Edith Widder: The weird and wonderful world of bioluminescence

144,767 views ・ 2011-05-19

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
So I want to take you on a trip
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to an alien world.
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And it's not a trip
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that requires light-years of travel,
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but it's to a place
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where it's defined by light.
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So it's a little-appreciated fact
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that most of the animals in our ocean
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make light.
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I've spent most of my career
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studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence.
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I study it because I think understanding it
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is critical to understanding life in the ocean
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where most bioluminescence occurs.
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I also use it as a tool
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for visualizing and tracking pollution.
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But mostly I'm entranced by it.
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Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible,
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when I went down and turned out the lights
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and saw the fireworks displays,
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I've been a bioluminescence junky.
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But I would come back from those dives
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and try to share the experience with words,
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and they were totally inadequate to the task.
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I needed some way to share the experience directly.
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And the first time I figured out that way
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was in this little single-person submersible
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called Deep Rover.
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This next video clip,
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you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence.
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And the first thing you're going to see
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is a transect screen
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that is about a meter across.
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(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub,
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a mess screen will come into contact
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with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea.
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With the sub's lights switched off,
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it is possible to see their bioluminescence --
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the light produced when they collide with the mesh.
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This is the first time
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it has ever been recorded.
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Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera
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that has about the sensitivity
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of the fully dark-adapted human eye.
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Which means that really is what you would see
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if you took a dive in a submersible.
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02:27
But just to try to prove that fact to you,
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I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton
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in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt
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at a live demonstration.
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(Laughter)
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So, if we could have the lights down
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and have it as dark in here as possible,
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I have a flask
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that has bioluminescent plankton in it.
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And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now,
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either because they're dead --
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(Laughter)
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or because I need to stir them up in some way
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for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.
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03:01
(Gasps)
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03:05
Oops. Sorry.
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(Laughter)
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I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that.
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03:19
Okay.
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So that light
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was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate,
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a single-celled alga.
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So why would a single-celled alga
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need to be able to produce light?
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Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators.
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The flash is like a scream for help.
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It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm,
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and just like the alarm on your car or your house,
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it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder,
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thereby either leading to his capture
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or scaring him away.
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There's a lot of animals that use this trick,
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for example this black dragonfish.
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It's got a light organ under its eye.
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It's got a chin barbel.
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It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute.
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So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime,
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because the top speed of this fish is one knot,
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which was the top speed of the submersible.
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But it was worth it,
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because we caught it in a special capture device,
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brought it up into the lab on the ship,
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and then everything on this fish lights up.
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It's unbelievable.
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The light organs under the eyes are flashing.
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That chin barbel is flashing.
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It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing,
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fin lights.
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It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention.
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It's phenomenal.
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And you normally don't get to see this
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because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.
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There's other ways you can defend yourself with light.
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For example, this shrimp
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releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water
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just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud.
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This blinds or distracts the predator.
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This little squid is called the fire shooter
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because of its ability to do this.
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Now it may look like a tasty morsel,
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or a pig's head with wings --
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(Laughter)
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but if it's attacked,
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it puts out a barrage of light --
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in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes.
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I just barely got the lights out in time
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for you to be able to see those gobs of light
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hitting the transect screen
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and then just glowing.
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It's phenomenal.
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So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean --
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most of them that make light.
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And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why.
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They use it for finding food, for attracting mates,
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for defending against predators.
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But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean,
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that's where things get really strange.
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And some of these animals
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are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar,"
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but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them.
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They're things like this.
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This is a golden coral, a bush.
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It grows very slowly.
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In fact, it's thought that some of these
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are as much as 3,000 years old,
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which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed.
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The other reason is this amazing bush glows.
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So if you brush up against it,
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any place you brushed against it,
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you get this twinkling blue-green light
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that's just breathtaking.
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And you see things like this.
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This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book --
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just all manner of creatures all over this thing.
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And these are flytrap anemones.
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Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles.
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But if you keep poking it,
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it starts to produce light.
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And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy.
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It produces these strings of light,
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presumably as some form of defense.
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There are starfish that can make light.
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And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light
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that dance along their arms.
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This looks like a plant,
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but it's actually an animal.
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And it anchors itself in the sand
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by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock.
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So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents,
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as you see here.
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But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab
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and just squeeze it at the base of the stock,
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it produces this light
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that propagates from stem to the plume,
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changing color as it goes,
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from green to blue.
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Colorization and sound effects
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added for you viewing pleasure.
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(Laughter)
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But we have no idea why it does that.
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Here's another one. This is also a sea pen.
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It's got a brittle star hitching a ride.
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It's a green saber of light.
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And like the one you just saw,
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it can produce these as bands of light.
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So if I squeeze the base,
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the bands go from base to tip.
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If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base.
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So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle?
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(Gasps)
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I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.
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(Laughter)
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So there's a language of light in the deep ocean,
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and we're just beginning to understand it,
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and one way we're going about that
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is we're imitating a lot of these displays.
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This is an optical lure that I've used.
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We call it the electronic jellyfish.
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It's just 16 blue LEDs
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that we can program to do different types of displays.
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And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea
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that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals,
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so it's unobtrusive.
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So I just want to show you
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some of the responses we've elicited
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from animals in the deep sea.
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So the camera's black and white.
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It's not high-resolution.
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And what you're seeing here is a bait box
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with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean --
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there are isopods all over it.
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And right in the front
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is the electronic jellyfish.
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And when it starts flashing,
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it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast.
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But as soon as it starts to flash --
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and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera --
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I want you to look right here.
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There's something small there that responds.
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We're talking to something.
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It looks like a little of string pearls basically --
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in fact, three strings of pearls.
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And this was very consistent.
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This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 feet.
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We basically have a chat room going on here,
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because once it gets started, everybody's talking.
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And I think this is actually a shrimp
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that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water.
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But the cool thing is, we're talking to it.
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We don't know what we're saying.
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Personally, I think it's something sexy.
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(Laughter)
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And then finally,
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I want to show you some responses that we recorded
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with the world's first deep-sea webcam,
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which we had installed in Monterey Canyon last year.
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We've only just begun to analyze all of this data.
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This is going to be a glowing source first,
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which is like bioluminescent bacteria.
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And it is an optical cue
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that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean.
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So this scavenger comes in,
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which is a giant sixgill shark.
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And I can't claim for sure
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that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there.
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But if it had been following the odor plume,
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it would have come in from the other direction.
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And it does actually seem to be trying
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to eat the electronic jellyfish.
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That's a 12-foot-long giant sixgill shark.
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Okay, so this next one is from the webcam,
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and it's going to be this pinwheel display.
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And this is a burglar alarm.
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And that was a Humboldt squid,
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a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long.
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This is at 3,000 feet in Monterey Canyon.
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But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly.
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It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish.
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But we did see a bunch of responses like this.
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This guy is a little more contemplative.
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"Hey, wait a minute.
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There's supposed to be something else there."
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He's thinking about it.
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But he's persistent.
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He keeps coming back.
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And then he goes away for a few seconds
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to think about it some more,
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and thinks,
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"Maybe if I come in from a different angle."
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(Laughter)
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Nope.
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So we are starting to get a handle on this,
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but only just the beginnings.
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We need more eyes on the process.
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So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible,
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by all means, climb in and take the plunge.
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This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list,
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because we live on an ocean planet.
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More than 90 percent, 99 percent,
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of the living space on our planet
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is ocean.
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It's a magical place
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filled with breathtaking light shows
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and bizarre and wondrous creatures,
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alien life forms
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that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.
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But if you do take the plunge,
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please remember to turn out the lights.
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But I warn you,
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it's addictive.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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