How to make hard choices | Ruth Chang

1,901,258 views ใƒป 2014-06-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Oren Szekatch
00:12
Think of a hard choice you'll face in the near future.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืžืฆืคื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘;
00:16
It might be between two careers --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช:
00:18
artist and accountant --
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ืืžื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื ื”ืœืช-ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช,
00:20
or places to live -- the city or the country --
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ืื• ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื: ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ,
ืื• ืืฃ ืœืžื™ ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื:
00:23
or even between two people to marry --
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ื”ืื ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ื‘ื˜ื™ ืื• ืขื ืœื•ืœื™ื˜ื”?
00:25
you could marry Betty or you could marry Lolita.
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00:28
Or it might be a choice about whether to have children,
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ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื ืœืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
00:31
to have an ailing parent move in with you,
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ืœืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื›ื ื”ื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืœื”,
00:33
to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by
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ืœื—ื ืš ืืช ื™ืœื“ื›ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืช
ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’, ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ื“ืชื›ื.
00:37
but leaves you cold.
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00:39
Or whether to donate your life savings to charity.
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ืื• ืื ืœืชืจื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืœืฆื“ืงื”.
00:42
Chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืขืœื™ื”
ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื™,
00:45
something momentous, something that matters to you.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ืจื™ืข, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ื.
00:48
Hard choices seem to be occasions
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื
ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื›ืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืกืจืช ื•ื—ืจื™ืงืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
00:51
for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื˜ืขื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
00:56
But I think we've misunderstood hard choices
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00:58
and the role they play in our lives.
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01:00
Understanding hard choices
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ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช
01:02
uncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.
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ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ื›ื•ื— ืกืžื•ื™
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
01:06
What makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืงืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ
ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•.
01:10
In any easy choice,
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืœื”,
01:12
one alternative is better than the other.
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ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:14
In a hard choice,
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ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื”,
01:16
one alternative is better in some ways,
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ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื,
01:18
the other alternative is better in other ways,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” - ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:21
and neither is better than the other overall.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืขื“ื™ืคื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™.
01:24
You agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city
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ืืชื ืžืชื™ื™ืกืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ
ืื• ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ,
01:29
or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country,
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01:33
because staying is better in some ways,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ,
01:35
moving is better in others,
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ,
01:37
and neither is better than the other overall.
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ื•ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืขื“ื™ืคื”.
01:41
We shouldn't think that all hard choices are big.
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ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
01:45
Let's say you're deciding what to have for breakfast.
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01:47
You could have high fiber bran cereal
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื“ื’ื ื™-ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขืชื™ืจื™-ืกื™ื‘ื™ื
01:50
or a chocolate donut.
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ืื• ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
01:52
Suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื
ื”ื ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™,
01:56
The cereal is better for you,
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ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื,
01:58
the donut tastes way better,
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ื”ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื” ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™:
02:01
but neither is better than the other overall,
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02:03
a hard choice.
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื”.
02:05
Realizing that small choices can also be hard,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
02:09
may make big hard choices seem less intractable.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืงืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
02:13
After all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
02:16
so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฆืœื™ื— ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
ืื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ
02:19
or uproot for the new job in the country.
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ืื• ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืคืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
02:23
We also shouldn't think that hard choices are hard
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ื’ื ืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืช
02:28
because we are stupid.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื˜ืคืฉื™ื.
02:30
When I graduated from college,
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ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื’',
02:32
I couldn't decide between two careers, philosophy and law.
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช,
ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืื• ืžืฉืคื˜.
02:36
I really loved philosophy.
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ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:39
There are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื,
02:42
and all from the comfort of an armchair.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ - ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืจืกื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืฆื ื•ืขื”,
02:46
But I came from a modest immigrant family
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ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™
02:49
where my idea of luxury
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02:50
was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich
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ื”ื™ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื•ื›ืจื™ืš ื’'ืœื™
02:52
in my school lunchbox,
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ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื”"ืก,
02:55
so the thought of spending my whole life
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืื‘ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™
02:57
sitting around in armchairs just thinking ...
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืจืกืื•ืช ื•ืกืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช,
03:01
Well, that struck me as the height of extravagance and frivolity.
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ื ื•, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื–ืจื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื•ืœืช.
03:05
So I got out my yellow pad,
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ืื– ืฉืœืคืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื“ืคืช ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™,
03:07
I drew a line down the middle,
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ืฉืจื˜ื˜ืชื™ ืงื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข,
ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
03:09
and I tried my best to think of the reasons
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03:11
for and against each alternative.
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ื‘ืขื“ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื”.
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
03:15
I remember thinking to myself,
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03:17
if only I knew what my life in each career would be like.
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ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™
ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืจืื• ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช.
03:22
If only God or Netflix would send me a DVD of my two possible future careers,
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ืื™ืœื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื• "ื ื˜ืคืœื™ืงืก" ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืœื™ ื“ื™-ื•ื™-ื“ื™ [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช.
03:28
I'd be set.
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03:29
I'd compare them side by side,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชืŸ, ื–ื• ืžื•ืœ ื–ื•,
03:31
I'd see that one was better,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื”,
03:33
and the choice would be easy.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืœื”.
03:35
But I got no DVD,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื ื“ื™-ื•ื™-ื“ื™,
03:37
and because I couldn't figure out which was better,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ืคื”,
03:40
I did what many of us do in hard choices:
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช:
03:43
I took the safest option.
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:46
Fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer,
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ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœืช
ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ,
ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™,
03:52
and as I discovered, lawyering didn't quite fit.
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ืขืจื™ื›ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืœื™. ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื ื™.
03:55
It wasn't who I was.
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03:57
So now I'm a philosopher,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
03:59
and I study hard choices,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช,
04:01
and I can tell you, that fear of the unknown,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ื•ื“ืข,
04:04
while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices,
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ืืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ืข ื‘ืจื™ืจืช-ืžื—ื“ืœ ื ืคื•ืฅ
ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช,
04:09
rests on a misconception of them.
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ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
04:12
It's a mistake to think that in hard choices,
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ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
04:15
one alternative really is better than the other,
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ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื—ืจืช,
04:18
but we're too stupid to know which,
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ืืš ืื ื• ื˜ืคืฉื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื™,
04:20
and since we don't know which,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™,
04:21
we might as well take the least risky option.
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ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืคื—ื•ืช.
04:24
Even taking two alternatives side by side
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืœ ื–ื• ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ืžื™ืŸ,
04:27
with full information, a choice can still be hard.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”.
ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืช
04:32
Hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance;
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœื ื• ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืชื ื•;
04:36
they're hard because there is no best option.
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ื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
ื•ืื ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
04:41
Now, if there's no best option,
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ืื ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืื—ืจืช,
04:43
if the scales don't tip in favor of one alternative over another,
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื, ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”,
04:48
then surely the alternatives must be equally good.
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04:51
So maybe the right thing to say in hard choices
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”.
04:54
is that they're between equally good options.
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04:56
But that can't be right.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ;
04:57
If alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them,
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ืื ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”,
ื›ื“ืื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข,
05:01
and it seems a mistake to think,
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
ืฉื›ื›ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื•ืช,
05:04
here's how you should decide between careers,
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05:06
places to live, people to marry:
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื”ื: ื‘ื”ื˜ืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข.
05:08
Flip a coin.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
05:11
There's another reason for thinking
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05:12
that hard choices aren't choices between equally good options.
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ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”.
ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืจื•ืช:
05:18
Suppose you have a choice between two jobs:
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05:21
you could be an investment banker
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช
05:24
or a graphic artist.
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ืื• ื’ืจืคื™ืงืื™.
ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช,
05:27
There are a variety of things that matter in such a choice,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
05:30
like the excitement of the work,
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05:32
achieving financial security,
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ื”ืฉื’ืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™,
05:34
having time to raise a family, and so on.
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ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
05:36
Maybe the artist's career puts you on the cutting edge
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ืื•ืœื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ืจืคื™ืงืื™ ืชืฆื™ื‘ ืืชื›ื
ื‘ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ืจืคื™.
05:41
of new forms of pictorial expression.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช
05:44
Maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge
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ืชืฆื™ื‘ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื ื™ืช
05:46
of new forms of financial manipulation.
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ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช.
05:50
(Laughter)
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05:51
Imagine the two jobs however you like,
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชืจืฆื•,
05:54
so that neither is better than the other.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืฃ ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
05:57
Now suppose we improve one of them, a bit.
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ื›ืขืช, ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื ืฉืคืจ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืจืง ืžืขื˜:
06:00
Suppose the bank, wooing you,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื‘ื ืง, ื”ืžื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื›ื,
06:03
adds 500 dollars a month to your salary.
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ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืฉื›ืจื›ื 500 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
06:06
Does the extra money
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ื”ืื ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช
06:07
now make the banking job better than the artist one?
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช?
06:12
Not necessarily.
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื—.
06:15
A higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before,
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ืฉื›ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื” ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช
ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืงื•ื“ื,
06:19
but it might not be enough
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš
06:20
to make being a banker better than being an artist.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช
06:25
But if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn't make it better than the other,
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ืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืช,
06:29
then the two original jobs could not have been equally good.
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ื›ื™ ืื– ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ
ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”.
06:33
If you start with two things that are equally good,
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ืื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”,
ื•ืžืฉืคืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
06:36
and you improve one of them,
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06:37
it now must be better than the other.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™.
06:40
That's not the case with options in hard choices.
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ืœื ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
06:45
So now we've got a puzzle.
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื“ื”:
06:47
We've got two jobs.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืจื•ืช.
06:49
Neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.
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ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจืช
ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”.
06:53
So how are we supposed to choose?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ?
06:55
Something seems to have gone wrong here.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
07:00
Maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช
ื•ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืื™ื ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
07:06
But that can't be right.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ;
07:07
It's not like we're trying to choose between two things that can't be compared.
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ื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืื ื• ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉืจื•ืช,
07:12
We're weighing the merits of two jobs, after all,
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07:15
not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs.
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ื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืชืฉืข
ืžื•ืœ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืœื—ืช.
ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช
07:20
A comparison of the overall merits of two jobs
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07:23
is something we can make,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
07:25
and one we often do make.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืื›ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
07:29
I think the puzzle arises
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช
07:31
because of an unreflective assumption we make about value.
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ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืคื–ื™ื–ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขืจืš.
07:35
We unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness,
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ื‘ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืขืจื›ื™ื
ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืง, ื™ื•ืคื™, ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช
07:42
are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight.
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ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจืš, ืžืกื” ื•ืžืฉืงืœ.
ืงื—ื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืขืจืš,
07:49
Take any comparative question not involving value,
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07:52
such as which of two suitcases is heavier.
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ื›ืžื•: ืื™ื–ื• ืžืฉืชื™ ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
07:55
There are only three possibilities.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง 3 ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
07:58
The weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other.
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ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื ืžื•ืš
ืื• ื–ื”ื” ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืื—ืจืช.
08:04
Properties like weight can be represented by real numbers --
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ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืฉืงืœ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’
ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื -- 1, 2, 3 ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” --
08:07
one, two, three and so on --
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08:09
and there are only three possible comparisons
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืจืง 3 ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื.
08:12
between any two real numbers.
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08:15
One number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืงื˜ืŸ
ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื ื™.
08:20
Not so with values.
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ืœื ื›ืš ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ื.
08:23
As post-Enlightenment creatures,
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ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ืืจื” ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื—
08:25
we tend to assume
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ืฉื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื—
08:27
that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•,
ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ืข.
08:33
but the world of value is different from the world of science.
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08:36
The stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื;
08:40
The stuff of the other world can't.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื—ืจ - ืœื.
08:43
We shouldn't assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights,
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ืืœ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื ื™ื—
ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”"ื™ืฉ", ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืœื™ื,
ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”"ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช",
08:48
has the same structure as the world of ought,
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08:50
of what we should do.
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
08:52
So if what matters to us --
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ื• --
08:55
a child's delight, the love you have for your partner โ€”
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ื”ื ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“, ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ --
08:58
can't be represented by real numbers,
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ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื,
09:01
then there's no reason to believe
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ื›ื™ ืื– ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
09:03
that in choice, there are only three possibilities --
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืจืง 3 ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช --
09:07
that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other.
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ืฉื—ืœื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
09:12
We need to introduce a new, fourth relation
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื—ื“ืฉ, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™,
09:16
beyond being better, worse or equal,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœ"ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ", "ืจืข ื™ื•ืชืจ" ืื• "ืฉื•ื•ื”",
09:20
that describes what's going on in hard choices.
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ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
09:23
I like to say that the alternatives are "on a par."
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ
"ืฉื•ื•ืช-ืžืขืžื“".
09:27
When alternatives are on a par,
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ื›ืฉื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืช-ืžืขืžื“,
ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืœื—ืœื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื,
09:29
it may matter very much which you choose,
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09:32
but one alternative isn't better than the other.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืื—ืช ืื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืื—ืจืช.
09:35
Rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value,
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ืื“ืจื‘ื: ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืขืจืš,
09:39
in the same league of value,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ื’ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืจืš,
09:41
while at the same time being very different in kind of value.
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ื•ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขืจืš.
09:46
That's why the choice is hard.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื”.
09:49
Understanding hard choices in this way
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ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช,
ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
09:52
uncovers something about ourselves we didn't know.
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09:56
Each of us has the power to create reasons.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืงืœื”,
10:02
Imagine a world in which every choice you face
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10:05
is an easy choice,
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10:06
that is, there's always a best alternative.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
10:09
If there's a best alternative, then that's the one you should choose,
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ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
10:12
because part of being rational
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ื›ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ
10:14
is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing,
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ืืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื ืืช ื”ืจืข ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:17
choosing what you have most reason to choose.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื•.
10:20
In such a world,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื–ื”,
ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•
10:22
we'd have most reason
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10:24
to wear black socks instead of pink socks,
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ืœื’ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ืช,
10:27
to eat cereal instead of donuts,
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ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ื’ื ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช,
10:29
to live in the city rather than the country,
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ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืคืจ,
ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื‘ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื ืืช ืœื•ืœื™ื˜ื”.
10:31
to marry Betty instead of Lolita.
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10:33
A world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.
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ืขื•ืœื ืžืœื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“
ื™ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
10:39
When you think about it,
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” -- [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:41
(Laughter)
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10:42
it's nuts to believe that the reasons given to you
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืœื›ื
ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื›ื
10:48
dictated that you had most reason to pursue
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ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
10:53
the exact hobbies you do,
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10:55
to live in the exact house you do,
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ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ื’ืจื™ื,
ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœื›ื.
10:58
to work at the exact job you do.
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11:01
Instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par --
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ืœื. ืืชื ื ื™ืฆื‘ืชื ืžื•ืœ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ืช-ืžืขืžื“: ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช,
11:05
hard choices --
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11:07
and you made reasons for yourself
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ื•ื”ืžืฆืืชื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื›ื
11:10
to choose that hobby, that house and that job.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืช-ืžืขืžื“,
11:15
When alternatives are on a par,
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11:17
the reasons given to us,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•,
11:18
the ones that determine whether we're making a mistake,
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื ืื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื,
11:21
are silent as to what to do.
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ืื™ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:24
It's here, in the space of hard choices,
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ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช,
11:28
that we get to exercise our normative power --
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ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ
ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
11:33
the power to create reasons for yourself,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•,
11:35
to make yourself into the kind of person
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
ืœืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกื•ื’
11:40
for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.
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ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ
ืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
11:45
When we choose between options that are on a par,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช-ืžืขืžื“,
11:48
we can do something really rather remarkable.
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ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืคืœื ื‘ืืžืช.
11:52
We can put our very selves behind an option.
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ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืžืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
11:56
Here's where I stand.
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ื–ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื™;
11:58
Here's who I am, I am for banking.
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ื›ื–ืืช ืื ื™. ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช.
12:02
I am for chocolate donuts.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“. [ืฆื—ื•ืง]
12:04
(Laughter)
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12:06
This response in hard choices is a rational response,
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช,
ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช,
12:10
but it's not dictated by reasons given to us.
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ืืš ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ืช ืข"ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืœื ื•,
12:13
Rather, it's supported by reasons created by us.
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ืืœื ื ืชืžื›ืช ืข"ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
12:19
When we create reasons for ourselves
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื•
12:22
to become this kind of person rather than that,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื ืœืื“ื ื”ื”ื•ื,
12:25
we wholeheartedly become the people that we are.
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ืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
12:29
You might say that we become the authors of our own lives.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ื ืขืฉื™ื ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื
ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช,
12:35
So when we face hard choices, we shouldn't beat our head against a wall
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ืืช ืจืืฉื ื• ื‘ืงื™ืจ
12:39
trying to figure out which alternative is better.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื™ื–ื• ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืขื“ื™ืคื”:
ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”!
12:42
There is no best alternative.
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12:44
Instead of looking for reasons out there,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืคื ื™ื;
12:47
we should be looking for reasons in here:
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12:49
Who am I to be?
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ืžื™ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
12:52
You might decide to be a pink sock-wearing,
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ืืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ื‘ื ืงืื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื›ืคืจ, ื’ื•ืจื‘ ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ ื“ื’ื ื™-ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
12:55
cereal-loving, country-living banker,
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12:59
and I might decide to be a black sock-wearing,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
ืืžื ื™ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจื‘ืช ื’ืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืกื•ืคื’ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:02
urban, donut-loving artist.
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13:06
What we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
13:12
Now, people who don't exercise their normative powers in hard choices
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
13:17
are drifters.
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ื”ื ื ืกื—ืคื™ื.
13:19
We all know people like that.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
13:21
I drifted into being a lawyer.
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ื ืกื—ืคืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืจื›ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ.
13:23
I didn't put my agency behind lawyering.
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ืœื ื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื™ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืขืจื™ื›ืช-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.
13:25
I wasn't for lawyering.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื“ ืขืจื™ื›ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ.
13:28
Drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives.
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ื”ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื
ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
13:33
They let mechanisms of reward and punishment --
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ื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ --
13:37
pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option --
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ืœื™ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ, ืคื—ื“, ืงืœื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช --
13:41
to determine what they do.
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื•.
13:43
So the lesson of hard choices:
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืœืงื— ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช
13:46
reflect on what you can put your agency behind,
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ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ืืชื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื›ื,
13:50
on what you can be for,
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ื•,
13:53
and through hard choices,
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช,
13:55
become that person.
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื“ื ื–ื”.
13:59
Far from being sources of agony and dread,
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืฉืฉ:
14:02
hard choices are precious opportunities
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช-ืขืจืš
14:05
for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition,
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
14:09
that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrect
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ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช
14:13
sometimes run out,
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ืื•ื–ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
14:15
and it is here, in the space of hard choices,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช,
14:18
that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื›ื•ื—
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืฆืžื ื•
14:22
to become the distinctive people that we are.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
14:26
And that's why hard choices are not a curse
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืงืœืœื”,
14:29
but a godsend.
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ืืœื ืžืชืช-ืืœื•ื”.
14:30
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
14:32
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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