whatever they were doing just before they got the reward,
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๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง์ „ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋™์ž‘์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด์—ˆ๋“  ๊ฐ„์—,
03:12
they repeat that particular pattern.
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๊ทธ ํŠน์ • ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:14
Sometimes it was even spinning around twice counterclockwise,
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๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ทธ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์‹œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‘๋ฒˆ ๋Œ๊ณ ,
03:17
once clockwise and peck the key twice.
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๊ณ , ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ฒˆ ์ชผ๋Š” ๋™์ž‘์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
And that's called superstition,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:22
and that, I'm afraid,
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์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„,
03:24
we will always have with us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:26
I call this process "patternicity" --
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ "ํŒจํ„ด์„ฑ"์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
that is, the tendency to find meaningful patterns
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์ฆ‰, ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด์ฃ 
03:30
in both meaningful and meaningless noise.
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์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์žก์Œ๋“ค ์†์—์„œ๋“ , ์—†๋Š” ์†์—์„œ๋“  ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
03:33
When we do this process, we make two types of errors.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ• ๋•Œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
A Type I error, or false positive,
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์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜, ๋˜๋Š” ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ธ์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:38
is believing a pattern is real
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ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์ง„์งœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ๋ฐ
03:40
when it's not.
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ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์ง„์งœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
Our second type of error is a false negative.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ถ€์ •์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:44
A Type II error is not believing
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์ œ2์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋Š”
03:46
a pattern is real when it is.
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ํŒจํ„ด์ด ๋งž๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
So let's do a thought experiment.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
You are a hominid three million years ago
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํ‰์›์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‹๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
03:53
walking on the plains of Africa.
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์‚ผ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „ ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Your name is Lucy, okay?
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์ด๋ฆ„์€ ๋ฃจ์”จ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์ฃ ?
03:58
And you hear a rustle in the grass.
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์ˆ˜ํ’€ ์†์—์„œ ๋ถ€์Šค๋Ÿญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
Is it a dangerous predator,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋งน์ˆ˜์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:02
or is it just the wind?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:04
Your next decision could be the most important one of your life.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
Well, if you think that the rustle in the grass is a dangerous predator
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜ํ’€์ด ๋ถ€์Šค๋Ÿญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋งน์ˆ˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:10
and it turns out it's just the wind,
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:12
you've made an error in cognition,
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
made a Type I error, false positive.
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์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜, ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ธ์ • ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
04:16
But no harm. You just move away.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฑด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๋˜์ฃ .
04:18
You're more cautious. You're more vigilant.
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์ข€ ๋” ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ๊ณ , ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
On the other hand, if you believe that the rustle in the grass is just the wind,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ˆ˜ํ’€ ๋ถ€์Šค๋Ÿญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:22
and it turns out it's a dangerous predator,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋งน์ˆ˜ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:25
you're lunch.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ ์‹ฌ๊บผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:27
You've just won a Darwin award.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค์œˆ ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜์‹  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
You've been taken out of the gene pool.
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์œ ์ „์ž ํ’€์—์„œ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์…จ์ฃ .
04:31
Now the problem here is that
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
04:33
patternicities will occur whenever the cost
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์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ด
04:35
of making a Type I error
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์ œ2์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
04:37
is less than the cost of making a Type II error.
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๋Š˜์ƒ ํŒจํ„ด์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
This is the only equation in the talk by the way.
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์•„, ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋“ฑ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
We have a pattern detection problem
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1์ข…๊ณผ 2์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
04:43
that is assessing the difference between a Type I and a Type II error
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๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
04:46
is highly problematic,
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
especially in split-second, life-and-death situations.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:51
So the default position
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์€
04:53
is just: Believe all patterns are real --
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๊ทธ์ € ๋ชจ๋“  ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
All rustles in the grass are dangerous predators
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"๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆ˜ํ’€์˜ ๋ถ€์Šค๋Ÿญ๊ฑฐ๋ฆผ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:58
and not just the wind.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋งน์ˆ˜์ด๋‹ค."
05:00
And so I think that we evolved ...
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:02
there was a natural selection for the propensity for our belief engines,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ ์—”์ง„์ด ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:05
our pattern-seeking brain processes,
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๊ณ 
05:07
to always find meaningful patterns
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(๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ• ) ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
05:09
and infuse them with these sort of
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๊ณต๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์˜๋„์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์„
05:11
predatory or intentional agencies that I'll come back to.
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์ƒ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” 'ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰" ๋‘๋‡Œ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:14
So for example, what do you see here?
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:16
It's a horse head, that's right.
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๋ง์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
It looks like a horse. It must be a horse.
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๋ง์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์ฃ . ๋ง์ผ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
That's a pattern.
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ํŒจํ„ด์ด์ฃ .
05:22
And is it really a horse?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ง„์งœ ๋ง์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:24
Or is it more like a frog?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋” ๋‹ฎ์•˜์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:27
See, our pattern detection device,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:29
which appears to be located in the anterior cingulate cortex --
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์ „์ธก ๋Œ€์ƒํ”ผ์งˆ ์˜์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
05:32
it's our little detection device there --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ๋ฐ
05:35
can be easily fooled, and this is the problem.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์†์•„๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ฃ .
05:37
For example, what do you see here?
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:39
Yes, of course, it's a cow.
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๋„ค, ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
Once I prime the brain -- it's called cognitive priming --
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋‹จ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด -- ๋ณดํ†ต ์ธ์ง€์ ํ™”๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค --
05:45
once I prime the brain to see it,
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด
05:47
it pops back out again even without the pattern that I've imposed on it.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ๊ทธ ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
05:50
And what do you see here?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š”?
05:52
Some people see a Dalmatian dog.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ฌ๋งˆ์‹œ์•ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
Yes, there it is. And there's the prime.
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ . ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์ ํ™”์ž๊ทน์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:56
So when I go back without the prime,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ ํ™”์ž๊ทน ์—†์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ทธ ์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋ด๋„
05:58
your brain already has the model
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
06:00
so you can see it again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
06:02
What do you see here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
06:05
Planet Saturn. Yes, that's good.
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ํ† ์„ฑ์ด์š”.. ๋„ค. ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:07
How about here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
06:10
Just shout out anything you see.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ง€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ณ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
06:14
That's a good audience, Chris.
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์•„ํ•˜.. ์ข‹์€ ์ฒญ์ค‘์ด์‹œ๋„ค์š”. ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค(์—ญ์ฃผ: TEDํ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ).
06:16
Because there's nothing in this. Well, allegedly there's nothing.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”. ๋ญ, ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ ๋“ค ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:19
This is an experiment done by Jennifer Whitson
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ค์Šคํ‹ด ์บ ํผ์Šค์˜
06:22
at U.T. Austin
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Jennifer Whitson์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:24
on corporate environments
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๊ธฐ์—… ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ
06:26
and whether feelings of uncertainty and out of control
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๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•จ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด
06:29
makes people see illusory patterns.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:31
That is, almost everybody sees the planet Saturn.
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์ฆ‰, ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ† ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
People that are put in a condition of feeling out of control
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“œ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:37
are more likely to see something in this,
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์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ํŒจํ„ด์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„
06:39
which is allegedly patternless.
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:42
In other words, the propensity to find these patterns
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€
06:45
goes up when there's a lack of control.
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ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ ๋” ์ปค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
For example, baseball players are notoriously superstitious
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€
06:51
when they're batting,
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์ˆ˜๋น„ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์‹ฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ
06:53
but not so much when they're fielding.
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ํƒ€์„์—์„œ๋Š” ์•…๋ช…๋†’์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์„ ๋ฏฟ๊ณค ํ•˜์ฃ .
06:55
Because fielders are successful
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ˆ˜๋น„์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ 90์—์„œ 95ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„๋Š”
06:57
90 to 95 percent of the time.
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์„ฑ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
The best batters fail seven out of 10 times.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํƒ€์ž๋Š” ์—ด์— ์ผ๊ณฑ๋ฒˆ์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:02
So their superstitions, their patternicities,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฏธ์‹ , ํŒจํ„ด์„ฑ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€
07:04
are all associated with feelings of lack of control
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๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Š๋‚Œ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ
07:07
and so forth.
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๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:10
What do you see in this particular one here, in this field?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
07:13
Anybody see an object there?
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๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„?
07:15
There actually is something here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
but it's degraded.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ญ‰๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
While you're thinking about that,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด,
07:21
this was an experiment done by Susan Blackmore,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ธ
07:23
a psychologist in England,
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Susan Blackmore๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ
07:25
who showed subjects this degraded image
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์ด ๋ญ‰๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ
07:27
and then ran a correlation between
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ดˆ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(ESP) ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ์ ์ˆ˜์™€
07:29
their scores on an ESP test:
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์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ, ์ฒœ์‚ฌ ๋ญ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
07:31
How much did they believe in the paranormal,
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๋ฏฟ๋Š” ์ •๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
07:33
supernatural, angels and so forth.
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์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
And those who scored high on the ESP scale,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ESP ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
07:39
tended to not only see
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๋ญ‰๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์—์„œ
07:41
more patterns in the degraded images
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ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์•˜์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:43
but incorrect patterns.
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
Here is what you show subjects.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:47
The fish is degraded 20 percent, 50 percent
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๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” 20ํผ์„ผํŠธ, 50ํผ์„ผํŠธ ๋ญ‰๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:50
and then the one I showed you,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:52
70 percent.
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70ํผ์„ผํŠธ ๋ญ‰๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:54
A similar experiment was done by another [Swiss] psychologist
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์ธ Peter Brugger ์—ญ์‹œ
07:56
named Peter Brugger,
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
who found significantly more meaningful patterns
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ขŒ๋‡Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋‡Œ์—์„œ
08:01
were perceived on the right hemisphere,
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์ขŒ์ธก์‹œ์•ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:03
via the left visual field, than the left hemisphere.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
08:06
So if you present subjects the images such
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์ฆ‰ ์ขŒ๋‡Œ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋‡Œ์—
08:08
that it's going to end up on the right hemisphere instead of the left,
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์ธ์‹์ด ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:11
then they're more likely to see patterns
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์ขŒ๋‡Œ์˜์—ญ์— ์ œ์‹œํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:13
than if you put it on the left hemisphere.
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ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
Our right hemisphere appears to be
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์šฐ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ฑ์ด
08:17
where a lot of this patternicity occurs.
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๋งŽ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜์—ญ์ธ ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
So what we're trying to do is bore into the brain
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ณ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€
08:21
to see where all this happens.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
Brugger and his colleague, Christine Mohr,
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Brugger์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ Christine Mohr๋Š”
08:26
gave subjects L-DOPA.
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ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ L-DOPA ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
L-DOPA's a drug, as you know, given for treating Parkinson's disease,
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L-DOPA ๋Š” ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ
08:31
which is related to a decrease in dopamine.
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๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์€ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
L-DOPA increases dopamine.
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L-DOPA ๋Š” ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ
08:36
An increase of dopamine caused
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๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š”
08:38
subjects to see more patterns
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ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด
08:40
than those that did not receive the dopamine.
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๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚ณ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
So dopamine appears to be the drug
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์ฆ‰ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ฑ๊ณผ
08:44
associated with patternicity.
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๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ธ ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
In fact, neuroleptic drugs
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด์™„์ œ๋“ค์€
08:48
that are used to eliminate psychotic behavior,
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์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์—†์• ๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
things like paranoia, delusions
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ํŽธ์ง‘์ฆ, ๋ง์ƒ,
08:52
and hallucinations,
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ํ™˜๊ฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘
08:54
these are patternicities.
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ํŒจํ„ด์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
They're incorrect patterns. They're false positives. They're Type I errors.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ํŒจํ„ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ธ์ •, ์ฆ‰, ์ œ1์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ฃ .
08:59
And if you give them drugs
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
09:01
that are dopamine antagonists,
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ํ•ญ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋ฉด
09:03
they go away.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
That is, you decrease the amount of dopamine,
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์ฆ‰, ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์˜ ์–‘์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๋ฉด
09:07
and their tendency to see
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด
09:09
patterns like that decreases.
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์ค„์–ด๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
On the other hand, amphetamines like cocaine
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ฝ”์นด์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•”ํŽ˜ํƒ€๋ฏผ๋ฅ˜๋Š”
09:14
are dopamine agonists.
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๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ์ด‰์ง„์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:16
They increase the amount of dopamine.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์˜ ์–‘์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ
09:18
So you're more likely to feel in a euphoric state,
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๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„์ทจ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฐฝ์˜์  ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ผ
09:21
creativity, find more patterns.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
In fact, I saw Robin Williams recently
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ €๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋กœ๋นˆ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์•”์Šค(์—ญ์ฃผ: ์œ ๋ช… ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ)๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋ณด๋‹ค
09:25
talk about how he thought he was much funnier
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์ฝ”์นด์ธ ๋ณต์šฉ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์„ ๋‹น์‹œ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
09:27
when he was doing cocaine, when he had that issue, than now.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
So perhaps more dopamine
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:32
is related to more creativity.
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์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
Dopamine, I think, changes
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ์€
09:36
our signal-to-noise ratio.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋Œ€ ์žก์Œ ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
That is, how accurate we are
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
09:40
in finding patterns.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋ƒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
09:42
If it's too low, you're more likely to make too many Type II errors.
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๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚ฎ์œผ๋ฉด, 2์ข… ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:45
You miss the real patterns. You don't want to be too skeptical.
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์‹ค์ œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋†“์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํšŒ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
09:47
If you're too skeptical, you'll miss the really interesting good ideas.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด๋ฉด, ์ง„์งœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
Just right, you're creative, and yet you don't fall for too much baloney.
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๋”ฑ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ •๋„๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ํ—›์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
Too high and maybe you see patterns everywhere.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋„ํŒŒ๋ฏผ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
Every time somebody looks at you, you think people are staring at you.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ฃผ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
10:00
You think people are talking about you.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆ˜๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
And if you go too far on that, that's just simply
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋” ์‹ฌํ•ด ์ง€๋ฉด,
10:04
labeled as madness.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ด‘๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
It's a distinction perhaps we might make
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ƒ์ž์ธ
10:08
between two Nobel laureates, Richard Feynman
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Richard Feynman๊ณผ John Nash์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ
10:10
and John Nash.
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๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ผ ๋“ฏ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
One sees maybe just the right number
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ํ•œ์ชฝ์€ ๋…ธ๋ฒจ์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
10:14
of patterns to win a Nobel Prize.
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๋”ฑ ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
The other one also, but maybe too many patterns.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ์ชฝ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ํŒจํ„ด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:18
And we then call that schizophrenia.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ •์‹ ๋ถ„์—ด์ฆ์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
So the signal-to-noise ratio then presents us with a pattern-detection problem.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋Œ€ ์žก์Œ ๋น„์œจ์€ ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
And of course you all know exactly
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ
10:26
what this is, right?
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
10:28
And what pattern do you see here?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋ณด์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:30
Again, I'm putting your anterior cingulate cortex to the test here,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ํ˜ผ๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผœ
10:33
causing you conflicting pattern detections.
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์ „์ธก ๋Œ€์ƒํ”ผ์งˆ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ณ ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
You know, of course, this is Via Uno shoes.
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์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์•„์šฐ๋…ธ(์—ญ์ฃผ: ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ ๋ช…) ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
These are sandals.
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์ƒŒ๋‹ฌ์ด์ฃ .
10:41
Pretty sexy feet, I must say.
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๊ฝค ์„น์‹œํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ด๋„ค์š”.
10:44
Maybe a little Photoshopped.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํฌํ† ์ƒต์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์†์„ ๋ณธ ๋“ฏ ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
10:46
And of course, the ambiguous figures
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ด ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์€
10:48
that seem to flip-flop back and forth.
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์ด์ชฝ ์ €์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์™”๋‹ค๊ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฏ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
It turns out what you're thinking about a lot
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๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋ฐ”๋กœ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ
10:52
influences what you
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
10:54
tend to see.
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์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:56
And you see the lamp here, I know.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋žจํ”„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์ง€์š”.
10:58
Because the lights on here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถˆ๋น›์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
11:01
Of course, thanks to the environmentalist movement
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์šด๋™ ๋•๋ถ„์—
11:03
we're all sensitive to the plight of marine mammals.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ด์–‘ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ณค๊ฒฝ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
So what you see in this particular ambiguous figure
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ํ˜•์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:09
is, of course, the dolphins, right?
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
You see a dolphin here,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:13
and there's a dolphin,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
11:15
and there's a dolphin.
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๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
That's a dolphin tail there, guys.
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์ €์ชฝ์— ๋Œ๊ณ ๋ž˜ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„ค์š”. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„.
11:20
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:25
If we can give you conflicting data, again,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉด,
11:28
your ACC is going to be going into hyperdrive.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ „์ธก ๋Œ€์ƒํ”ผ์งˆ ์˜์—ญ์€ ์ดˆ๊ด‘์†์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:31
If you look down here, it's fine. If you look up here, then you get conflicting data.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„์ชฝ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
And then we have to flip the image
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋’ค์ง‘์–ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
for you to see that it's a set up.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์กฐ์ž‘๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
The impossible crate illusion.
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"๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒ์ž ์ฐฉ์‹œ"์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
It's easy to fool the brain in 2D.
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๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ 2์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์†์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
So you say, "Aw, come on Shermer, anybody can do that
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ . "์ด๋ด์š” ์…”๋จธ์”จ.
11:46
in a Psych 101 text with an illusion like that."
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์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ดˆ๋ณด์ž…๋ฌธ ๊ต์žฌ๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”."
11:48
Well here's the late, great Jerry Andrus'
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์Œ.. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ  Jerry Andrus์”จ์˜
11:50
"impossible crate" illusion in 3D,
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3์ฐจ์›์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  "๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒ์ž ์ฐฉ์‹œ"๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:53
in which Jerry is standing inside
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์ œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒ์ž
11:55
the impossible crate.
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์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ์„œ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
And he was kind enough to post this
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ
11:59
and give us the reveal.
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์ง„์‹ค์„ ๋ฐํ˜€ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
Of course, camera angle is everything. The photographer is over there,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ ์•ต๊ธ€์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ง„์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ €๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
and this board appears to overlap with this one, and this one with that one, and so on.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณด๋“œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋˜ ์ €๊ฑฐ๋ž‘ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ...
12:07
But even when I take it away,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์„ค๋ช…์„ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ ค๋„
12:09
the illusion is so powerful because of how are brains are wired
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ฐฉ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•ด์„œ,
12:11
to find those certain kinds of patterns.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŠน์ • ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
This is a fairly new one
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œํ•˜๋Š” ํŒจํ„ด์œผ๋กœ
12:16
that throws us off because of the conflicting patterns
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์ด ์ชฝ ์•ต๊ธ€๊ณผ ์ € ์ชฝ ์•ต๊ธ€์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์—ฌ
12:18
of comparing this angle with that angle.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์†์ด๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ์ตœ์‹  ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
In fact, it's the exact same picture side by side.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋†“์—ฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
So what you're doing is comparing that angle
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ €์ชฝ ์•ต๊ธ€์„ ์ด ์ชฝ ์•ต๊ธ€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
12:26
instead of with this one, but with that one.
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์ € ์ชฝ ์•ต๊ธ€๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
And so your brain is fooled.
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๋„ค.. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ์†์•„๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
12:30
Yet again, your pattern detection devices are fooled.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฐ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์†์•„๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
Faces are easy to see
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์–ผ๊ตด์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š”
12:34
because we have an additional evolved
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์–ผ๊ตด ์ธ์‹ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€
12:36
facial recognition software
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์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ์žˆ์–ด
12:38
in our temporal lobes.
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์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
Here's some faces on the side of a rock.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”์œ„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
I'm actually not even sure if this is -- this might be Photoshopped.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†์ฃ . ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ํฌํ† ์ƒต์งˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
12:47
But anyway, the point is still made.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:49
Now which one of these looks odd to you?
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์ด ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:51
In a quick reaction, which one looks odd?
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š”?
12:53
The one on the left. Okay. So I'll rotate it
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์™ผ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์š”. ๋„ค... ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋Œ๋ ค ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:55
so it'll be the one on the right.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
12:57
And you are correct.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งž์œผ์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:59
A fairly famous illusion -- it was first done with Margaret Thatcher.
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๊ฝค ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฐฉ์‹œ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋ › ๋Œ€์ฒ˜(์—ญ์ฃผ: 80๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ ์ˆ˜์ƒ)์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜€์ฃ .
13:02
Now, they trade up the politicians every time.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๋งค๋ฒˆ ์ •์น˜์ธ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
Well, why is this happening?
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์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์™œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”??
13:06
Well, we know exactly where it happens,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋””์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
in the temporal lobe, right across, sort of above your ear there,
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๋Œ€๋žต ๊ท€ ์œ„์ชฝ์—์„œ, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์ด์ง€์š”.
13:11
in a little structure called the fusiform gyrus.
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'๋ฐฉ์ถ”ํ˜•์ด๋ž‘'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
And there's two types of cells that do this,
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์–ผ๊ตด ์ธ์‹ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
that record facial features either globally,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
13:19
or specifically these large, rapid-firing cells,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ํฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ,
13:21
first look at the general face.
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์–ผ๊ตด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋จผ์ € ์•Œ์•„๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
So you recognize Obama immediately.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋ฐ”๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ธ์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
And then you notice something quite
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๋ˆˆ๊ณผ ์ž… ๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€
13:27
a little bit odd about the eyes and the mouth.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ด์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:29
Especially when they're upside down,
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ํŠนํžˆ, ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๋ผ ์žˆ์„๋•Œ๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
13:31
you're engaging that general facial recognition software there.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์–ผ๊ตด ์ธ์‹ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
Now I said back in our little thought experiment,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด,
13:37
you're a hominid walking on the plains of Africa.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํ‰์›์„ ๊ฑท๋Š” ์ธ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
Is it just the wind or a dangerous predator?
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”? ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋งน์ˆ˜์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:42
What's the difference between those?
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๋‘˜ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:44
Well, the wind is inanimate;
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”. ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์€ ๋ฌด์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด๊ณ 
13:46
the dangerous predator is an intentional agent.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋งน์ˆ˜๋Š” ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
And I call this process agenticity.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
That is the tendency to infuse patterns
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒจํ„ด์— ์˜๋ฏธ, ์˜๋„, ํ–‰์œ„์ž์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ
13:52
with meaning, intention and agency,
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๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
often invisible beings from the top down.
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์œ„์—์„œ ์•„๋ž˜๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋ณด๋Š”, ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:57
This is an idea that we got
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜๋„์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
13:59
from a fellow TEDster here, Dan Dennett,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋˜ TED ๋™๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์ด์‹ 
14:01
who talked about taking the intentional stance.
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Dan Dennett์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
So it's a type of that expanded to explain, I think, a lot of different things:
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•ด ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:06
souls, spirits, ghosts, gods, demons, angels,
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ํ˜ผ, ์˜๋ น, ์œ ๋ น, ์‹ , ์•…๋งˆ, ์ฒœ์‚ฌ,
14:09
aliens, intelligent designers,
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์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ, ์ง€์  ์„ค๊ณ„์ž,
14:11
government conspiracists
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์ •๋ถ€ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ฐ์ข…
14:13
and all manner of invisible agents
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ํž˜๊ณผ ์˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
14:15
with power and intention, are believed
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๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋’ค๋ฎ๊ณ 
14:17
to haunt our world and control our lives.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ถ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
I think it's the basis of animism
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ น์‹ ์•™, ๋‹ค์‹ ๋ก , ์œ ์ผ์‹ ๋ก ์˜
14:21
and polytheism and monotheism.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:24
It's the belief that aliens are somehow
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์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ์ด ์–ด์งธ์„œ์ธ์ง€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
14:26
more advanced than us, more moral than us,
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๋” ๋„๋•์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด๊ณ ,
14:28
and the narratives always are
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์˜ ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€, ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ € ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
14:30
that they're coming here to save us and rescue us from on high.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ ์ด์œ ์ฃ .
14:33
The intelligent designer's always portrayed
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์ง€์ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ
14:35
as this super intelligent, moral being
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์ดˆ์›”์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ
14:38
that comes down to design life.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ทธ๋ ค์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
Even the idea that government can rescue us --
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•ด ์ค„ ๊บผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
14:42
that's no longer the wave of the future,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
but that is, I think, a type of agenticity:
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์„ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:46
projecting somebody up there,
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์ € ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ
14:48
big and powerful, will come rescue us.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์›ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ..
14:50
And this is also, I think, the basis of conspiracy theories.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋˜ํ•œ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
There's somebody hiding behind there pulling the strings,
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์ผ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋‚˜ํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋นŒ๋”๋ฒ„๊ทธ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๋๋“ 
14:55
whether it's the Illuminati
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋’ค์— ์ˆจ์–ด
14:57
or the Bilderbergers.
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์กฐ์ข…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
14:59
But this is a pattern detection problem, isn't it?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŒจํ„ด ๊ฐ์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:01
Some patterns are real and some are not.
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์–ด๋–ค ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ง„์งœ๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
15:03
Was JFK assassinated by a conspiracy or by a lone assassin?
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์ผ€๋„ค๋””๋Š” ์Œ๋ชจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์‚ดํ•ด๋์„๊นŒ์š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋‹จ๋… ์•”์‚ด์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋žฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:06
Well, if you go there -- there's people there on any given day --
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๋ญ, ๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ๋‚ ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋žฌ๋“ฏ
15:09
like when I went there, here -- showing me where the different shooters were.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:12
My favorite one was he was in the manhole.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์‚ฌ๊ฒฉ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งจํ™€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
15:15
And he popped out at the last second, took that shot.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์— ํŠ€์–ด๋‚˜์™€์„œ ์˜์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์ฃ ..
15:18
But of course, Lincoln was assassinated by a conspiracy.
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๋„ค, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ง์ปจ๋„ ์Œ๋ชจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์•”์‚ด๋‹นํ–ˆ์ฃ 
15:20
So we can't just uniformly dismiss
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํŒจํ„ด๋“ค์„
15:22
all patterns like that.
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์ผ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:24
Because, let's face it, some patterns are real.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์†”์งํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์ง„์งœ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
Some conspiracies really are true.
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์–ด๋–ค ์Œ๋ชจ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ์ง„์งœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
Explains a lot, maybe.
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ฃผ์ฃ .
15:32
And 9/11 has a conspiracy theory. It is a conspiracy.
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9/11 ์—๋„ ์Œ๋ชจ๋ก ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ . ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์Œ๋ชจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
We did a whole issue on it.
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์Šค์ผ‘ํ‹ฑ ๋งค๊ฑฐ์ง„ ํ•œ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ํ• ์• ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
15:37
Nineteen members of Al Queda plotting to fly planes into buildings
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์•Œ์นด์—๋‹ค ๋ฉค๋ฒ„ 19๋ช…์ด ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์— ๋Œ์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
15:39
constitutes a conspiracy.
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๊ทธ ์Œ๋ชจ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:41
But that's not what the "9/11 truthers" think.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, "9/11 ์ง„์‹ค๋ก ์ž"๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
They think it was an inside job by the Bush administration.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ€์‰ฌ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ 
15:46
Well, that's a whole other lecture.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต์งธ๋กœ ํ• ์• ํ•  ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์ฃ .
15:48
You know how we know that 9/11
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 9/11์ด ๋ถ€์‰ฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด
15:50
was not orchestrated by the Bush administration?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฏธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:52
Because it worked.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด, ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
15:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:00
So we are natural-born dualists.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚œ ์ด์›๋ก ์ž๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:02
Our agenticity process comes from
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์ž์„ฑ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋Š”
16:04
the fact that we can enjoy movies like these.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์˜ํ™”๋“ค์„ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜์ฃ .
16:06
Because we can imagine, in essence,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
16:08
continuing on.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
16:10
We know that if you stimulate the temporal lobe,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ์„ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋ฉด
16:12
you can produce a feeling of out-of-body experiences,
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์œ ์ฒด์ดํƒˆ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
near-death experiences,
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์ „๊ทน์„ ๊ฐ–๋‹ค ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
16:16
which you can do by just touching an electrode to the temporal lobe there.
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๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์ฒดํ—˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
16:19
Or you can do it through loss of consciousness,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์›์‹ฌ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์†๋งŒ ์‹œ์ผœ๋„
16:21
by accelerating in a centrifuge.
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์˜์‹์„ ์žƒ์–ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:23
You get a hypoxia, or a lower oxygen.
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์ €์‚ฐ์†Œ์ฆ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋„
16:26
And the brain then senses
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด์ดํƒˆ์„
16:28
that there's an out-of-body experience.
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๊ฐ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
You can use -- which I did, went out and did --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ „์žํŒŒ๋กœ ์ธก๋‘์—ฝ์— ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”
16:32
Michael Persinger's God Helmet,
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Michael Persinger์˜ "์‹ ์˜ ํ—ฌ๋ฉง"์„
16:34
that bombards your temporal lobes with electromagnetic waves.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„œ ํ•ด ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
16:36
And you get a sense of out-of-body experience.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์œ ์ฒด์ดํƒˆ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ 
16:39
So I'm going to end here with a short video clip
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์ด์ œ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
that sort of brings all this together.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด์ฃ .
16:43
It's just a minute and a half.
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์˜์ƒ์€ 1๋ถ„ 30์ดˆ ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
It ties together all this into the power of expectation and the power of belief.
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์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‚ด์šฉ์„, ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์˜ ํž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด ์ฃผ์ฃ .
16:48
Go ahead and roll it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์‹ค๊นŒ์š”.
16:50
Narrator: This is the venue they chose for their fake auditions
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(๋‚˜๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ) ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฆฝ๋ฐค ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฝ‘๋Š”
16:53
for an advert for lip balm.
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๊ฐ€์งœ ์˜ค๋””์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ ๋ฐœ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
Woman: We're hoping we can use part of this
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(์ง„ํ–‰์ž) ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„
16:57
in a national commercial, right?
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์ „๊ตญ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
And this is test on some lip balms
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ
17:01
that we have over here.
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๋ฆฝ๋ฐค ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
17:03
And these are our models who are going to help us,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€ ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ค์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
Roger and Matt.
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๋กœ์ €์™€ ๋งคํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:07
And we have our own lip balm,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ฆฝ๋ฐค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
17:09
and we have a leading brand.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:11
Would you have any problem
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ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ‚ค์Šคํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
17:13
kissing our models to test it?
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ์‹  ๋ถ„?
17:15
Girl: No.
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(์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž) ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”.
17:17
Woman: You wouldn't? (Girl: No.) Woman: You'd think that was fine.
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(์ง„ํ–‰์ž) ๋ฌธ์ œ ์—†์–ด์š”? (์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž) ์˜ˆ. (์ง„ํ–‰์ž) ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹จ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:19
Girl: That would be fine. (Woman: Okay.)
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(์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž) ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์š”. (์ง„ํ–‰์ž) ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
So this is a blind test.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์ด๊ตฌ์š”
17:24
I'm going to ask you to go ahead
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ๊ป˜ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ
17:26
and put a blindfold on.
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์•ˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์‹œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์š”์ฒญํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:29
Kay, now can you see anything? (Girl: No.)
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์ผ€์ด, ์ด์ œ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜์š”? (์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž) ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”.
17:32
Pull it so you can't even see down. (Girl: Okay.)
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๋‹น๊ฒจ์„œ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ๋„ ์•„์˜ˆ ์•ˆ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ตฌ์š”. (์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž) ๋„ค.
17:34
Woman: It's completely blind now, right?
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(์ง„ํ–‰์ž) ์ด์ œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์•ˆ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ฃ ?
17:36
Girl: Yes. (Woman: Okay.)
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(์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž): ๋„ค. (์ง„ํ–‰์ž) ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:38
Now, what I'm going to be looking for in this test
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
17:41
is how it protects your lips,
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๋ฆฝ๋ฐค์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ž…์ˆ ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด ์ฃผ๊ณ ,
17:44
the texture, right,
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๊ฐ์ด‰์€ ์–ด๋–ค์ง€
17:46
and maybe if you can discern any flavor or not.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜น์‹œ ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
Girl: Okay. (Woman: Have you ever done a kissing test before?)
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(์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž) ๋„ค. (์ง„ํ–‰์ž) ์ „์— ํ‚ค์Šค ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์„ธ์š”?
17:52
Girl: No.
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(์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž) ์•„๋‹ˆ์š”.
17:54
Woman: Take a step here.
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(์ง„ํ–‰์ž) ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค์„ธ์š”.
17:56
Okay, now I'm going to ask you to pucker up.
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์ด์ œ, ์ž…์ˆ ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์„ธ์š”.
17:58
Pucker up big and lean in just a little bit, okay?
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์ž…์ˆ ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ณ , ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์‹œ๊ณ ... ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:06
(Music)
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(์Œ์•…)
18:10
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
18:19
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
18:30
Woman: Okay.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:32
And, Jennifer, how did that feel?
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์ œ๋‹ˆํผ, ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ์–ด๋• ๋‚˜์š”?
18:34
Jennifer: Good.
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์ข‹์•„์š”.
18:36
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
18:43
Girl: Oh my God!
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์—!
18:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
18:50
Michael Shermer: Thank you very much. Thank you. Thanks.
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๋งˆ์ดํด ์…”๋จธ: ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋งˆ์™€์š”
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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