The mind behind Tesla, SpaceX, SolarCity ... | Elon Musk

3,978,463 views ใƒป 2013-03-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Danny Peretz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
Chris Anderson: Elon, what kind of crazy dream
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ
00:18
would persuade you to think of trying
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ื ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืกื•ืช
00:20
to take on the auto industry and build an all-electric car?
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™?
00:24
Elon Musk: Well, it goes back to when I was in university.
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ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืืกืง: ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
00:27
I thought about, what are the problems that are most likely
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืขื•
00:29
to affect the future of the world or the future of humanity?
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ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื• ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช?
00:32
I think it's extremely important that we have sustainable transport
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื
00:36
and sustainable energy production.
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ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื.
00:38
That sort of overall sustainable energy problem
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื›ื–ื•, ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื
00:40
is the biggest problem that we have to solve this century,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช,
00:43
independent of environmental concerns.
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ืœืœื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช.
00:45
In fact, even if producing CO2 was good for the environment,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืคืงืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
00:48
given that we're going to run out of hydrocarbons,
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ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื’ืžืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ื,
00:51
we need to find some sustainable means of operating.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื ื›ืœืฉื”ื.
00:55
CA: Most of American electricity comes from
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ื›"ื: ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžื’ื™ืข
00:59
burning fossil fuels.
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ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
01:01
How can an electric car that plugs into that electricity help?
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ืื™ืš ืชื•ืขื™ืœ ื›ืืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ืฉืชืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื–ื”?
01:05
EM: Right. There's two elements to that answer.
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ื"ืž: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš.
01:08
One is that, even if you take the same source fuel
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื’ื ืื ืืชื” ืœื•ืงื— ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ,
01:11
and produce power at the power plant
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ื•ืžืคื™ืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื—,
01:13
and use it to charge electric cars, you're still better off.
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ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื˜ืขื™ื ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:16
So if you take, say, natural gas,
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ืื ืชื™ืงื—, ื ื ื™ื—, ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
01:18
which is the most prevalent hydrocarbon source fuel,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:21
if you burn that in a modern
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืื•ืชื•
01:24
General Electric natural gas turbine,
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ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืช ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื’'ื ืจืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ืง",
01:26
you'll get about 60 percent efficiency.
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ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›-60% ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช.
01:28
If you put that same fuel in an internal combustion engine car,
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ืื ืชื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื“ืœืง ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
01:30
you get about 20 percent efficiency.
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ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›-20% ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช.
01:32
And the reason is, in the stationary power plant,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื™ื™ื—ืช,
01:34
you can afford to have something that weighs a lot more,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฉื•ืงืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:36
is voluminous,
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ื‘ืขืœ ื ืคื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:38
and you can take the waste heat
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ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ,
01:39
and run a steam turbine and generate
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ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ื• ื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
01:41
a secondary power source.
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ืžืงื•ืจ-ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื ื™.
01:43
So in effect, even after you've taken transmission loss into account and everything,
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ืฉืื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื”ืžืจื” ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•',
01:46
even using the same source fuel, you're at least twice as better off
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ื’ื ืื ืืชื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื“ืœืง, ืžืฆื‘ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื
01:50
charging an electric car, then burning it at the power plant.
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื˜ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืจื›ื‘ ื—ืฉืžืœื™, ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืจืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื—.
01:52
CA: That scale delivers efficiency.
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ื›"ื: ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช.
01:54
EM: Yes, it does.
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ื"ืž: ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื“.
01:56
And then the other point is, we have to have sustainable means
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ืจื™-ืงื™ื™ืžื
01:59
of power generation anyway, electricity generation.
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ืœื”ืคืงืช ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ืœื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ.
02:02
So given that we have to solve sustainable electricity generation,
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ืื– ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืช-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
02:05
then it makes sense for us to have electric cars
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ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช
02:08
as the mode of transport.
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ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”.
02:11
CA: So we've got some video here
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ื›"ื: ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ
02:12
of the Tesla being assembled,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”"ื˜ืกืœื”",
02:15
which, if we could play that first video --
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ื•ืื ืืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ--
02:17
So what is innovative about this process in this vehicle?
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ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”?
02:22
EM: Sure. So, in order to accelerate the advent of electric transport,
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ื"ืž: ื‘ื˜ื—. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืืช ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช,
02:26
and I should say that I think, actually,
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ื•ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ืขืฆื,
02:28
all modes of transport will become fully electric
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ืฉื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™
02:30
with the ironic exception of rockets.
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ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืœืœ, ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”.
02:35
There's just no way around Newton's third law.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
02:38
The question is how do you accelerate
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืื™ืฅ
02:42
the advent of electric transport?
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ืืช ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช,
02:43
And in order to do that for cars, you have to come up with
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื
02:46
a really energy efficient car,
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ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
02:48
so that means making it incredibly light,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืš ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:50
and so what you're seeing here
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื›ืืŸ
02:51
is the only all-aluminum body and chassis car
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืฉื™ืœื“ื” ืžืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“
02:54
made in North America.
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ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:55
In fact, we applied a lot of rocket design techniques
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื
02:58
to make the car light despite having a very large battery pack.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืงืœื”, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืืจื– ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“.
03:02
And then it also has the lowest drag coefficient
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืงื“ื ื”ื’ืจืจ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:04
of any car of its size.
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ืžื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”.
03:05
So as a result, the energy usage is very low,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:09
and it has the most advanced battery pack,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืืจื– ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:11
and that's what gives it the range that's competitive,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืจ-ืชื—ืจื•ืช,
03:14
so you can actually have on the order of a 250-mile range.
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ื›ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ-ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 400 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:16
CA: I mean, those battery packs are incredibly heavy,
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ื›"ื: ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉืžืืจื–ื™ ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
03:20
but you think the math can still work out intelligently --
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชืš, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—
03:23
by combining light body, heavy battery,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื—ื•ื›ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืงืœ ื•ืกื•ืœืœื” ื›ื‘ื“ื”,
03:25
you can still gain spectacular efficiency.
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ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
03:28
EM: Exactly. The rest of the car has to be very light
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ื"ืž: ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœ ืžืื“
03:30
to offset the mass of the pack,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืจื–,
03:31
and then you have to have a low drag coefficient so that you have good highway range.
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ื•ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื’ื ืžืงื“ื ื’ืจืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:34
And in fact, customers of the Model S
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืงื ื• ืืช ื“ื’ื "ืืก"
03:38
are sort of competing with each other
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ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืจืš
03:39
to try to get the highest possible range.
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ืžื™ ื™ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:42
I think somebody recently got 420 miles out of a single charge.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” 675 ืง"ืž ืžื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
03:46
CA: Bruno Bowden, who's here, did that,
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ื›"ื: ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื‘ืื•ื“ืŸ, ืฉื ืžืฆื ื›ืืŸ ืื™ืชื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืฉื” ื–ืืช.
03:49
broke the world record.EM: Congratulations.
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ืฉื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™. ื"ืž: ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
03:51
CA: That was the good news. The bad news was that
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ื›"ื: ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•
03:53
to do it, he had to drive at 18 miles an hour constant speed
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ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ 30 ืงืž"ืฉ
03:56
and got pulled over by the cops. (Laughter)
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
04:00
EM: I mean, you can certainly drive --
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ื"ืž: ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืข--
04:04
if you drive it 65 miles an hour,
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ืื ืืชื” ื ื•ืกืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช 100 ืงืž"ืฉ,
04:06
under normal conditions,
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื,
04:08
250 miles is a reasonable number.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉ-400 ืง"ืž ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ.
04:10
CA: Let's show that second video
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ื›"ื: ื‘ื•ื ื ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™
04:11
showing the Tesla in action on ice.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืืช ื”"ื˜ืกืœื”" ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงืจื—.
04:14
Not at all a dig at The New York Times, this, by the way.
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ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”"ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก", ืื’ื‘.
04:17
What is the most surprising thing about the experience
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ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”
04:19
of driving the car?
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•?
04:21
EM: In creating an electric car,
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ื"ืž: ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช
04:22
the responsiveness of the car is really incredible.
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ื”ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
04:25
So we wanted really to have people feel as though
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื”
04:27
they've almost got to mind meld with the car,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชืžื–ื’ ืขื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
04:29
so you just feel like you and the car are kind of one,
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ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
04:32
and as you corner and accelerate, it just happens,
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ื•ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื™ืฅ, ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงื•ืจื”,
04:37
like the car has ESP.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœืจื›ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืขืœ-ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช.
04:38
You can do that with an electric car because of its responsiveness.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
04:41
You can't do that with a gasoline car.
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ.
04:43
I think that's really a profound difference,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™,
04:45
and people only experience that when they have a test drive.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื ืกื™ืขืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
04:48
CA: I mean, this is a beautiful but expensive car.
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ื›"ื: ื–ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืงืจื”.
04:52
Is there a road map where this becomes
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื• ืžืคืช-ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ืคื•ืš
04:56
a mass-market vehicle?
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ืœืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื ื™?
04:57
EM: Yeah. The goal of Tesla has always been
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ื"ืž: ื›ืŸ. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”"ื˜ืกืœื”" ื”ื™ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“
05:00
to have a sort of three-step process,
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ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืŸ 3 ืฉืœื‘ื™ื,
05:02
where version one was an expensive car at low volume,
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ื›ืฉื’ื™ืจืกื 1 ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื™ืงืจื” ื•ืงื˜ื ื”,
05:06
version two is medium priced and medium volume,
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ื’ื™ืจืกื” 2 ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื ืคื— ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™,
05:09
and then version three would be low price, high volume.
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ื•ื’ื™ืจืกื” 3 ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœื” ื•ืขื ื ืคื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
05:11
So we're at step two at this point.
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ืื– ื›ืจื’ืข ืื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ 2.
05:13
So we had a $100,000 sports car, which was the Roadster.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘-100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื”"ืจื•ื“ืกื˜ืจ",
05:16
Then we've got the Model S, which starts at around 50,000 dollars.
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ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื’ื "ืืก", ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”-50,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
05:19
And our third generation car, which should hopefully
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื
05:21
be out in about three or four years
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ืฉืชืฆื ืชื•ืš 3 ืื• 4 ืฉื ื™ื,
05:23
will be a $30,000 car.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘-30,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
05:25
But whenever you've got really new technology,
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืืžืช,
05:28
it generally takes about three major versions
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ื–ื” ื‘ื“"ื› ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื’ื™ืจืกืื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช
05:30
in order to make it a compelling mass-market product.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ื ื™.
05:33
And so I think we're making progress in that direction,
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ื›ืš ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
05:36
and I feel confident that we'll get there.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
05:38
CA: I mean, right now, if you've got a short commute,
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ื›"ื: ื›ืจื’ืข, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื ืกื™ืขื” ืงืฆืจื”,
05:40
you can drive, you can get back, you can charge it at home.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
05:44
There isn't a huge nationwide network of charging stations now that are fast.
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ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉืช-ืขื ืง ืืจืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
05:48
Do you see that coming, really, truly,
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืง,
05:51
or just on a few key routes?
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ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืจืืฉื™ื™ื?
05:53
EM: There actually are far more charging stations
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ื"ืž: ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื”
05:56
than people realize,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
05:58
and at Tesla we developed something
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ื•ื‘"ื˜ืกืœื”" ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื•
06:01
called a Supercharging technology,
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ืฉืงืจื•ื™ "ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”",
06:03
and we're offering that if you buy a Model S
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ื•ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื™ ืฉืงื•ื ื” ืืช ื“ื’ื "ืืก",
06:06
for free, forever.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืœื ืฆื—.
06:08
And so this is something that maybe a lot of people don't realize.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
06:10
We actually have California and Nevada covered,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืืช ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื ื‘ืื“ื”,
06:13
and we've got the Eastern seaboard
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™
06:15
from Boston to D.C. covered.
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ืžื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”.
06:18
By the end of this year, you'll be able to drive
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ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’
06:19
from L.A. to New York
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ืžืœื•ืก-ืื ื’'ืœืก ื•ืขื“ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง
06:21
just using the Supercharger network,
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ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจืฉืช ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื”,
06:23
which charges at five times the rate of anything else.
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ืฉืžื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืคื™ 5 ืžื”ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
06:27
And the key thing is to have a ratio of drive to stop,
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ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื—ืก ื ื”ื™ื’ื”-ืขืฆื™ืจื”,
06:31
to stop time, of about six or seven.
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ื–ืžื ื™ ืขืฆื™ืจื”, ืฉืœ 6 ืื• 7.
06:34
So if you drive for three hours,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ืžืฉืš 3 ืฉืขื•ืช,
06:37
you want to stop for 20 or 30 minutes,
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชืขืฆื•ืจ ืœ-20-30 ื“ืงื•ืช,
06:38
because that's normally what people will stop for.
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ืฉื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
06:41
So if you start a trip at 9 a.m.,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ืชืฉืข ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
06:43
by noon you want to stop to have a bite to eat,
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ื‘ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
06:45
hit the restroom, coffee, and keep going.
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ืœืœื›ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืงืคื”, ื•ืื– ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš.
06:47
CA: So your proposition to consumers is, for the full charge, it could take an hour.
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœืš ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื˜ืขื™ื ื” ืžืœืื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื”.
06:50
So it's common -- don't expect to be out of here in 10 minutes.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืจื’ื™ืœ-- ืืœ ืชืฆืคื” ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ืชื•ืš 10 ื“ืงื•ืช.
06:54
Wait for an hour, but the good news is,
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ื—ื›ื” ืฉืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ,
06:56
you're helping save the planet,
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ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช,
06:58
and by the way, the electricity is free. You don't pay anything.
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ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื. ืืชื” ืœื ืžืฉืœื ื›ืœื•ื.
07:00
EM: Actually, what we're expecting is for people
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ื"ืž: ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ื–ื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
07:02
to stop for about 20 to 30 minutes, not for an hour.
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ื™ืขืฆืจื• ืœืžืฉืš 20-30 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืฉืขื”.
07:06
It's actually better to drive for about maybe 160, 170 miles
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ 260-270 ืง"ืž
07:14
and then stop for half an hour
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ื•ืื– ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”
07:16
and then keep going.
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.
07:17
That's the natural cadence of a trip.
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ื–ื”ื• ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
07:20
CA: All right. So this is only one string to your energy bow.
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ื›"ื: ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ืชืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœืš.
07:25
You've been working on this solar company SolarCity.
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ืขื‘ื“ืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืกื•ืœืืจ-ืกื™ื˜ื™" ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช.
07:27
What's unusual about that?
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ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆื-ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื–ื”?
07:30
EM: Well, as I mentioned earlier,
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ื"ืž: ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
07:32
we have to have sustainable electricity production
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื’ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
07:36
as well as consumption,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื›ื–ื•.
07:38
so I'm quite confident that the primary means
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
07:41
of power generation will be solar.
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ืœื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™.
07:44
I mean, it's really indirect fusion, is what it is.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ืขืงื™ืฃ. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื–ื”.
07:46
We've got this giant fusion generator in the sky called the sun,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื•ืจ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืขื ืง ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืฉืžืฉ",
07:49
and we just need to tap a little bit of that energy
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ื•ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืจืง ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืงืฆืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•
07:52
for purposes of human civilization.
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ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
07:55
What most people know but don't realize they know
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš,
07:57
is that the world is almost entirely solar-powered already.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ืžืžื™ืœื ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
08:01
If the sun wasn't there, we'd be a frozen ice ball
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ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืงืจื— ืงืคื•ื
08:04
at three degrees Kelvin,
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ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืก 270 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœื–ื™ื•ืก,
08:06
and the sun powers the entire system of precipitation.
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ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื.
08:10
The whole ecosystem is solar-powered.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
08:12
CA: But in a gallon of gasoline, you have,
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืš
08:15
effectively, thousands of years of sun power
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืœืืจื™
08:17
compressed into a small space,
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ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืงื˜ืŸ,
08:19
so it's hard to make the numbers work right now on solar,
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ืื– ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™,
08:22
and to remotely compete with, for example, natural gas,
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ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขื ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
08:25
fracked natural gas. How are you going to build a business here?
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ื“ืœืง ืžืคืฆืœื™-ืคื—ื. ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขืกืง?
08:29
EM: Well actually, I'm confident that solar
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ื"ืž: ืื ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™
08:32
will beat everything, hands down, including natural gas.
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ื™ื ืฆื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช. ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
08:36
(Applause)CA: How?
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื] ื›"ื: ืื™ืš?
08:38
EM: It must, actually. If it doesn't, we're in deep trouble.
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ื"ืž: ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ืช, ืื—ืจืช ืื ื• ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช.
08:42
CA: But you're not selling solar panels to consumers.
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื.
08:45
What are you doing?
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ืžื” ืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื”?
08:46
EM: No, we actually are. You can buy a solar system
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ื"ืž: ืœื. ืื ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื›ืจ. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช
08:49
or you can lease a solar system.
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ืื• ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื•ืœืืจื™ืช.
08:51
Most people choose to lease.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ.
08:53
And the thing about solar power is that
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ื•ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื—ืฉืžืœ ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ื”ื•ื
08:55
it doesn't have any feed stock or operational costs,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืœืื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืชืคืขื•ืœ,
08:58
so once it's installed, it's just there.
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ืื– ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืชืงื ืช, ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื.
09:01
It works for decades. It'll work for probably a century.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื. ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”.
09:05
So therefore, the key thing to do is to get the cost
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ
09:08
of that initial installation low,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืžื•ืš,
09:10
and then get the cost of the financing low,
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ,
09:13
because that interest -- those are the two factors that drive the cost of solar.
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ื›ื™ ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™.
09:16
And we've made huge progress in that direction,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
09:20
and that's why I'm confident we'll actually beat natural gas.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื ื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
09:23
CA: So your current proposition to consumers is,
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื›ืจื’ืข, ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœืš ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื
09:26
don't pay so much up front.
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ืืœ ืชืฉืœืžื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืจืืฉ.
09:28
EM: Zero.CA: Pay zero up front.
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ื"ืž: ืืคืก. ื›"ื: ืฉืœืžื• ืžืจืืฉ ืืคืก.
09:31
We will install panels on your roof.
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ืื ื• ื ืชืงื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’.
09:34
You will then pay, how long is a typical lease?
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืชืฉืœืžื•... ืžื” ืื•ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช?
09:37
EM: Typical leases are 20 years,
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ื"ืž: ื”ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืœ-20 ืฉื ื”,
09:41
but the value proposition is, as you're sort of alluding to, quite straightforward.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืขืช ื”ืขืจืš, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืงืฆืช ืจื•ืžื– ืœื›ืš, ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”.
09:45
It's no money down, and your utility bill decreases.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœืš ื™ื•ืจื“.
09:49
Pretty good deal.
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ืขื™ืกืงื” ืœื ืจืขื”.
09:51
CA: So that seems like a win for the consumer.
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ื›"ื: ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจื›ืŸ
09:53
No risk, you'll pay less than you're paying now.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
09:56
For you, the dream here then is that --
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ืื– ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชืš, ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื--
09:58
I mean, who owns the electricity from those panels for the longer term?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš?
10:03
I mean, how do you, the company, benefit?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื?
10:06
EM: Well, essentially,
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ื"ืž: ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช,
10:10
SolarCity raises a chunk of capital
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"ืกื•ืœืืจ-ืกื™ื˜ื™" ืžื’ื™ื™ืกืช ื”ื•ืŸ
10:15
from say, a company or a bank.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื—ื‘ืจื” ืื• ืžื‘ื ืง ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
10:19
Google is one of our big partners here.
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"ื’ื•ื’ืœ" ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื–ื”.
10:21
And they have an expected return on that capital.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืŸ.
10:24
With that capital, SolarCity purchases and installs the panel on the roof
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, "ืกื•ืœืืจ-ืกื™ื˜ื™" ืจื•ื›ืฉืช ื•ืžืชืงื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’
10:28
and then charges the homeowner or business owner
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ื•ืื– ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขืกืง
10:32
a monthly lease payment, which is less than the utility bill.
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ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™, ืฉื ืžื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
10:35
CA: But you yourself get a long-term commercial benefit from that power.
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืขืฆืžืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ืจื•ื•ื— ืžืกื—ืจื™ ืืจื•ืš-ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื–ื”.
10:39
You're kind of building a new type of distributed utility.
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ืืชื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื•ื ื” ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ.
10:43
EM: Exactly. What it amounts to
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ื"ืž: ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ื•ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื
10:44
is a giant distributed utility.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืขื ืง.
10:48
I think it's a good thing, because utilities
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
10:50
have been this monopoly, and people haven't had any choice.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
10:53
So effectively it's the first time
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
10:55
there's been competition for this monopoly,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
10:59
because the utilities have been the only ones
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ื›ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
11:02
that owned those power distribution lines, but now it's on your roof.
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ืฉืงื•ื•ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืŸ, ืืš ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’ ืฉืœืš.
11:04
So I think it's actually very empowering
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืขืฆื™ื
11:06
for homeowners and businesses.
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ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื”ืขืกืงื™ื.
11:09
CA: And you really picture a future
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ื›"ื: ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืื” ืขืชื™ื“
11:10
where a majority of power in America,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
11:14
within a decade or two, or within your lifetime, it goes solar?
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ืชื•ืš ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ืš, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืืจื™?
11:19
EM: I'm extremely confident that solar will be at least a plurality of power,
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ื"ืž: ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืื“ ืฉื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื ืคื•ืฅ ืžืื“
11:25
and most likely a majority,
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื“ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:27
and I predict it will be a plurality in less than 20 years.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-20 ืฉื ื”.
11:32
I made that bet with someone โ€”CA: Definition of plurality is?
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ื”ืชืขืจื‘ืชื™ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•-- ื›"ื: ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ "ื ืคื•ืฅ"?
11:35
EM: More from solar than any other source.
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ื"ืž: ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
11:37
CA: Ah. Who did you make the bet with?
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ื›"ื: ืื”. ืขื ืžื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ืช?
11:41
EM: With a friend who will remain nameless.
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ื"ืž: ืขื ื—ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืืœืžื•ื ื™.
11:44
CA: Just between us. (Laughter)
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ื›"ื: ืจืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
11:49
EM: I made that bet, I think, two or three years ago,
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ื"ืž: ื”ืชืขืจื‘ืชื™, ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื•ืฉ,
11:51
so in roughly 18 years,
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ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ืชื•ืš 18 ืฉื ื”,
11:53
I think we'll see more power from solar than any other source.
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ื ืจืื” ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืกื•ืœืืจื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
11:57
CA: All right, so let's go back to another bet that you made
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ื›"ื: ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื•ื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืขืฉื™ืช
11:59
with yourself, I guess, a kind of crazy bet.
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ืขื ืขืฆืžืš, ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช.
12:01
You'd made some money from the sale of PayPal.
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ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืงืฆืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืคื™ื™ ืคืืœ".
12:06
You decided to build a space company.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ืœืœ.
12:08
Why on Earth would someone do that?
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ืœืžื” ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”?
12:10
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
12:12
EM: I got that question a lot, that's true.
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ื"ืž: ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
12:15
People would say, "Did you hear the joke about the guy
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืฉืžืขืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื
12:17
who made a small fortune in the space industry?"
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ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ?"
12:20
Obviously, "He started with a large one," is the punchline.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉ"ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ" ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืฅ.
12:24
And so I tell people, well, I was trying to figure out
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืœื”ื ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื
12:27
the fastest way to turn a large fortune into a small one.
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ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ.
12:29
And they'd look at me, like, "Is he serious?"
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื™... "ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™?"
12:32
CA: And strangely, you were. So what happened?
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ื›"ื: ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™. ืื– ืžื” ืงืจื”?
12:37
EM: It was a close call. Things almost didn't work out.
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ื"ืž: ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืžืื“. ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
12:41
We came very close to failure,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ,
12:42
but we managed to get through that point in 2008.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘-2008.
12:45
The goal of SpaceX is to try to advance rocket technology,
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืกืคื™ื™ืก ืืงืก" ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื,
12:52
and in particular to try to crack a problem
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคืฆื— ื‘ืขื™ื”
12:54
that I think is vital
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
12:55
for humanity to become a space-faring civilization,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืกืขืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
12:57
which is to have a rapidly and fully reusable rocket.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื”.
13:02
CA: Would humanity become a space-faring civilization?
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ื›"ื: ื”ืื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืกืขืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ?
13:05
So that was a dream of yours, in a way, from a young age?
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœืš, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ?
13:09
You've dreamed of Mars and beyond?
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ื—ืœืžืช ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื•?
13:13
EM: I did build rockets when I was a kid,
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ื"ืž: ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“,
13:15
but I didn't think I'd be involved in this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื–ื”.
13:16
It was really more from the standpoint of
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜
13:18
what are the things that need to happen in order for
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ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช
13:22
the future to be an exciting and inspiring one?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ืฉืจืื”?
13:25
And I really think there's a fundamental difference,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™,
13:29
if you sort of look into the future,
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
13:30
between a humanity that is a space-faring civilization,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืกืขืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
13:34
that's out there exploring the stars, on multiple planets,
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช.
13:37
and I think that's really exciting,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘,
13:39
compared with one where we are forever confined to Earth
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
13:42
until some eventual extinction event.
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืกื•ืคื™.
13:45
CA: So you've somehow slashed the cost of building
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ื›"ื: ืื– ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช
13:46
a rocket by 75 percent, depending on how you calculate it.
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ื˜ื™ืœ ื‘-75%, ืœืคื™ ืื™ืš ืฉืืชื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:50
How on Earth have you done that?
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ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
13:52
NASA has been doing this for years. How have you done this?
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ื ืืก"ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ื. ืื™ืš ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
13:55
EM: Well, we've made significant advances
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ื"ืž: ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช
13:57
in the technology of the airframe, the engines,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื“ื”, ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื,
14:00
the electronics and the launch operation.
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ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ.
14:03
There's a long list of innovations
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ื™ืฉ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื
14:06
that we've come up with there
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ืฉื”ื›ื ืกื ื• ืฉื
14:08
that are a little difficult to communicate in this talk, but --
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ื•ืฉืงืฆืช ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืื‘ืœ--
14:14
CA: Not least because you could still get copied, right?
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ื›"ื: ื•ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ืขืชื™ืงื• ืžืžืš, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
14:17
You haven't patented this stuff. It's really interesting to me.
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ืœื ื”ื’ื ืช ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™.
14:20
EM: No, we don't patent.CA: You didn't patent because you think it's
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ื"ืž: ืœื, ืœื ื”ื’ื ื• ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜. ื›"ื: ืœื ื”ื’ื ืชื ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื
14:22
more dangerous to patent than not to patent.
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ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื.
14:25
EM: Since our primary competitors are national governments,
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ื"ืž: ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช,
14:28
the enforceability of patents is questionable.(Laughter) (Applause)
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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง [ืฆื—ื•ืง] [ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
14:32
CA: That's really, really interesting.
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ื›"ื: ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:36
But the big innovation is still ahead,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
14:38
and you're working on it now. Tell us about this.
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ื•ืืชื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืจื’ืข. ืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:41
EM: Right, so the big innovationโ€”
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ื"ืž: ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ--
14:43
CA: In fact, let's roll that video and you can talk us through it, what's happening here.
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ื›"ื: ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื‘ื” ื ืงืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื•.
14:47
EM: Absolutely. So the thing about rockets is that
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ื"ืž: ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜. ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื
14:51
they're all expendable.
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ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื™ื
14:52
All rockets that fly today are fully expendable.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื˜ืกื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืืœื”.
14:55
The space shuttle was an attempt at a reusable rocket,
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ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ,
14:57
but even the main tank of the space shuttle was thrown away every time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื•ืฉืœืš ื‘ืชื•ื ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
15:00
and the parts that were reusable
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื
15:02
took a 10,000-person group nine months to refurbish for flight.
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ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืฅ ืฉืœ 10,000 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš 9 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืกื”.
15:07
So the space shuttle ended up costing a billion dollars per flight.
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ืื– ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืขืœืชื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื˜ื™ืกื”.
15:11
Obviously that doesn't work very well for โ€”
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ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘--
15:13
CA: What just happened there? We just saw something land?
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ื›"ื: ืžื” ืงืจื” ืฉื ื›ืจื’ืข? ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ื—ืช?
15:16
EM: That's right. So it's important that the rocket stages
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ื"ืž: ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื“. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ
15:20
be able to come back, to be able to return to the launch site
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืืœ ืืชืจ ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ
15:24
and be ready to launch again within a matter of hours.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช.
15:27
CA: Wow. Reusable rockets.EM: Yes. (Applause)
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ื›"ื: ื•ื•ืื•. ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ. ื"ืž: ื›ืŸ. [ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
15:31
And so what a lot of people don't realize is,
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื,
15:35
the cost of the fuel, of the propellant, is very small.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืฃ, ื”ื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื“.
15:37
It's much like on a jet.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืก ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ.
15:39
So the cost of the propellant is about .3 percent
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ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ืฃ ื”ื™ื 0.3%
15:42
of the cost of the rocket.
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ืžืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ.
15:44
So it's possible to achieve, let's say,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’, ื ื ื™ื—,
15:46
roughly 100-fold improvement in the cost of spaceflight
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ 100 ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืœืœ
15:49
if you can effectively reuse the rocket.
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ืื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืขื™ืœ.
15:52
That's why it's so important.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
15:54
Every mode of transport that we use,
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ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื,
15:56
whether it's planes, trains, automobiles, bikes, horses,
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ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื, ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืกื•ืกื™ื,
15:59
is reusable, but not rockets.
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ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ืจืง ืœื ื˜ื™ืœื™ื.
16:01
So we must solve this problem in order to become a space-faring civilization.
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื•ืกืขืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ.
16:05
CA: You asked me the question earlier
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ื›"ื: ืฉืืœืช ืื•ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืืœื”:
16:06
of how popular traveling on cruises would be
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ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื’ื” ืœืฉื™ื˜
16:10
if you had to burn your ships afterward.EM: Certain cruises are apparently highly problematic.
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ืื ืื—"ื› ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ื ื”. ื"ืž: ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
16:16
CA: Definitely more expensive.
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ื›"ื: ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจื™ื.
16:18
So that's potentially absolutely disruptive technology,
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ืื– ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื•.
16:22
and, I guess, paves the way for your dream to actually take,
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืฉืžืช ื—ืœื•ืžืš,
16:26
at some point, to take humanity to Mars at scale.
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ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืืœ ื”ืžืื“ื™ื.
16:30
You'd like to see a colony on Mars.
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ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื.
16:32
EM: Yeah, exactly. SpaceX, or some combination
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ื"ืž: ื›ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. "ืกืคื™ื™ืก ืืงืก", ืื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
16:36
of companies and governments, needs to make progress
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
16:39
in the direction of making life multi-planetary,
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืจื‘-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื™ื,
16:42
of establishing a base on another planet,
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ืœื”ืงืžืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจ,
16:46
on Mars -- being the only realistic option --
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ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื-- ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”--
16:48
and then building that base up
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ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื–ื” ื”ืœืื”,
16:49
until we're a true multi-planet species.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื™ืŸ ืจื‘-ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™.
16:52
CA: So progress on this "let's make it reusable,"
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”"ื”ื‘ื” ื ืฉืžื™ืฉ ื–ืืช",
16:55
how is that going? That was just a simulation video we saw.
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชืงื“ื? ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื•ืœืฆื™ื”.
16:59
How's it going?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชืงื“ื?
17:00
EM: We're actually, we've been making some good progress recently
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ื"ืž: ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”
17:03
with something we call the Grasshopper Test Project,
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ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ืžื™ื–ื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื—ืจื’ื•ืœ",
17:06
where we're testing the vertical landing portion of the flight,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื”ืื ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื”,
17:10
the sort of terminal portion which is quite tricky.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืžื“ื™.
17:13
And we've had some good tests.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช.
17:16
CA: Can we see that?EM: Yeah.
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ื›"ื: ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ? ื"ืž: ื›ืŸ.
17:18
So that's just to give a sense of scale.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื”.
17:20
We dressed a cowboy as Johnny Cash
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ื”ืœื‘ืฉื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืงืื•ื‘ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ื’'ื•ื ื™ ืงืืฉ
17:21
and bolted the mannequin to the rocket. (Laughter)
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ื•ื”ื‘ืจื’ื ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
17:25
CA: All right, let's see that video then,
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ื›"ื: ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ,
17:27
because this is actually amazing when you think about it.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื, ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
17:29
You've never seen this before. A rocket blasting off and then --
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ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืจืื™ืชื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”. ื˜ื™ืœ ืžืžืจื™ื, ื•ืื–--
17:34
EM: Yeah, so that rocket is about the size
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ื"ืž: ื›ืŸ, ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ
17:36
of a 12-story building.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 12 ืงื•ืžื•ืช.
17:39
(Rocket launch)
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[ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืœ]
17:50
So now it's hovering at about 40 meters,
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ืฃ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 40 ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
17:54
and it's constantly adjusting
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ
17:56
the angle, the pitch and yaw of the main engine,
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ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช, ืืช ื”ืขืœืจื•ื“ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืกื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื™,
17:59
and maintaining roll with cold gas thrusters.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื“ื—ืคื™ ื’ื– ืคื—ื.
18:09
CA: How cool is that? (Applause)
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ื›"ื: ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? [ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
18:15
Elon, how have you done this?
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ืื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
18:20
These projects are so -- Paypal, SolarCity,
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ื”ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš-- "ืคื™ื™ ืคืืœ", "ืกื•ืœืืจ-ืกื™ื˜ื™",
18:25
Tesla, SpaceX, they're so spectacularly different,
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"ื˜ืกืœื”", "ืกืคื™ื™ืก ืืงืก", ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืืœื”,
18:28
they're such ambitious projects at scale.
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ืืœื” ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื.
18:30
How on Earth has one person
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ืื™ืš ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ื“
18:33
been able to innovate in this way?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš?
18:35
What is it about you?
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืš?
18:37
EM: I don't know, actually.
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ื"ืž: ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’, ื‘ืืžืช.
18:43
I don't have a good answer for you.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš.
18:45
I work a lot. I mean, a lot.
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื‘ื”.
18:48
CA: Well, I have a theory.EM: Okay. All right.
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ื›"ื: ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”. ื"ืž: ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื ืฉืžืข.
18:51
CA: My theory is that you
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ื›"ื: ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš
18:54
have an ability to think at a system level of design
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ
18:58
that pulls together design, technology and business,
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ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขืกืงื™ื,
19:02
so if TED was TBD, design, technology and business,
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ืื– ืื TED ื”ื™ืชื” TBD, "ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขืกืงื™ื",
19:06
into one package,
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ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื—ืช,
19:08
synthesize it in a way that very few people can and --
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ืœืกืชื ื– ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืขื˜ ืžืื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื•--
19:10
and this is the critical thing -- feel so damn confident
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข-- ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ,
19:15
in that clicked-together package that you take crazy risks.
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ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืชื•ืงืชืงืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืืชื” ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืื™ืชื” ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
19:19
You bet your fortune on it, and you seem to have done that multiple times.
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ืืชื” ืžื”ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ืš, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
19:24
I mean, almost no one can do that.
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ื”ืจื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
19:26
Is that -- could we have some of that secret sauce?
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ื”ืื ื–ื”-- ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืงืฆืช ืžื”ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื–ื”?
19:29
Can we put it into our education system? Can someone learn from you?
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื•? ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžืš?
19:33
It is truly amazing what you've done.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืช.
19:35
EM: Well, thanks. Thank you.
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ื"ืž: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชื•ื“ื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
19:37
Well, I do think there's a good framework for thinking.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
19:41
It is physics. You know, the sort of first principles reasoning.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”: ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื.
19:44
Generally I think there are -- what I mean by that is,
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ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ-- ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื,
19:49
boil things down to their fundamental truths
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ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืืžื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื
19:52
and reason up from there,
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ื•ืžืฉื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
19:54
as opposed to reasoning by analogy.
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืกืงืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงืฉ.
19:56
Through most of our life, we get through life
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
19:58
by reasoning by analogy,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืงืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื™ืงืฉ,
19:59
which essentially means copying what other people do with slight variations.
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ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื.
20:03
And you have to do that.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืš
20:04
Otherwise, mentally, you wouldn't be able to get through the day.
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ืื—ืจืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš.
20:09
But when you want to do something new,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ,
20:11
you have to apply the physics approach.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
20:15
Physics is really figuring out how to discover
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ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ืš ืœื’ืœื•ืช
20:17
new things that are counterintuitive, like quantum mechanics.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื.
20:20
It's really counterintuitive.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”.
20:22
So I think that's an important thing to do,
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”,
20:24
and then also to really pay attention to negative feedback,
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ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืžืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™,
20:29
and solicit it, particularly from friends.
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ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื.
20:31
This may sound like simple advice,
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ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืขืช ืขืฆื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
20:34
but hardly anyone does that,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช,
20:37
and it's incredibly helpful.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
20:39
CA: Boys and girls watching, study physics.
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ื›"ื: ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•, ืœื›ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
20:42
Learn from this man.
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ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืžื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
20:44
Elon Musk, I wish we had all day, but thank you so much for coming to TED.
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ืื™ืœื•ืŸ ืžืืกืง, ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืฉื‘ืืช ืœ-TED.
20:47
EM: Thank you. CA: That was awesome. That was really, really cool.
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ื"ืž: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš. ื›"ื: ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”. ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
20:51
Look at that. (Applause)
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ืชืจืื” ืžื” ื–ื”. [ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
20:53
Just take a bow. That was fantastic.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
20:58
Thank you so much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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