Edith Widder: The weird and wonderful world of bioluminescence

Prevoditelj: Tilen Pigac - EFZG Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

So I want to take you on a trip

Dakle, želim vas povesti na putovanje

to an alien world.

u strani svijet.

And it's not a trip

I to nije putovanje

that requires light-years of travel,

koje zahtijeva putovanje od nekoliko svjetlosnih godina,

but it's to a place

već je to putovanje na mjesto

where it's defined by light.

koje je definirano svjetlošću.

So it's a little-appreciated fact

Dakle, malo je cijenjena činjenica

that most of the animals in our ocean

kako većina životinja u našem oceanu

make light.

proizvodi svjetlo.

I've spent most of my career

Većinu svoje karijere provela sam

studying this phenomenon called bioluminescence.

proučavajući taj fenomen zvan bioluminiscencija.

I study it because I think understanding it

Proučavam ga jer mislim kako je njegovo razumijevanje

is critical to understanding life in the ocean

kritično za razumijevanje života u oceanu

where most bioluminescence occurs.

gdje se većina bioluminiscencije zbiva.

I also use it as a tool

Ujedno ga koristim kao alat

for visualizing and tracking pollution.

za vizualizaciju i praćenje zagađenja.

But mostly I'm entranced by it.

Ali većim dijelom me privlači.

Since my my first dive in a deep-diving submersible,

Nakon mog prvog zarona u vozilu za duboko zaronjavanje,

when I went down and turned out the lights

kada sam se spustila dolje i ugasila svjetla

and saw the fireworks displays,

i vidjela vatromet,

I've been a bioluminescence junky.

postala sam ovisnik o bioluminiscenciji.

But I would come back from those dives

Ali, vraćala bih se iz tih zarona

and try to share the experience with words,

i pokušala podijeliti iskustvo riječima,

and they were totally inadequate to the task.

i one su bile potpuno nedostatne za taj doživljaj.

I needed some way to share the experience directly.

Morala sam pronaći način da podijelim to iskustvo direktno.

And the first time I figured out that way

A prvi put kada sam shvatila koji je to način,

was in this little single-person submersible

bio je kada sam bila u tom podvodnom vozilu za jednu osobu

called Deep Rover.

zvanom Deep Rover.

This next video clip,

Sljedeći video isječak,

you're going to see how we stimulated the bioluminescence.

vidjet ćete kako smo stimulirali bioluminiscenciju.

And the first thing you're going to see

A prva stvar koju ćete vidjeti

is a transect screen

je presjek ekrana

that is about a meter across.

koji je velik metar u dužinu.

(Video) Narrator: In front of the sub,

(Video) Pripovjedač: Ispred podmornice,

a mess screen will come into contact

mrežni ekran će doći u kontakt

with the soft-bodied creatures of the deep sea.

sa stvorenjima mekanih tijela koji žive u dubokom moru.

With the sub's lights switched off,

S isključenim svjetlima podmornice,

it is possible to see their bioluminescence --

moguće je vidjeti njihovu bioluminiscenciju --

the light produced when they collide with the mesh.

svjetlo koje proizvode kada se sudare s mrežom.

This is the first time

Ovo je prvi put

it has ever been recorded.

da je to ikada snimljeno.

Edith Widder: So I recorded that with an intensified video camera

Edith Widder: Dakle, snimila sam to s intenzivnom video kamerom

that has about the sensitivity

koja ima osjetljivost kao i

of the fully dark-adapted human eye.

ljudsko oko koje je u potpunosti prilagođeno za mrak.

Which means that really is what you would see

Što znači da je to ono što možete vidjeti

if you took a dive in a submersible.

ako zaronite u podmornici.

But just to try to prove that fact to you,

Ali samo da probamo dokazati tu činjenicu vama,

I've brought along some bioluminescent plankton

donijela sam sa sobom bioluminiscentni plankton

in what is undoubtedly a foolhardy attempt

kako bih pokušala

at a live demonstration.

izvesti demontraciju uživo.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So, if we could have the lights down

Dakle, ako bismo mogli ugasiti svjetla

and have it as dark in here as possible,

i imati najmračniju atmosferu koliko je to moguće,

I have a flask

ja imam bocu

that has bioluminescent plankton in it.

u kojoj je sadržan bioluminiscentan plankton.

And you'll note there's no light coming from them right now,

I primjetit ćete kako sada ne proizvode nikakvo svjetlo,

either because they're dead --

ili zato jer su mrtvi --

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

or because I need to stir them up in some way

ili jer ih moram promiješati na način

for you to see what bioluminescence really looks like.

na koji biste vi mogli vidjeti kako bioluminiscencija doista izgleda.

(Gasps)

(Dahtanje)

Oops. Sorry.

Oops. Oprostite.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I spend most of my time working in the dark; I'm used to that.

Većinu svog vremena provodim radeći u mraku, navikla sam na to.

Okay.

U redu.

So that light

Dakle, ovu svjetlost

was made by a bioluminescent dinoflagellate,

je proizvela bioluminiscentna dinoflegellate-a,

a single-celled alga.

jednostanična alga.

So why would a single-celled alga

Dakle, zašto bi jednostanična alga

need to be able to produce light?

trebala proizvesti svjetlo?

Well, it uses it to defend itself from its predators.

Pa, koristi ga kako bi se obranila od svojih predatora.

The flash is like a scream for help.

Bljesak je poput poziva upomoć.

It's what's known as a bioluminescent burglar alarm,

To je poznato kao bioluminiscentni alarm za provalnike.

and just like the alarm on your car or your house,

I poput alarma u vašem autu ili u vašoj kući,

it's meant to cast unwanted attention onto the intruder,

uloga mu je da baci neželjenu pozornost na uljeza,

thereby either leading to his capture

vodeći do njegovog ulova

or scaring him away.

ili do zastrašivanja.

There's a lot of animals that use this trick,

Postoji mnogo životinja koje koriste taj trik,

for example this black dragonfish.

na primjer ova crna riba zmaj.

It's got a light organ under its eye.

Ima svjetleći organ ispod svog oka.

It's got a chin barbel.

Ima mrene na bradi.

It's got a lot of other light organs you can't see, but you'll see in here in a minute.

Ima puno drugih svjetlećih organa koje ne možete vidjeti, no vidjet ćete ih ovdje za koju minutu.

So we had to chase this in the submersible for quite sometime,

Dakle, moramo smo je loviti u podmornici neko vrijeme,

because the top speed of this fish is one knot,

jer je maksimalna brzina ove ribe jedan čvor,

which was the top speed of the submersible.

što je ujedno i maksimalna brzina podmornice.

But it was worth it,

Ali isplatilo se,

because we caught it in a special capture device,

jer smo je ulovili u posebnu napravu za ulov,

brought it up into the lab on the ship,

doveli je u laboratorij na brodu,

and then everything on this fish lights up.

i zatim je sve na toj ribi počelo svjetliti.

It's unbelievable.

To je nevjerojatno.

The light organs under the eyes are flashing.

Svjetleći organi ispod oka blješte.

That chin barbel is flashing.

Mrena na bradi blješti.

It's got light organs on its belly that are flashing,

Ima svjetleće organe na trbuhu koji blješte,

fin lights.

svjetla na peraji.

It's a scream for help; it's meant to attract attention.

To je poziv upomoć; namjenjen je da privuče pozornost.

It's phenomenal.

To je fenomenalno.

And you normally don't get to see this

I normalno nemate priliku vidjeti to,

because we've exhausted the luminescence when we bring them up in nets.

jer kada ih dovedemo gore u mrežama, već smo iscrpili njihovu luminiscenciju.

There's other ways you can defend yourself with light.

Postoje drugi načini kako se možete obraniti pomoću svjetla.

For example, this shrimp

Na primjer, ovaj škamp

releases its bioluminescent chemicals into the water

ispušta svoje bioluminiscentne kemikalije u vodu

just the way a squid or an octopus would release an ink cloud.

na isti način kao i lignja ili hobotnica ispušta oblak tinte.

This blinds or distracts the predator.

To zaslijepljuje ili omete predatora.

This little squid is called the fire shooter

Ova mala lignja je zvana bacač vatre

because of its ability to do this.

zbog svoje sposobnosti da to radi.

Now it may look like a tasty morsel,

Sada, može to izgledati kao slastan zalogaj,

or a pig's head with wings --

ili kao svinjska glava s krilima --

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

but if it's attacked,

ali ako je napadnuta,

it puts out a barrage of light --

postavlja svjetlosnu prepreku --

in fact, a barrage of photon torpedoes.

zapravo, prepreku fotonskih torpeda.

I just barely got the lights out in time

Jedva sam uspjela ugasiti svjetla na vrijeme

for you to be able to see those gobs of light

kako biste vidjeli ta zrnca svjetlosti

hitting the transect screen

kako udaraju presjek ekrana

and then just glowing.

i zatim sjaje.

It's phenomenal.

To je fenomenalno.

So there's a lot of animals in the open ocean --

Dakle, ima puno životinja u otvorenom oceanu --

most of them that make light.

većina njih koja proizvodi svjetlost.

And we have a pretty good idea, for most of them, why.

I za većinu njih imamo prilično dobre ideje zašto to rade.

They use it for finding food, for attracting mates,

Koriste je za pronalazak hrane, za privlačenje partnera,

for defending against predators.

za obranu od predatora.

But when you get down to the bottom of the ocean,

Ali kada se spustite na dno oceana,

that's where things get really strange.

tamo stvari postaju uistinu čudne.

And some of these animals

I neke od tih životinja

are probably inspiration for the things you saw in "Avatar,"

su vjerojatno inspiracija za stvari koje ste vidjeli u "Avatar-u",

but you don't have to travel to Pandora to see them.

ali ne morate putovati na Pandoru kako biste ih vidjeli.

They're things like this.

One su stvari poput ovih.

This is a golden coral, a bush.

Ovo je zlatni koralj, grm.

It grows very slowly.

Raste vrlo sporo.

In fact, it's thought that some of these

Zapravo, pretpostavlja se kako su neki

are as much as 3,000 years old,

stari i do 3.000 godina,

which is one reason that bottom trawling should not be allowed.

što je još jedan razlog zašto koćarenje po dnu nije dozvoljeno.

The other reason is this amazing bush glows.

Drugi razlog je što taj nevjerojatan grm svijetli.

So if you brush up against it,

Dakle, ako ga okrznete,

any place you brushed against it,

bilo koje mjesto koje okrznete,

you get this twinkling blue-green light

će zasvjetliti plavo-zelenim svjetlom

that's just breathtaking.

koje jednostavno oduzima dah.

And you see things like this.

I vidite stvari poput ovih.

This looks like something out of a Dr. Seuss book --

Ovo je nalik nečemu iz knjige Dr. Seuss-a --

just all manner of creatures all over this thing.

različite vrste stvorenja preko ove stvari.

And these are flytrap anemones.

A ovo su muholovke anemone.

Now if you poke it, it pulls in its tentacles.

Ako je gurnete, uvuče unutra svoje pipaljke.

But if you keep poking it,

Ali ako je nastavite gurati,

it starts to produce light.

počinje proizvoditi svjetlost.

And it actually ends up looking like a galaxy.

I na kraju zapravo izgleda poput galaksije.

It produces these strings of light,

Proizvodi te niti svjetla,

presumably as some form of defense.

vjerojatno kao neku vrstu obrane.

There are starfish that can make light.

Postoje zvijezde koje mogu prizvesti svjetlo.

And there are brittle stars that produce bands of light

I postoje krhke zvijezde koje proizvode trake svjetlosti

that dance along their arms.

koje plešu oko njihovih ruku.

This looks like a plant,

Ovo izgleda kao biljka,

but it's actually an animal.

ali je zapravo životinja.

And it anchors itself in the sand

I usidri se u pijesku

by blowing up a balloon on the end of its stock.

napuhujući balon na kraju svog debla.

So it can actually hold itself in very strong currents,

Stoga se može zapravo držati u vrlo jakim strujama,

as you see here.

kao što vidite ovdje.

But if we collect it very gently, and we bring it up into the lab

Ali ako je pokupimo vrlo nježno, i donesemo je gore u laboratorij

and just squeeze it at the base of the stock,

i istisnemo je pri kraju debla,

it produces this light

proizvodi svjetlo

that propagates from stem to the plume,

koje se širi od debla do vrhova,

changing color as it goes,

mijenjajući boju kako se širi,

from green to blue.

od zelene ka plavoj.

Colorization and sound effects

Kolorizacija i zvučni efekti

added for you viewing pleasure.

su dodani za vaš užitak gledanja.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But we have no idea why it does that.

Ali nemamo pojma zašto to radi.

Here's another one. This is also a sea pen.

Evo još jedne. Ovo je isto morska olovka.

It's got a brittle star hitching a ride.

Ima krhku zvijezdu koja autostopira.

It's a green saber of light.

Ima zelenu sablju svjetlosti.

And like the one you just saw,

I poput ove koje ste upravo vidjeli,

it can produce these as bands of light.

može ih proizvesti kao trake svjetlosti.

So if I squeeze the base,

Dakle, ako stisnem osnovicu,

the bands go from base to tip.

trake idu od osnovice prema vrhovima.

If I squeeze the tip, they go from tip to base.

Ako stisnem vrh, idu od vrhova prema osnovici.

So what do you think happens if you squeeze it in the middle?

Dakle, što mislite da se događa kada bi je stisnuli u sredini?

(Gasps)

(Dahtanje)

I'd be very interested in your theories about what that's about.

Bila bih veoma zainteresirana za vaše teorije o tome što je ovo sada bilo.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So there's a language of light in the deep ocean,

Dakle, postoji jezik svjetlosti u dubokom oceanu,

and we're just beginning to understand it,

i počinjemo ga shvaćati.

and one way we're going about that

A jedan način na koji to radimo

is we're imitating a lot of these displays.

je da imitiramo mnogo tih prikaza.

This is an optical lure that I've used.

Ovo je optički mamac koji sam koristila.

We call it the electronic jellyfish.

Zovemo je elektronička meduza.

It's just 16 blue LEDs

To je samo 16 plavih LED-ica

that we can program to do different types of displays.

koje možemo programirati da prikazuju različite prikaze.

And we view it with a camera system I developed called Eye-in-the-Sea

I promatramo je pomoću sustava za kamere koji sam razvila a koji se zove Oko-u-Moru

that uses far red light that's invisible to most animals,

koji koristi udaljeno crveno svjetlo koje je nevidljivo većini životinja,

so it's unobtrusive.

dakle, nije nametljivo.

So I just want to show you

Dakle, želim vam samo pokazati

some of the responses we've elicited

neke od odgovora koje smo prikupili

from animals in the deep sea.

od životinja u dubokom moru.

So the camera's black and white.

Dakle, kamera je crno bijela.

It's not high-resolution.

Nema visoku rezoluciju.

And what you're seeing here is a bait box

A ono što vidite ovdje je kutija za mamac

with a bunch of -- like the cockroaches of the ocean --

s hrpom -- poput oceanskih žohara --

there are isopods all over it.

izopodi su ih prekrili.

And right in the front

A upravo naprijed

is the electronic jellyfish.

je elektronička meduza.

And when it starts flashing,

I kada počinje sjajiti,

it's just going to be one of the LEDs that's flashing very fast.

samo jedna LED-ica će sjajiti jako brzo.

But as soon as it starts to flash --

Ali čim počinje sjajiti --

and it's going to look big, because it blooms on the camera --

i izgledati će veliko, jer cvjeta na kameri --

I want you to look right here.

želim da gledate točno ovdje.

There's something small there that responds.

Tamo je nešto maleno što odgovara.

We're talking to something.

Pričamo s nečim.

It looks like a little of string pearls basically --

U osnovi je pomalo nalik na nit bisera,

in fact, three strings of pearls.

zapravo, tri niti bisera.

And this was very consistent.

I to je bilo vrlo konzistentno.

This was in the Bahamas at about 2,000 feet.

To je bila na Bahamima na oko 2.000 stopa.

We basically have a chat room going on here,

U osnovi ovdje imamo sobu za razgovor,

because once it gets started, everybody's talking.

jer jednom kada počne, svi pričaju.

And I think this is actually a shrimp

I mislim kako je ovo zapravo škamp

that's releasing its bioluminescent chemicals into the water.

koji ispušta bioluminiscentne kemikalije u vodu.

But the cool thing is, we're talking to it.

Ali sjajna stvar je, mi pričamo s time.

We don't know what we're saying.

Ne znamo što govorimo.

Personally, I think it's something sexy.

Osobno, mislim kako je nešto seksi.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And then finally,

I zatim na kraju,

I want to show you some responses that we recorded

želim vam pokazati neke odgovore koje smo snimili

with the world's first deep-sea webcam,

s prvom na svijetu kamerom za duboke vode

which we had installed in Monterey Canyon last year.

koju smo instalirali u kanjonu Monterey prošle godine.

We've only just begun to analyze all of this data.

Tek smo počeli analizirati sve te podatke.

This is going to be a glowing source first,

Ovo će isprva biti svjetleći izvor,

which is like bioluminescent bacteria.

što je poput bioluminiscentne bakterije.

And it is an optical cue

I to je optički znak

that there's carrion on the bottom of the ocean.

kako je strvina na dnu oceana.

So this scavenger comes in,

Dakle, taj strvožder uđe,

which is a giant sixgill shark.

koji je zapravo ogroman morski pas.

And I can't claim for sure

I ne mogu tvrditi sa sigurnošću

that the optical source brought it in, because there's bait right there.

kako ga je optički izvor doveo, jer je tamo mamac.

But if it had been following the odor plume,

Ali kada bi slijedio miris dima,

it would have come in from the other direction.

došao bi iz drugog smjera.

And it does actually seem to be trying

I doima se kako pokušava

to eat the electronic jellyfish.

pojesti elektroničku meduzu.

That's a 12-foot-long giant sixgill shark.

To je ogroman morski pas od 12 stopa.

Okay, so this next one is from the webcam,

U redu, ovaj idući je iz web kamere,

and it's going to be this pinwheel display.

i biti će taj prikaz vrtenja.

And this is a burglar alarm.

A ovo je provalnički alarm.

And that was a Humboldt squid,

A ovo je bila Humboldt-ova lignja,

a juvenile Humboldt squid, about three feet long.

maloljetna Humboldt-ova lignja, koja je dugačka oko tri stope.

This is at 3,000 feet in Monterey Canyon.

To je na 3.000 stopa u kanjonu Monterey.

But if it's a burglar alarm, you wouldn't expect it to attack the jellyfish directly.

Ali ako je provalnički alarm, ne biste očekivali kako će izravno napasti meduzu.

It's supposed to be attacking what's attacking the jellyfish.

Moralo bi napadati ono što napada meduzu.

But we did see a bunch of responses like this.

Ali vidjeli smo mnogo odgovora poput ovih.

This guy is a little more contemplative.

Ovaj malo više promišlja.

"Hey, wait a minute.

"Hej, čekaj malo.

There's supposed to be something else there."

Trebalo bi još nešto biti tamo."

He's thinking about it.

On razmišlja o tome.

But he's persistent.

Ali on je uporan.

He keeps coming back.

Stalno se vraća.

And then he goes away for a few seconds

I zatim ode na nekoliko sekundi

to think about it some more,

kako bi malo više razmislio o tome,

and thinks,

i razmišlja,

"Maybe if I come in from a different angle."

"Možda bih trebao doći iz drugog kuta."

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Nope.

Ne.

So we are starting to get a handle on this,

Dakle, počinjemo se uhodavati u to,

but only just the beginnings.

ali to su samo počeci.

We need more eyes on the process.

Trebamo više promatrati proces.

So if any of you ever get a chance to take a dive in a submersible,

Stoga, ako itko od vas ikada dobije šansu da zaroni u podmornici,

by all means, climb in and take the plunge.

popnite se i zaronite.

This is something that should be on everybody's bucket list,

To je nešto što bi trebalo biti na svačijoj listi želja,

because we live on an ocean planet.

jer živimo na planetu oceana.

More than 90 percent, 99 percent,

Više od 90 posto, 99 posto,

of the living space on our planet

živućeg prostora na našem planetu

is ocean.

je ocean.

It's a magical place

To je magično mjesto

filled with breathtaking light shows

ispunjeno s svjetlosnim predstavama koje oduzimaju dah

and bizarre and wondrous creatures,

i bizarnim i čudnovatim stvorenjima,

alien life forms

stranim životnim oblicima

that you don't have to travel to another planet to see.

zbog kojih ne morate putovati na drugi planet kako bi ih vidjeli.

But if you do take the plunge,

Ali ako zaronite,

please remember to turn out the lights.

sjetite se ugasiti svjetla.

But I warn you,

Ali upozoravam vas,

it's addictive.

to je zarazno.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)