Edith Widder: The weird and wonderful world of bioluminescence

144,954 views ใƒป 2011-05-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
So I want to take you on a trip
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืกื™ื•ืจ
00:17
to an alien world.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ.
00:20
And it's not a trip
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืกื™ื•ืจ
00:22
that requires light-years of travel,
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ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ,
00:25
but it's to a place
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ืืœื ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื
00:27
where it's defined by light.
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ื‘ื• ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
00:30
So it's a little-appreciated fact
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
00:33
that most of the animals in our ocean
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ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
00:38
make light.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ.
00:40
I've spent most of my career
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ืขื‘ืจื”
00:42
studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence.
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ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช-ืื•ืจ.
00:45
I study it because I think understanding it
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื ื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”
00:47
is critical to understanding life in the ocean
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ื”ื™ื ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
00:50
where most bioluminescence occurs.
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ืฉืฉื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ.
00:52
I also use it as a tool
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื›ืœื™
00:54
for visualizing and tracking pollution.
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ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
00:57
But mostly I'm entranced by it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื•ืงืกืžืช ืžื–ื”.
01:00
Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible,
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ืžืื– ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืชื ืœืฆืœื™ืœืช-ืขื•ืžืง,
01:03
when I went down and turned out the lights
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ืžื˜ื” ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช
01:05
and saw the fireworks displays,
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ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื,
01:07
I've been a bioluminescence junky.
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืจื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™-ืื•ืจ.
01:10
But I would come back from those dives
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
01:13
and try to share the experience with words,
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื,
01:16
and they were totally inadequate to the task.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•.
01:20
I needed some way to share the experience directly.
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ื ื–ืงืงืชื™ ืœื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
01:23
And the first time I figured out that way
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ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•
01:25
was in this little single-person submersible
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื-ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื–ื”, ืœื™ื—ื™ื“,
01:27
called Deep Rover.
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ื•ืฉืžื• Deep Rover.
01:29
This next video clip,
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ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื,
01:31
you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืจืจื ื• ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:33
And the first thing you're going to see
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชืจืื•
01:35
is a transect screen
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื˜ื— ืจืฉืช
01:37
that is about a meter across.
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ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื• ื›ืžื˜ืจ.
01:39
(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub,
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(ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ) ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ืชื-ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื”,
01:41
a mess screen will come into contact
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ืžืฉื˜ื— ืจืฉืช ื™ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข
01:43
with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea.
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ืขื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื.
01:46
With the sub's lights switched off,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื›ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื,
01:48
it is possible to see their bioluminescence --
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื --
01:51
the light produced when they collide with the mesh.
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช.
02:00
This is the first time
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
02:02
it has ever been recorded.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื•ืงืœื˜ ืื™-ืคืขื.
02:16
Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera
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ืื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื™ื“ืจ: ื”ืงืœื˜ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆืœืžืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื—ื–ืงื”
02:19
that has about the sensitivity
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ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš
02:21
of the fully dark-adapted human eye.
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ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืฉืš ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
02:23
Which means that really is what you would see
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืชืจืื•
02:25
if you took a dive in a submersible.
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ืื ืชืฆืœืœื• ื‘ืชื-ืฆืœื™ืœื”.
02:27
But just to try to prove that fact to you,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”,
02:29
I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ื™-ืื•ืจ
02:31
in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt
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ืฉืœืœื ืกืคืง ื–ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืขื–
02:33
at a live demonstration.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื—ื™ื”.
02:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:37
So, if we could have the lights down
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ
02:39
and have it as dark in here as possible,
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ืš ื›ืืŸ,
02:42
I have a flask
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง
02:44
that has bioluminescent plankton in it.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜ื™-ืื•ืจ.
02:47
And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now,
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืคืœื˜ ืžื”ื,
02:50
either because they're dead --
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ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืชื™ื --
02:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:54
or because I need to stir them up in some way
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ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื™ ืœื ืขื ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
02:57
for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืจ ืžื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:01
(Gasps)
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(ื”ืชื ืฉืคื•ืช)
03:05
Oops. Sorry.
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ืื•ืคืก. ืกืœื™ื—ื”.
03:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:16
I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that.
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ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื–ืžื ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš; ืื ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœื” ืœื–ื”.
03:19
Okay.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
03:21
So that light
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ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
03:23
was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate,
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืฉื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื˜-ืื•ืจ,
03:26
a single-celled alga.
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ืืฆื” ื—ื“-ืชืื™ืช.
03:28
So why would a single-celled alga
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ืฉืืฆื” ื—ื“-ืชืื™ืช
03:30
need to be able to produce light?
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืจ?
03:32
Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators.
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ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื• ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
03:35
The flash is like a scream for help.
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ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื–ืขืงื” ืœืขื–ืจื”.
03:37
It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm,
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื–ืขืงืช-ืชืงื™ืคื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืื•ืจ.
03:40
and just like the alarm on your car or your house,
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืื–ืขืงื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
03:43
it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ,
03:46
thereby either leading to his capture
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš, ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื•
03:49
or scaring him away.
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ืื• ืœื”ืจืชืขืชื•.
03:51
There's a lot of animals that use this trick,
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ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื›ืกื™ืก ื–ื”,
03:53
for example this black dragonfish.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื“ื’-ื“ืจืงื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
03:55
It's got a light organ under its eye.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืจ-ืชืื•ืจื” ืชื—ืช ืขื™ื ื•.
03:57
It's got a chin barbel.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื—ื•ืฉ ืกื ื˜ืจ.
03:59
It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืื•ืชื ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข.
04:02
So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime,
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื ืชื-ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื” ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
04:06
because the top speed of this fish is one knot,
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ืื—ื“,
04:09
which was the top speed of the submersible.
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ืฉื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื.
04:11
But it was worth it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”,
04:13
because we caught it in a special capture device,
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ื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคืกื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
04:15
brought it up into the lab on the ship,
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื”,
04:17
and then everything on this fish lights up.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื” ื ื“ืœืง.
04:20
It's unbelievable.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืืžืŸ.
04:22
The light organs under the eyes are flashing.
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ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืชื—ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื.
04:24
That chin barbel is flashing.
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ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื•ืฉ ืกื ื˜ืจ ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘.
04:26
It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื• ืฉืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื,
04:28
fin lights.
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ืื•ืจื•ืช ืกื ืคื™ืจ.
04:30
It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention.
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ื–ื• ื–ืขืงื” ืœืขื–ืจื”; ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘.
04:33
It's phenomenal.
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ื–ื” ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™.
04:35
And you normally don't get to see this
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ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช,
04:37
because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื•
04:41
There's other ways you can defend yourself with light.
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ืžืขืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจืฉืช. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ืจ.
04:44
For example, this shrimp
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื–ื”
04:46
releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžื™ื
04:49
just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืื• ืชืžื ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ื•.
04:52
This blinds or distracts the predator.
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ื–ื” ืžืกื ื•ื•ืจ ืื• ืžืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ.
04:55
This little squid is called the fire shooter
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื™ื•ืจื”-ืืฉ
04:58
because of its ability to do this.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
05:00
Now it may look like a tasty morsel,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ื˜ืขื™ืžื”,
05:03
or a pig's head with wings --
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ืื• ื›ืžื• ืจืืฉ-ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขื ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื --
05:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:08
but if it's attacked,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืงืฃ,
05:11
it puts out a barrage of light --
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ --
05:14
in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื˜ืจ ื˜ื•ืจืคื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื.
05:18
I just barely got the lights out in time
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ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืกืคืงืชื™ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช
05:20
for you to be able to see those gobs of light
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื™ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
05:22
hitting the transect screen
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ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืจืฉืช
05:24
and then just glowing.
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ื•ืื– ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช.
05:26
It's phenomenal.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
05:30
So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean --
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืคืชื•ื— --
05:32
most of them that make light.
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจ.
05:34
And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why.
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื ืจืข ืœืฉื ืžื”.
05:36
They use it for finding food, for attracting mates,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื‘ื ื™-ื–ื•ื’,
05:39
for defending against predators.
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ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
05:41
But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก,
05:43
that's where things get really strange.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
05:46
And some of these animals
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
05:48
are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar,"
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ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ืื•ื•ื˜ืืจ",
05:51
but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœืคื ื“ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
05:54
They're things like this.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœื”.
05:56
This is a golden coral, a bush.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืœืžื•ื’ ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘, ืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื—.
05:58
It grows very slowly.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืžื— ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื˜.
06:00
In fact, it's thought that some of these
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื”ื
06:02
are as much as 3,000 years old,
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ื‘ื ื™ 3,000 ืฉื ื”,
06:04
which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed.
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ื•ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื“ื™ื’ ื‘ืžื›ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ืช.
06:08
The other reason is this amazing bush glows.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืžื•ืคืœื ื”ื–ื” ืงื•ืจืŸ.
06:12
So if you brush up against it,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžืฉืคืฉืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
06:14
any place you brushed against it,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืฉืคืฉืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื•,
06:16
you get this twinkling blue-green light
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ-ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ืžื ืฆื ืฅ ื”ื–ื”
06:19
that's just breathtaking.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
06:22
And you see things like this.
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”.
06:24
This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book --
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฆื ืžืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ืกืื•ืก --
06:26
just all manner of creatures all over this thing.
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ-ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:30
And these are flytrap anemones.
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื.
06:33
Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles.
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ืื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืืช ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
06:36
But if you keep poking it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื’ื•ืข,
06:38
it starts to produce light.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืจ.
06:41
And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
06:45
It produces these strings of light,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื—ืจื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
06:47
presumably as some form of defense.
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ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
06:50
There are starfish that can make light.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืจ.
06:53
And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช" ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคืกื™ ืื•ืจ
06:56
that dance along their arms.
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ื”ื ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื.
06:59
This looks like a plant,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—,
07:01
but it's actually an animal.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœ-ื—ื™ื™ื.
07:03
And it anchors itself in the sand
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฆืžื“ ืœื—ื•ืœ
07:05
by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœื•. ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ
07:08
So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื–ืจืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
07:10
as you see here.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
07:12
But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
07:15
and just squeeze it at the base of the stock,
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ื•ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืงืฆืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœื•,
07:18
it produces this light
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืจ
07:20
that propagates from stem to the plume,
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ื”ื ืข ืžื”ืคื˜ื•ื˜ืจืช ืœืขืœื™-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœื•,
07:22
changing color as it goes,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื•,
07:25
from green to blue.
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ืžื™ืจื•ืง ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ.
07:28
Colorization and sound effects
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ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื
07:30
added for you viewing pleasure.
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ื ืขืฉื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื.
07:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:35
But we have no idea why it does that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช.
07:37
Here's another one. This is also a sea pen.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ื•ืฆืช-ื™ื.
07:39
It's got a brittle star hitching a ride.
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ื ืฆืžื“ ืืœื™ื” ืœื˜ืจืžืค ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช.
07:42
It's a green saber of light.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืจื‘ ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
07:44
And like the one you just saw,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืจืื™ื ื•,
07:46
it can produce these as bands of light.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืคืกื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
07:48
So if I squeeze the base,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก,
07:50
the bands go from base to tip.
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ื”ืคืกื™ื ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืงืฆื”.
07:54
If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base.
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ืื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฆื”, ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืงืฆื” ืœื‘ืกื™ืก.
08:00
So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืื ืืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืืžืฆืข?
08:04
(Gasps)
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(ืื”ื”ื”)
08:07
I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื”.
08:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:12
So there's a language of light in the deep ocean,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืคืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื,
08:14
and we're just beginning to understand it,
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ื•ืื ื• ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
08:17
and one way we're going about that
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื
08:19
is we're imitating a lot of these displays.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
08:21
This is an optical lure that I've used.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื•.
08:23
We call it the electronic jellyfish.
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
08:25
It's just 16 blue LEDs
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ 16 ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื›ื—ื•ืœ
08:27
that we can program to do different types of displays.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืฉื™ื‘ืฆืขื• ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:29
And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea
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ื•ืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ื•ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืขื™ืŸ-ื‘ื™ื
08:32
that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals,
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคืจื-ืื“ื•ื ื”ื ืขืœื ืžืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื,
08:34
so it's unobtrusive.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืคืจื™ืข.
08:36
So I just want to show you
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
08:38
some of the responses we've elicited
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืงื˜ื ื•
08:40
from animals in the deep sea.
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ืžื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื.
08:42
So the camera's black and white.
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ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ.
08:44
It's not high-resolution.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืจื–ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
08:46
And what you're seeing here is a bait box
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื• ืงื•ืคืกืช ืคื™ืชื™ื•ื ื•ืช
08:48
with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean --
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ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” -- ื›ืžื• ืžืงืงื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก --
08:51
there are isopods all over it.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื” ื‘ื—ืจืงื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืžืงืงื™ื.
08:53
And right in the front
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ื•ืžืงื“ื™ืžื”
08:55
is the electronic jellyfish.
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
08:57
And when it starts flashing,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ืฆื ืฅ,
08:59
it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast.
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ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ืฆื ืฆืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
09:02
But as soon as it starts to flash --
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ืฆื ืฅ --
09:04
and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืจืื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืœืžื” --
09:06
I want you to look right here.
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ืื‘ืงืฉื›ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืคื”.
09:08
There's something small there that responds.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘.
09:11
We're talking to something.
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ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
09:13
It looks like a little of string pearls basically --
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื™ื,
09:17
in fact, three strings of pearls.
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื—ืจื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื™ื.
09:20
And this was very consistent.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื™ืงื‘ื™.
09:22
This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 feet.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื™-ื‘ื”ืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื›-600 ืžื˜ืจ.
09:24
We basically have a chat room going on here,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื—ื“ืจ-ืฆ'ื˜,
09:27
because once it gets started, everybody's talking.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ื›ื•ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:30
And I think this is actually a shrimp
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ
09:32
that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water.
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื.
09:35
But the cool thing is, we're talking to it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•.
09:37
We don't know what we're saying.
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ืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
09:40
Personally, I think it's something sexy.
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ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืกืงืกื™.
09:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:44
And then finally,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
09:46
I want to show you some responses that we recorded
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืœื˜ื ื•
09:48
with the world's first deep-sea webcam,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆืœืžืช ืจืฉืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืขืžืงื™-ื”ื™ื,
09:51
which we had installed in Monterey Canyon last year.
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ืฉื”ืชืงื ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
09:53
We've only just begun to analyze all of this data.
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ืจืง ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
09:56
This is going to be a glowing source first,
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ,
09:59
which is like bioluminescent bacteria.
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ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืœื˜ืช-ืื•ืจ.
10:01
And it is an optical cue
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™
10:03
that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื’ืจ ืขืœ ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก.
10:06
So this scavenger comes in,
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ืื– ืžื’ื™ืข ืื•ื›ืœ-ื ื‘ืœื•ืช ื–ื”,
10:09
which is a giant sixgill shark.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืจื™ืฉ 6-ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ืง.
10:11
And I can't claim for sure
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ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช
10:13
that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there.
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ืฉื”ืื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ืคื™ืชื™ื•ืŸ.
10:16
But if it had been following the odor plume,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื—,
10:18
it would have come in from the other direction.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
10:20
And it does actually seem to be trying
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื ืกื”
10:22
to eat the electronic jellyfish.
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ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช.
10:25
That's a 12-foot-long giant sixgill shark.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืขื ืง ื‘ืื•ืจืš 4 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืœ 6 ื–ื™ืžื™ื.
10:29
Okay, so this next one is from the webcam,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืžืฆืœืžืช ืจืฉืช,
10:32
and it's going to be this pinwheel display.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ืชืฆื•ื’ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืช.
10:35
And this is a burglar alarm.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื–ืขืงืช-ืชืงื™ืคื”.
10:38
And that was a Humboldt squid,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง,
10:40
a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ืขื ืง ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›ืžื˜ืจ.
10:43
This is at 3,000 feet in Monterey Canyon.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง 1,000 ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™.
10:46
But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื–ื• ืื–ืขืงืช-ืชืงื™ืคื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงื•ืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื”.
10:49
It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish.
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ื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืชื•ืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื–ื”.
10:52
But we did see a bunch of responses like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
10:55
This guy is a little more contemplative.
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ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘.
10:58
"Hey, wait a minute.
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"ื”ื™ื™, ืจืง ืจื’ืข.
11:00
There's supposed to be something else there."
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ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ."
11:02
He's thinking about it.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
11:05
But he's persistent.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ื•ืฉ.
11:07
He keeps coming back.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
11:09
And then he goes away for a few seconds
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืง ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
11:11
to think about it some more,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช,
11:13
and thinks,
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ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
11:15
"Maybe if I come in from a different angle."
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"ืื•ืœื™ ืื ืื‘ื•ื ื‘ื–ื•ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช."
11:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:22
Nope.
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ืœื!!
11:24
So we are starting to get a handle on this,
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ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืงืฆืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ,
11:27
but only just the beginnings.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
11:29
We need more eyes on the process.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
11:31
So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื ืžื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื‘ืชื-ืฆืœื™ืœื”,
11:34
by all means, climb in and take the plunge.
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ืืœ ืชื”ืกืกื•, ืชื›ื ืกื• ื•ืชืฆืœืœื•.
11:37
This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list,
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืงืจืจ,
11:40
because we live on an ocean planet.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
11:44
More than 90 percent, 99 percent,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90 ืื—ื•ื–, 99 ืื—ื•ื–,
11:46
of the living space on our planet
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•
11:49
is ocean.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื™ื.
11:52
It's a magical place
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืงืกื•ื
11:55
filled with breathtaking light shows
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ื”ืฉื•ืคืข ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ ืขื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื”
12:03
and bizarre and wondrous creatures,
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ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื,
12:07
alien life forms
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช
12:09
that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื˜ื•ืก ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืชืŸ.
12:12
But if you do take the plunge,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื,
12:15
please remember to turn out the lights.
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ื ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช.
12:18
But I warn you,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื›ื,
12:21
it's addictive.
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ื–ื” ืžืžื›ืจ.
12:30
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
12:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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