How to make hard choices | Ruth Chang

1,816,698 views ใƒป 2014-06-18

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: jonghyeok lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gemma Lee
00:12
Think of a hard choice you'll face in the near future.
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น  ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
00:16
It might be between two careers --
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์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์™€ ํšŒ๊ณ„์‚ฌ์˜
๋‘ ์ง์—… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
00:18
artist and accountant --
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00:20
or places to live -- the city or the country --
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๋„์‹œ์™€ ์‹œ๊ณจ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ๋‚˜ ๋กœ๋ฆฌํƒ€์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์™€
00:23
or even between two people to marry --
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
you could marry Betty or you could marry Lolita.
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00:28
Or it might be a choice about whether to have children,
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ํ˜น์€ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€,
00:31
to have an ailing parent move in with you,
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๋ณ‘๋“  ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋ด‰์–‘ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€,
00:33
to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by
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๋‹น์‹ ํ•œํ…Œ ๋ƒ‰์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๊ฐ€
๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ข…๊ต์†์—์„œ
์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์–‘์œกํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
but leaves you cold.
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์ž์„ ๋‹จ์ฒด์— ํ‰์ƒ ๋ชจ์€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:39
Or whether to donate your life savings to charity.
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00:42
Chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์€
ํฌ๊ณ , ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ
00:45
something momentous, something that matters to you.
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๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ผ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
Hard choices seem to be occasions
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ดด๋กญ๊ณ , ์ ˆ๋ง์ ์ด๊ณ ,
์ด๋ฅผ ์•…๋ฌผ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
00:51
for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth.
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๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„
00:56
But I think we've misunderstood hard choices
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜คํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
and the role they play in our lives.
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01:00
Understanding hard choices
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
01:02
uncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.
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๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ํž˜์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
What makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate.
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์„ ํƒ์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
In any easy choice,
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์‰ฌ์šด ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:12
one alternative is better than the other.
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๋น„๊ต๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
In a hard choice,
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ๋Š”
01:16
one alternative is better in some ways,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ซ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:18
the other alternative is better in other ways,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ €๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ซ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:21
and neither is better than the other overall.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ƒ๋Œ€ํŽธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
You agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ
ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง์—…์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋„์ „์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ณจ์—์„œ์˜
01:29
or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country,
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์‚ถ์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๋– ๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ซ์ง€๋งŒ
01:33
because staying is better in some ways,
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01:35
moving is better in others,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ซ๊ณ 
01:37
and neither is better than the other overall.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:41
We shouldn't think that all hard choices are big.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์ด ํฐ ์„ ํƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„์นจ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋จน์„์ง€ ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
01:45
Let's say you're deciding what to have for breakfast.
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01:47
You could have high fiber bran cereal
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์„ฌ์œ ์งˆ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์ด๋‚˜
์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ๋„๋„›์„ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
or a chocolate donut.
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๋ง›๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ
01:52
Suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness.
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ• ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:56
The cereal is better for you,
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์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ข‹๊ณ 
01:58
the donut tastes way better,
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๋„๋„›์€ ๋ง›์ด ๋” ์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ซ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•„์š”.
02:01
but neither is better than the other overall,
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02:03
a hard choice.
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:05
Realizing that small choices can also be hard,
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์ž‘์€ ์„ ํƒ๋“ค๋„ ํž˜๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
๊นจ๋‹ฌ์œผ๋ฉด
02:09
may make big hard choices seem less intractable.
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ํฐ ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์ด ๋œ ํž˜๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
After all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast,
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์•„์นจ์— ๋จน์„์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:16
so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city
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๋„์‹œ์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅผ์ง€
์‹œ๊ณจ์˜ ์ƒˆ ์ง์—…์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋– ๋‚ ์ง€
02:19
or uproot for the new job in the country.
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๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
We also shouldn't think that hard choices are hard
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
because we are stupid.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
02:30
When I graduated from college,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์กธ์—…ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
02:32
I couldn't decide between two careers, philosophy and law.
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์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์˜ ๋‘ ์ง์—… ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ
๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ฒ ํ•™์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
02:36
I really loved philosophy.
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02:39
There are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher,
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์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
and all from the comfort of an armchair.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํŽธ์•ˆํ•œ ์•ˆ๋ฝ์˜์ž์— ์•‰์•„์„œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต์˜ ์ด์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์ถœ์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
But I came from a modest immigrant family
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02:49
where my idea of luxury
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์ œ ์ ์‹ฌ๋„์‹œ๋ฝ์—
02:50
was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich
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๋ผ์ง€ ํ˜€์™€ ์ ค๋ฆฌ ์ƒŒ๋“œ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
02:52
in my school lunchbox,
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์ œ ์‚ฌ์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ธ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ง‘์•ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
so the thought of spending my whole life
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์ œ ํ‰์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ๋ฝ์˜์ž์— ์•‰์•„
02:57
sitting around in armchairs just thinking ...
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์ƒ๊ฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ˆ
์ œ ๋ถ„์ˆ˜์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:01
Well, that struck me as the height of extravagance and frivolity.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ๋…ธ๋ž€ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด๊ณ 
03:05
So I got out my yellow pad,
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03:07
I drew a line down the middle,
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์„ ์„ ๊ทธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
and I tried my best to think of the reasons
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์˜
03:11
for and against each alternative.
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์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
I remember thinking to myself,
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03:17
if only I knew what my life in each career would be like.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฐ ์ง์—… ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?
03:22
If only God or Netflix would send me a DVD of my two possible future careers,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹˜์ด๋‚˜ ๋„ทํ”Œ๋ฆญ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ง์—…์˜ DVD๋ฅผ
๋ณด๋‚ด์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:28
I'd be set.
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03:29
I'd compare them side by side,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
I'd see that one was better,
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์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์€์ง€ ์•Œ ํ…Œ๊ณ 
03:33
and the choice would be easy.
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์„ ํƒ์€ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์ง€๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
03:35
But I got no DVD,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” DVD๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:37
and because I couldn't figure out which was better,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋Š ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋” ์ข‹์€์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ์—
03:40
I did what many of us do in hard choices:
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํƒํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:43
I took the safest option.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณจ๋ž์–ด์š”.
03:46
Fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer,
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์‹ค์งํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋ ค์›Œ์„œ
์ €๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:52
and as I discovered, lawyering didn't quite fit.
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์ผ์€ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
03:55
It wasn't who I was.
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๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€์š”.
03:57
So now I'm a philosopher,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
03:59
and I study hard choices,
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
04:01
and I can tell you, that fear of the unknown,
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๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์€
04:04
while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices,
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
04:09
rests on a misconception of them.
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๊ทธ ๋ฐ‘์—๋Š” ์˜คํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊น”๋ ค ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
It's a mistake to think that in hard choices,
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ, ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
04:15
one alternative really is better than the other,
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:18
but we're too stupid to know which,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ์ฒญํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
and since we don't know which,
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์–ด๋Š ์ชฝ์ธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
04:21
we might as well take the least risky option.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
Even taking two alternatives side by side
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๋‘ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋†“๊ณ 
04:27
with full information, a choice can still be hard.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค ์žˆ์–ด๋„ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์€
04:32
Hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance;
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
they're hard because there is no best option.
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์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์—†๊ธฐ์— ํž˜๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:41
Now, if there's no best option,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ €์šธ์ด ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ
04:43
if the scales don't tip in favor of one alternative over another,
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๊ธฐ์šธ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
then surely the alternatives must be equally good.
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04:51
So maybe the right thing to say in hard choices
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๋ง์€
์ •๋ง ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
is that they're between equally good options.
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04:56
But that can't be right.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ฃ .
04:57
If alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๋ฉด
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋™์ „๋’ค์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ผ๋„ ํ•ด์„œ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
and it seems a mistake to think,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด์ œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ง์—…์„ ๊ณจ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€,
05:04
here's how you should decide between careers,
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05:06
places to live, people to marry:
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋™์ „๋’ค์ง‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
05:08
Flip a coin.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์ด
05:11
There's another reason for thinking
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05:12
that hard choices aren't choices between equally good options.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ข‹์€ ์„ ํƒ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š”
๋˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‘ ์ง์—… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:18
Suppose you have a choice between two jobs:
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05:21
you could be an investment banker
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํˆฌ์ž ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๋‚˜
05:24
or a graphic artist.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
There are a variety of things that matter in such a choice,
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์ผ ์†์—์„œ์˜ ํฌ์—ด์ด๋‚˜,
05:30
like the excitement of the work,
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05:32
achieving financial security,
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๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜,
05:34
having time to raise a family, and so on.
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
Maybe the artist's career puts you on the cutting edge
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์•„๋งˆ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ฉด,
ํšŒํ™” ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ตœ์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„
05:41
of new forms of pictorial expression.
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ,
์€ํ–‰์›์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ฉด,
05:44
Maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge
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์žฌ์ •์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ž‘๋“ค์˜
05:46
of new forms of financial manipulation.
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์ตœ์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
(Laughter)
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05:51
Imagine the two jobs however you like,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด
05:54
so that neither is better than the other.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง์—…์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
05:57
Now suppose we improve one of them, a bit.
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๊ทธ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:00
Suppose the bank, wooing you,
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์€ํ–‰์ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด๋ ค๊ณ 
๋งค๋‹ฌ 500๋ถˆ์„ ์›”๊ธ‰์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์นฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:03
adds 500 dollars a month to your salary.
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06:06
Does the extra money
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๊ทธ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์›”๊ธ‰์ด ์€ํ–‰ ์ผ์„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:07
now make the banking job better than the artist one?
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋‚˜์š”?
06:12
Not necessarily.
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๊ผญ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์›”๊ธ‰์ด ๋งŽ์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์€ํ–‰ ์ผ์ด
06:15
A higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before,
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์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹์•„์งˆ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€์˜ ์ผ์„ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒŒ
06:19
but it might not be enough
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06:20
to make being a banker better than being an artist.
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๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
But if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn't make it better than the other,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ์ง์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง์—…๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด
06:29
then the two original jobs could not have been equally good.
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ง์—…์ด ์›๋ž˜
๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ข‹์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
If you start with two things that are equally good,
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๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ข‹์€ ๋‘ ์ผ์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:36
and you improve one of them,
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06:37
it now must be better than the other.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช… ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ข‹์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
That's not the case with options in hard choices.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ฐธ ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ง€์š”.
06:45
So now we've got a puzzle.
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06:47
We've got two jobs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ง์—…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
06:49
Neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.
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๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์••๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ ,
๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:53
So how are we supposed to choose?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์„ ํƒํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
06:55
Something seems to have gone wrong here.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:00
Maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible.
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์•„๋งˆ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ณ 
๋น„๊ต๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ง์€ ํ‹€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
But that can't be right.
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07:07
It's not like we're trying to choose between two things that can't be compared.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ผ ์ค‘
ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ง์—…์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€
07:12
We're weighing the merits of two jobs, after all,
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์ˆซ์ž 9์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
07:15
not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs.
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๊ณ„๋ž€ํ”„๋ผ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘ ์ง์—…์˜ ์ „์ฒด์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:20
A comparison of the overall merits of two jobs
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07:23
is something we can make,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ด๋ฉฐ
07:25
and one we often do make.
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์ž์ฃผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
I think the puzzle arises
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊นŠ์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
07:31
because of an unreflective assumption we make about value.
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์–ด๋ฆผ์ง์ž‘ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
์—‰๋šฑํ•œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
We unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •์˜, ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€, ์นœ์ ˆํ•จ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋“ค์ด
๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ธธ์ด, ๋ถ€ํ”ผ, ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์–‘๊ณผ
07:42
are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight.
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์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
Take any comparative question not involving value,
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋น„๊ต ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋‘ ์˜ท ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์ค‘์— ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด์š”.
07:52
such as which of two suitcases is heavier.
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07:55
There are only three possibilities.
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์ด๋Ÿด ๋•Œ๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
07:58
The weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other.
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๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด์ง€, ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์šด์ง€.
์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์ธ์ง€.
08:04
Properties like weight can be represented by real numbers --
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๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์†์„ฑ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ
ํ‘œํ˜„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1, 2, 3 ์ด๋Ÿฐ์‹์œผ๋กœ์š”.
08:07
one, two, three and so on --
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08:09
and there are only three possible comparisons
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ๋Š”
08:12
between any two real numbers.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋น„๊ต๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
One number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.
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ํ•œ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆซ์ž๋ณด๋‹ค
ํฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ž‘๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
08:20
Not so with values.
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๊ฐ€์น˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:23
As post-Enlightenment creatures,
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08:25
we tend to assume
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๊ณผํ•™์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€
08:27
that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
๊ทœ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š”
08:33
but the world of value is different from the world of science.
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
The stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers.
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๊ณผํ•™์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์ด ์•ˆ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
The stuff of the other world can't.
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08:43
We shouldn't assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” is์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„,
์ฆ‰ ๊ธธ์ด์™€ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
ought์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„, ์ฆ‰ ๋‹น์œ„์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
08:48
has the same structure as the world of ought,
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08:50
of what we should do.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:52
So if what matters to us --
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ,
์ฆ‰ ์•„์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ์จ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋™๋ฐ˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„
08:55
a child's delight, the love you have for your partner โ€”
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08:58
can't be represented by real numbers,
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์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
์„ ํƒ์— ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
09:01
then there's no reason to believe
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09:03
that in choice, there are only three possibilities --
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๋ฏฟ์„ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์„ ํƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ๋” ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
09:07
that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other.
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๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:12
We need to introduce a new, fourth relation
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๋” ์ข‹๋‹ค, ๋” ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค, ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜๋Š”
09:16
beyond being better, worse or equal,
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๋„ค ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
that describes what's going on in hard choices.
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09:23
I like to say that the alternatives are "on a par."
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์„ "๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ 
๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:27
When alternatives are on a par,
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์„ ํƒ์ด ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์„ ํƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
it may matter very much which you choose,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:32
but one alternative isn't better than the other.
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09:35
Rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value,
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์ด
๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด์›ƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
in the same league of value,
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ์— ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
09:41
while at the same time being very different in kind of value.
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๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€
๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
That's why the choice is hard.
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09:49
Understanding hard choices in this way
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด
์ž˜ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
uncovers something about ourselves we didn't know.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ž๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ
09:56
Each of us has the power to create reasons.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํž˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋งˆ์ฃผ์น˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ํƒ์ด
10:02
Imagine a world in which every choice you face
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์‰ฌ์šด ์„ ํƒ์ธ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
10:05
is an easy choice,
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10:06
that is, there's always a best alternative.
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ๋งŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด์ฃ .
10:09
If there's a best alternative, then that's the one you should choose,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๊ทธ ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
because part of being rational
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์ด์„ฑ์ ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:14
is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing,
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๋” ๋‚˜์œ ์ผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์ผ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
์„ ํƒํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:17
choosing what you have most reason to choose.
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10:20
In such a world,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š”
10:22
we'd have most reason
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•ฉ๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
to wear black socks instead of pink socks,
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๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ์–‘๋ง์„ ์‹ ์„ ์ด์œ ,
๋„๋„ˆ์ธ ๋Œ€์‹  ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์„ ๋จน์„ ์ด์œ ,
10:27
to eat cereal instead of donuts,
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์‹œ๊ณจ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ,
10:29
to live in the city rather than the country,
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๋กœ๋ฆฌํƒ€๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฒ ํ‹ฐ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•  ์ด์œ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
to marry Betty instead of Lolita.
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์‰ฌ์šด ์„ ํƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ์„ธ์ƒ์€
10:33
A world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
When you think about it,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
10:41
(Laughter)
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10:42
it's nuts to believe that the reasons given to you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋“ค์ด
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ทจ๋ฏธ,
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ง‘,
10:48
dictated that you had most reason to pursue
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ง์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
10:53
the exact hobbies you do,
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10:55
to live in the exact house you do,
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์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
to work at the exact job you do.
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11:01
Instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par --
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๋Œ€์‹ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ
์„ ํƒ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:05
hard choices --
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11:07
and you made reasons for yourself
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ์ทจ๋ฏธ์™€, ๊ทธ ์ง‘๊ณผ, ๊ทธ ์ง์—…์„
์„ ํƒํ•  ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
to choose that hobby, that house and that job.
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์„ ํƒ์ด ๋™๋“ฑํ•  ๋•Œ
11:15
When alternatives are on a par,
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11:17
the reasons given to us,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
11:18
the ones that determine whether we're making a mistake,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์ด๊ณ ,
11:21
are silent as to what to do.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ• ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์นจ๋ฌตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
It's here, in the space of hard choices,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ณณ, ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
11:28
that we get to exercise our normative power --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์„,
์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ํž˜์„
11:33
the power to create reasons for yourself,
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ํ›ˆ๋ จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
to make yourself into the kind of person
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ž์‹ ์ด
์‹œ๊ณจ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์„
11:40
for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.
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๋„์‹œ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋„๋ก
๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํž˜์„ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์„ ํƒ๋“ค ์ค‘
11:45
When we choose between options that are on a par,
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์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ
11:48
we can do something really rather remarkable.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
We can put our very selves behind an option.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ ๋’คํŽธ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ค ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
์ด๊ณณ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
Here's where I stand.
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11:58
Here's who I am, I am for banking.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ €๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ์€ํ–‰ ์ผ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
I am for chocolate donuts.
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์ €๋Š” ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ ๋„๋„ˆ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
12:04
(Laughter)
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‘๋‹ต์€
12:06
This response in hard choices is a rational response,
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์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์‘๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
but it's not dictated by reasons given to us.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”.
12:13
Rather, it's supported by reasons created by us.
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ์ด์œ ๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
When we create reasons for ourselves
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž
12:22
to become this kind of person rather than that,
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์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ๋•Œ
12:25
we wholeheartedly become the people that we are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:29
You might say that we become the authors of our own lives.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€
๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„ ๋•Œ
12:35
So when we face hard choices, we shouldn't beat our head against a wall
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๊ณ 
12:39
trying to figure out which alternative is better.
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๋ฒฝ์— ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์น  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์€ ์—†์–ด์š”.
12:42
There is no best alternative.
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12:44
Instead of looking for reasons out there,
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๋ฐ”๊นฅ์˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:47
we should be looking for reasons in here:
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12:49
Who am I to be?
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๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?
12:52
You might decide to be a pink sock-wearing,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ถ„ํ™์ƒ‰ ์–‘๋ง์„ ์‹ ๊ณ , ์‹œ๋ฆฌ์–ผ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ณ ,
12:55
cereal-loving, country-living banker,
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์‹œ๊ณจ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์€ํ–‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ๊ฒ€์€ ์–‘๋ง์„ ์‹ ๊ณ , ๋„์‹œ์— ์‚ด๋ฉฐ,
12:59
and I might decide to be a black sock-wearing,
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13:02
urban, donut-loving artist.
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๋„๋„ˆ์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
13:06
What we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋Š”
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:12
Now, people who don't exercise their normative powers in hard choices
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์—์„œ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
13:17
are drifters.
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๋– ๋Œ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
We all know people like that.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
I drifted into being a lawyer.
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด์ฉŒ๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
I didn't put my agency behind lawyering.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ผ์— ์—ด์ •์„ ์Ÿ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
I wasn't for lawyering.
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด์š”.
13:28
Drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives.
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๋– ๋Œ์ด๋“ค์€ ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
์“ฐ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๋ฝํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
They let mechanisms of reward and punishment --
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์–ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€
13:37
pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option --
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๋ณด์ƒ์ฒด๊ณ„๋‚˜, ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด๋‚˜, ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ •๋„๋“ค์ด
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•  ์ผ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
to determine what they do.
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13:43
So the lesson of hard choices:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
reflect on what you can put your agency behind,
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์—ด์ •์„ ๋‹คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
13:50
on what you can be for,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
13:53
and through hard choices,
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13:55
become that person.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€.
์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
Far from being sources of agony and dread,
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์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•œ ๊ธฐํšŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
hard choices are precious opportunities
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14:05
for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ์ง€
์ถ•ํ•˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ์ด๋ฉฐ
14:09
that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrect
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์„ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์˜ณ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜ณ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
14:13
sometimes run out,
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๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
14:15
and it is here, in the space of hard choices,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ณณ, ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
14:18
that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
์ด์œ ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:22
to become the distinctive people that we are.
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ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
And that's why hard choices are not a curse
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์„ ํƒ๋“ค์ด ์ €์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
์‹ ์˜ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
but a godsend.
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14:30
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:32
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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