Edith Widder: The weird and wonderful world of bioluminescence

144,839 views ・ 2011-05-19

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
So I want to take you on a trip
0
15260
2000
00:17
to an alien world.
1
17260
2000
00:20
And it's not a trip
2
20260
2000
00:22
that requires light-years of travel,
3
22260
3000
00:25
but it's to a place
4
25260
2000
00:27
where it's defined by light.
5
27260
3000
00:30
So it's a little-appreciated fact
6
30260
3000
00:33
that most of the animals in our ocean
7
33260
5000
00:38
make light.
8
38260
2000
00:40
I've spent most of my career
9
40260
2000
00:42
studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence.
10
42260
3000
00:45
I study it because I think understanding it
11
45260
2000
00:47
is critical to understanding life in the ocean
12
47260
3000
00:50
where most bioluminescence occurs.
13
50260
2000
00:52
I also use it as a tool
14
52260
2000
00:54
for visualizing and tracking pollution.
15
54260
3000
00:57
But mostly I'm entranced by it.
16
57260
3000
01:00
Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible,
17
60260
3000
01:03
when I went down and turned out the lights
18
63260
2000
01:05
and saw the fireworks displays,
19
65260
2000
01:07
I've been a bioluminescence junky.
20
67260
3000
01:10
But I would come back from those dives
21
70260
3000
01:13
and try to share the experience with words,
22
73260
3000
01:16
and they were totally inadequate to the task.
23
76260
4000
01:20
I needed some way to share the experience directly.
24
80260
3000
01:23
And the first time I figured out that way
25
83260
2000
01:25
was in this little single-person submersible
26
85260
2000
01:27
called Deep Rover.
27
87260
2000
01:29
This next video clip,
28
89260
2000
01:31
you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence.
29
91260
2000
01:33
And the first thing you're going to see
30
93260
2000
01:35
is a transect screen
31
95260
2000
01:37
that is about a meter across.
32
97260
2000
01:39
(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub,
33
99260
2000
01:41
a mess screen will come into contact
34
101260
2000
01:43
with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea.
35
103260
3000
01:46
With the sub's lights switched off,
36
106260
2000
01:48
it is possible to see their bioluminescence --
37
108260
3000
01:51
the light produced when they collide with the mesh.
38
111260
3000
02:00
This is the first time
39
120260
2000
02:02
it has ever been recorded.
40
122260
3000
02:16
Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera
41
136260
3000
02:19
that has about the sensitivity
42
139260
2000
02:21
of the fully dark-adapted human eye.
43
141260
2000
02:23
Which means that really is what you would see
44
143260
2000
02:25
if you took a dive in a submersible.
45
145260
2000
02:27
But just to try to prove that fact to you,
46
147260
2000
02:29
I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton
47
149260
2000
02:31
in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt
48
151260
2000
02:33
at a live demonstration.
49
153260
2000
02:35
(Laughter)
50
155260
2000
02:37
So, if we could have the lights down
51
157260
2000
02:39
and have it as dark in here as possible,
52
159260
3000
02:42
I have a flask
53
162260
2000
02:44
that has bioluminescent plankton in it.
54
164260
3000
02:47
And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now,
55
167260
3000
02:50
either because they're dead --
56
170260
2000
02:52
(Laughter)
57
172260
2000
02:54
or because I need to stir them up in some way
58
174260
3000
02:57
for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.
59
177260
4000
03:01
(Gasps)
60
181260
3000
03:05
Oops. Sorry.
61
185260
2000
03:07
(Laughter)
62
187260
9000
03:16
I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that.
63
196260
3000
03:19
Okay.
64
199260
2000
03:21
So that light
65
201260
2000
03:23
was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate,
66
203260
3000
03:26
a single-celled alga.
67
206260
2000
03:28
So why would a single-celled alga
68
208260
2000
03:30
need to be able to produce light?
69
210260
2000
03:32
Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators.
70
212260
3000
03:35
The flash is like a scream for help.
71
215260
2000
03:37
It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm,
72
217260
3000
03:40
and just like the alarm on your car or your house,
73
220260
3000
03:43
it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder,
74
223260
3000
03:46
thereby either leading to his capture
75
226260
3000
03:49
or scaring him away.
76
229260
2000
03:51
There's a lot of animals that use this trick,
77
231260
2000
03:53
for example this black dragonfish.
78
233260
2000
03:55
It's got a light organ under its eye.
79
235260
2000
03:57
It's got a chin barbel.
80
237260
2000
03:59
It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute.
81
239260
3000
04:02
So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime,
82
242260
4000
04:06
because the top speed of this fish is one knot,
83
246260
3000
04:09
which was the top speed of the submersible.
84
249260
2000
04:11
But it was worth it,
85
251260
2000
04:13
because we caught it in a special capture device,
86
253260
2000
04:15
brought it up into the lab on the ship,
87
255260
2000
04:17
and then everything on this fish lights up.
88
257260
3000
04:20
It's unbelievable.
89
260260
2000
04:22
The light organs under the eyes are flashing.
90
262260
2000
04:24
That chin barbel is flashing.
91
264260
2000
04:26
It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing,
92
266260
2000
04:28
fin lights.
93
268260
2000
04:30
It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention.
94
270260
3000
04:33
It's phenomenal.
95
273260
2000
04:35
And you normally don't get to see this
96
275260
2000
04:37
because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.
97
277260
3000
04:41
There's other ways you can defend yourself with light.
98
281260
3000
04:44
For example, this shrimp
99
284260
2000
04:46
releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water
100
286260
3000
04:49
just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud.
101
289260
3000
04:52
This blinds or distracts the predator.
102
292260
3000
04:55
This little squid is called the fire shooter
103
295260
3000
04:58
because of its ability to do this.
104
298260
2000
05:00
Now it may look like a tasty morsel,
105
300260
3000
05:03
or a pig's head with wings --
106
303260
2000
05:05
(Laughter)
107
305260
3000
05:08
but if it's attacked,
108
308260
3000
05:11
it puts out a barrage of light --
109
311260
3000
05:14
in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes.
110
314260
3000
05:18
I just barely got the lights out in time
111
318260
2000
05:20
for you to be able to see those gobs of light
112
320260
2000
05:22
hitting the transect screen
113
322260
2000
05:24
and then just glowing.
114
324260
2000
05:26
It's phenomenal.
115
326260
2000
05:30
So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean --
116
330260
2000
05:32
most of them that make light.
117
332260
2000
05:34
And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why.
118
334260
2000
05:36
They use it for finding food, for attracting mates,
119
336260
3000
05:39
for defending against predators.
120
339260
2000
05:41
But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean,
121
341260
2000
05:43
that's where things get really strange.
122
343260
3000
05:46
And some of these animals
123
346260
2000
05:48
are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar,"
124
348260
3000
05:51
but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them.
125
351260
3000
05:54
They're things like this.
126
354260
2000
05:56
This is a golden coral, a bush.
127
356260
2000
05:58
It grows very slowly.
128
358260
2000
06:00
In fact, it's thought that some of these
129
360260
2000
06:02
are as much as 3,000 years old,
130
362260
2000
06:04
which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed.
131
364260
4000
06:08
The other reason is this amazing bush glows.
132
368260
4000
06:12
So if you brush up against it,
133
372260
2000
06:14
any place you brushed against it,
134
374260
2000
06:16
you get this twinkling blue-green light
135
376260
3000
06:19
that's just breathtaking.
136
379260
3000
06:22
And you see things like this.
137
382260
2000
06:24
This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book --
138
384260
2000
06:26
just all manner of creatures all over this thing.
139
386260
4000
06:30
And these are flytrap anemones.
140
390260
3000
06:33
Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles.
141
393260
3000
06:36
But if you keep poking it,
142
396260
2000
06:38
it starts to produce light.
143
398260
3000
06:41
And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy.
144
401260
4000
06:45
It produces these strings of light,
145
405260
2000
06:47
presumably as some form of defense.
146
407260
3000
06:50
There are starfish that can make light.
147
410260
3000
06:53
And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light
148
413260
3000
06:56
that dance along their arms.
149
416260
3000
06:59
This looks like a plant,
150
419260
2000
07:01
but it's actually an animal.
151
421260
2000
07:03
And it anchors itself in the sand
152
423260
2000
07:05
by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock.
153
425260
3000
07:08
So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents,
154
428260
2000
07:10
as you see here.
155
430260
2000
07:12
But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab
156
432260
3000
07:15
and just squeeze it at the base of the stock,
157
435260
3000
07:18
it produces this light
158
438260
2000
07:20
that propagates from stem to the plume,
159
440260
2000
07:22
changing color as it goes,
160
442260
3000
07:25
from green to blue.
161
445260
3000
07:28
Colorization and sound effects
162
448260
2000
07:30
added for you viewing pleasure.
163
450260
2000
07:32
(Laughter)
164
452260
3000
07:35
But we have no idea why it does that.
165
455260
2000
07:37
Here's another one. This is also a sea pen.
166
457260
2000
07:39
It's got a brittle star hitching a ride.
167
459260
3000
07:42
It's a green saber of light.
168
462260
2000
07:44
And like the one you just saw,
169
464260
2000
07:46
it can produce these as bands of light.
170
466260
2000
07:48
So if I squeeze the base,
171
468260
2000
07:50
the bands go from base to tip.
172
470260
3000
07:54
If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base.
173
474260
3000
08:00
So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle?
174
480260
3000
08:04
(Gasps)
175
484260
3000
08:07
I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.
176
487260
3000
08:10
(Laughter)
177
490260
2000
08:12
So there's a language of light in the deep ocean,
178
492260
2000
08:14
and we're just beginning to understand it,
179
494260
3000
08:17
and one way we're going about that
180
497260
2000
08:19
is we're imitating a lot of these displays.
181
499260
2000
08:21
This is an optical lure that I've used.
182
501260
2000
08:23
We call it the electronic jellyfish.
183
503260
2000
08:25
It's just 16 blue LEDs
184
505260
2000
08:27
that we can program to do different types of displays.
185
507260
2000
08:29
And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea
186
509260
3000
08:32
that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals,
187
512260
2000
08:34
so it's unobtrusive.
188
514260
2000
08:36
So I just want to show you
189
516260
2000
08:38
some of the responses we've elicited
190
518260
2000
08:40
from animals in the deep sea.
191
520260
2000
08:42
So the camera's black and white.
192
522260
2000
08:44
It's not high-resolution.
193
524260
2000
08:46
And what you're seeing here is a bait box
194
526260
2000
08:48
with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean --
195
528260
3000
08:51
there are isopods all over it.
196
531260
2000
08:53
And right in the front
197
533260
2000
08:55
is the electronic jellyfish.
198
535260
2000
08:57
And when it starts flashing,
199
537260
2000
08:59
it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast.
200
539260
3000
09:02
But as soon as it starts to flash --
201
542260
2000
09:04
and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera --
202
544260
2000
09:06
I want you to look right here.
203
546260
2000
09:08
There's something small there that responds.
204
548260
3000
09:11
We're talking to something.
205
551260
2000
09:13
It looks like a little of string pearls basically --
206
553260
4000
09:17
in fact, three strings of pearls.
207
557260
3000
09:20
And this was very consistent.
208
560260
2000
09:22
This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 feet.
209
562260
2000
09:24
We basically have a chat room going on here,
210
564260
3000
09:27
because once it gets started, everybody's talking.
211
567260
3000
09:30
And I think this is actually a shrimp
212
570260
2000
09:32
that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water.
213
572260
3000
09:35
But the cool thing is, we're talking to it.
214
575260
2000
09:37
We don't know what we're saying.
215
577260
3000
09:40
Personally, I think it's something sexy.
216
580260
2000
09:42
(Laughter)
217
582260
2000
09:44
And then finally,
218
584260
2000
09:46
I want to show you some responses that we recorded
219
586260
2000
09:48
with the world's first deep-sea webcam,
220
588260
3000
09:51
which we had installed in Monterey Canyon last year.
221
591260
2000
09:53
We've only just begun to analyze all of this data.
222
593260
3000
09:56
This is going to be a glowing source first,
223
596260
3000
09:59
which is like bioluminescent bacteria.
224
599260
2000
10:01
And it is an optical cue
225
601260
2000
10:03
that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean.
226
603260
3000
10:06
So this scavenger comes in,
227
606260
3000
10:09
which is a giant sixgill shark.
228
609260
2000
10:11
And I can't claim for sure
229
611260
2000
10:13
that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there.
230
613260
3000
10:16
But if it had been following the odor plume,
231
616260
2000
10:18
it would have come in from the other direction.
232
618260
2000
10:20
And it does actually seem to be trying
233
620260
2000
10:22
to eat the electronic jellyfish.
234
622260
3000
10:25
That's a 12-foot-long giant sixgill shark.
235
625260
4000
10:29
Okay, so this next one is from the webcam,
236
629260
3000
10:32
and it's going to be this pinwheel display.
237
632260
3000
10:35
And this is a burglar alarm.
238
635260
3000
10:38
And that was a Humboldt squid,
239
638260
2000
10:40
a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long.
240
640260
3000
10:43
This is at 3,000 feet in Monterey Canyon.
241
643260
3000
10:46
But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly.
242
646260
3000
10:49
It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish.
243
649260
3000
10:52
But we did see a bunch of responses like this.
244
652260
3000
10:55
This guy is a little more contemplative.
245
655260
3000
10:58
"Hey, wait a minute.
246
658260
2000
11:00
There's supposed to be something else there."
247
660260
2000
11:02
He's thinking about it.
248
662260
3000
11:05
But he's persistent.
249
665260
2000
11:07
He keeps coming back.
250
667260
2000
11:09
And then he goes away for a few seconds
251
669260
2000
11:11
to think about it some more,
252
671260
2000
11:13
and thinks,
253
673260
2000
11:15
"Maybe if I come in from a different angle."
254
675260
3000
11:19
(Laughter)
255
679260
3000
11:22
Nope.
256
682260
2000
11:24
So we are starting to get a handle on this,
257
684260
3000
11:27
but only just the beginnings.
258
687260
2000
11:29
We need more eyes on the process.
259
689260
2000
11:31
So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible,
260
691260
3000
11:34
by all means, climb in and take the plunge.
261
694260
3000
11:37
This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list,
262
697260
3000
11:40
because we live on an ocean planet.
263
700260
4000
11:44
More than 90 percent, 99 percent,
264
704260
2000
11:46
of the living space on our planet
265
706260
3000
11:49
is ocean.
266
709260
2000
11:52
It's a magical place
267
712260
3000
11:55
filled with breathtaking light shows
268
715260
3000
12:03
and bizarre and wondrous creatures,
269
723260
4000
12:07
alien life forms
270
727260
2000
12:09
that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.
271
729260
3000
12:12
But if you do take the plunge,
272
732260
3000
12:15
please remember to turn out the lights.
273
735260
3000
12:18
But I warn you,
274
738260
3000
12:21
it's addictive.
275
741260
3000
12:30
Thank you.
276
750260
2000
12:32
(Applause)
277
752260
7000
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7