The brain may be able to repair itself -- with help | Jocelyne Bloch

1,065,142 views ใƒป 2016-03-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
So I'm a neurosurgeon.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ืชื—ืช ืžื•ื—.
00:15
And like most of my colleagues,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
00:17
I have to deal, every day, with human tragedies.
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ืขื ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
00:22
I realize how your life can change from one second to the other
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ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืื™ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช
00:27
after a major stroke or after a car accident.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
00:32
And what is very frustrating for us neurosurgeons
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืกื›ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ืžื ืชื—ื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
00:35
is to realize that unlike other organs of the body,
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
00:40
the brain has very little ability for self-repair.
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ืœืžื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
00:45
And after a major injury of your central nervous system,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
00:50
the patients often remain with a severe handicap.
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ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขื ื ื›ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
00:55
And that's probably the reason why I've chosen
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ื•ื–ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื™
00:57
to be a functional neurosurgeon.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ืชื—ืช ืžื•ื— ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
01:01
What is a functional neurosurgeon?
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžื ืชื— ืžื•ื— ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™?
01:03
It's a doctor who is trying to improve a neurological function
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ื–ื” ืจื•ืคื ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
01:08
through different surgical strategies.
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ื“ืจืš ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:12
You've certainly heard of one of the famous ones
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช
01:14
called deep brain stimulation,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืขื™ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื™ ืขืžื•ืง,
01:17
where you implant an electrode in the depths of the brain
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ื‘ื” ืืชื ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžื•ื—
01:21
in order to modulate a circuit of neurons
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคื ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:24
to improve a neurological function.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
01:27
It's really an amazing technology
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ื–ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
01:29
in that it has improved the destiny of patients
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื
01:32
with Parkinson's disease,
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ืขื ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ,
01:34
with severe tremor, with severe pain.
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ืขื ืจืขื“ ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืขื ื›ืื‘ ื—ืžื•ืจ.
01:38
However, neuromodulation does not mean neuro-repair.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืืคื ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
01:45
And the dream of functional neurosurgeons
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื ืชื—ื™ ืžื•ื— ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื
01:47
is to repair the brain.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:51
I think
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
01:52
that we are approaching this dream.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื.
01:54
And I would like to show you
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื
01:57
that we are very close to this.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
02:00
And that with a little bit of help,
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ื•ืฉืขื ืžืขื˜ ืขื–ืจื”,
02:03
the brain is able to help itself.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•.
02:08
So the story started 15 years ago.
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ืื– ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”.
02:11
At that time, I was a chief resident
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช
02:13
working days and nights in the emergency room.
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ื•ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
02:16
I often had to take care of patients with head trauma.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉ.
02:21
You have to imagine that when a patient comes in with a severe head trauma,
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื—ื•ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืขื ื˜ืจืื•ืžืช ืจืืฉ ื—ืžื•ืจื”,
02:25
his brain is swelling
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชื ืคื—
02:28
and he's increasing his intracranial pressure.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืœื’ืœืชื™ ืฉืœื•.
02:31
And in order to save his life,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•,
02:33
you have to decrease this intracranial pressure.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืœื’ืœืชื™ ื”ื–ื”.
02:36
And to do that,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
02:37
you sometimes have to remove a piece of swollen brain.
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ืืชื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืคื™ืกื” ืžื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืคื•ื—.
02:42
So instead of throwing away these pieces of swollen brain,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื–ืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื— ื ืคื•ื—,
02:46
we decided with Jean-Franรงois Brunet,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืขื ื–'ืืŸ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ื‘ืจื•ื ื”,
02:49
who is a colleague of mine, a biologist,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืžื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’,
02:51
to study them.
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
02:53
What do I mean by that?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื–ื”?
02:55
We wanted to grow cells from these pieces of tissue.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืชืื™ื ืžืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืจืงืžื” ื”ืืœื•.
03:00
It's not an easy task.
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ื–ื• ืœื ืžื˜ืœื” ืงืœื”.
03:02
Growing cells from a piece of tissue
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืื™ื ืžืคื™ืกืช ืจืงืžื”
03:04
is a bit the same as growing very small children
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื™ื
03:08
out from their family.
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ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
03:11
So you need to find the right nutrients,
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ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื,
03:14
the warmth, the humidity
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ื”ื—ื•ื, ื”ืœื—ื•ืช
03:15
and all the nice environments to make them thrive.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
03:19
So that's exactly what we had to do with these cells.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:22
And after many attempts,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
03:24
Jean-Franรงois did it.
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ื–'ืืŸ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
03:27
And that's what he saw under his microscope.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
03:31
And that was, for us, a major surprise.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ื”ืคืชืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
03:34
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
03:35
Because this looks exactly the same as a stem cell culture,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข,
03:40
with large green cells surrounding small, immature cells.
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ืขื ืชืื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืชืื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื.
03:47
And you may remember from biology class
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ื•ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
03:50
that stem cells are immature cells,
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ืฉืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื”ื ืชืื™ื ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื,
03:53
able to turn into any type of cell of the body.
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:59
The adult brain has stem cells, but they're very rare
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ืฉ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“
04:04
and they're located in deep and small niches
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ื•ื”ื ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
04:08
in the depths of the brain.
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ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:10
So it was surprising to get this kind of stem cell culture
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข
04:14
from the superficial part of swollen brain we had
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ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื ืคื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•
04:16
in the operating theater.
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ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
04:18
And there was another intriguing observation:
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช:
04:21
Regular stem cells are very active cells --
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ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ืชืื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืคืขื™ืœื™ื --
04:26
cells that divide, divide, divide very quickly.
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ืชืื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื, ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื, ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ.
04:30
And they never die, they're immortal cells.
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ื•ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืชื™ื, ื”ื ืชืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื ืฆื—.
04:33
But these cells behave differently.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื”.
04:36
They divide slowly,
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืื˜,
04:38
and after a few weeks of culture,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื™ืช,
04:40
they even died.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชื™ื.
04:43
So we were in front of a strange new cell population
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืชืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžื•ื–ืจื”
04:46
that looked like stem cells but behaved differently.
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ืฉื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื• ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื” ืื—ืจืช.
04:51
And it took us a long time to understand where they came from.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœื ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืื™ืคื” ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
04:55
They come from these cells.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
04:58
These blue and red cells are called doublecortin-positive cells.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื.
05:04
All of you have them in your brain.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
05:07
They represent four percent of your cortical brain cells.
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื– ืžืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
05:11
They have a very important role during the development stage.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
05:15
When you were fetuses,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:18
they helped your brain to fold itself.
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ื”ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืœืงืคืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
05:22
But why do they stay in your head?
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ?
05:25
This, we don't know.
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ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
05:27
We think that they may participate in brain repair
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื—
05:30
because we find them in higher concentration
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:34
close to brain lesions.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
05:35
But it's not so sure.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
05:37
But there is one clear thing --
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื—ื“ --
05:40
that from these cells,
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ืฉืžื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
05:41
we got our stem cell culture.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉืœื ื•.
05:45
And we were in front of a potential new source of cells
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื
05:48
to repair the brain.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
05:50
And we had to prove this.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื”.
05:51
So to prove it,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื”,
05:52
we decided to design an experimental paradigm.
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
05:56
The idea was to biopsy a piece of brain
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื•ื—
05:59
in a non-eloquent area of the brain,
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ืœื ืจื”ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
06:02
and then to culture the cells
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื
06:04
exactly the way Jean-Franรงois did it in his lab.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–'ืืŸ ืคืจื ืกื•ืื” ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
06:07
And then label them, to put color in them
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ื•ืื– ืœืชื™ื™ื’ ืื•ืชื, ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืชื
06:10
in order to be able to track them in the brain.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžื•ื—.
06:13
And the last step was to re-implant them
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ
06:15
in the same individual.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
06:17
We call these
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื”
06:18
autologous grafts -- autografts.
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ืฉืชืœื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื -- ืื•ื˜ื•ืฉืชืœื™ื.
06:21
So the first question we had,
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ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื”ื™ืชื”,
06:24
"What will happen if we re-implant these cells in a normal brain,
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"ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื ืฉืชื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื— ืจื’ื™ืœ,
06:29
and what will happen if we re-implant the same cells
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ื•ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ื ืฉืชื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืชืื™ื
06:32
in a lesioned brain?"
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ืคื’ื•ืข?"
06:33
Thanks to the help of professor Eric Rouiller,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืืจื™ืง ืจื•ื™ื™ื”,
06:36
we worked with monkeys.
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ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขื ืงื•ืคื™ื.
06:39
So in the first-case scenario,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
06:41
we re-implanted the cells in the normal brain
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ื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
06:45
and what we saw is that they completely disappeared after a few weeks,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื– ืฉื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื ืขืœืžื• ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
06:50
as if they were taken from the brain,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ืžื•ื—,
06:53
they go back home,
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ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื—ื–ืจื”,
06:54
the space is already busy,
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ื”ื—ืœืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืœื,
06:56
they are not needed there, so they disappear.
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ื”ื ืœื ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื, ืื– ื”ื ื ืขืœืžื™ื.
06:59
In the second-case scenario,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืฉื ื™,
07:01
we performed the lesion,
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืคื’ื™ืขื”,
07:03
we re-implanted exactly the same cells,
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื ืชืื™ื,
07:06
and in this case, the cells remained --
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืชืื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• --
07:10
and they became mature neurons.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื.
07:13
And that's the image of what we could observe under the microscope.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื ื• ื‘ื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค.
07:17
Those are the cells that were re-implanted.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชืœื•.
07:20
And the proof they carry,
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ื•ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื,
07:22
these little spots, those are the cells that we've labeled
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืชื™ื™ื’ื ื•
07:26
in vitro, when they were in culture.
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ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื™ืช.
07:29
But we could not stop here, of course.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืคื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
07:32
Do these cells also help a monkey to recover after a lesion?
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ื”ืื ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื’ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืงื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”?
07:37
So for that, we trained monkeys to perform a manual dexterity task.
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”, ืื™ืžื ื• ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช.
07:42
They had to retrieve food pellets from a tray.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื’ืฉ.
07:45
They were very good at it.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
07:47
And when they had reached a plateau of performance,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื,
07:51
we did a lesion in the motor cortex corresponding to the hand motion.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ื“.
07:57
So the monkeys were plegic,
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ืื– ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
07:59
they could not move their hand anymore.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:02
And exactly the same as humans would do,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
08:05
they spontaneously recovered to a certain extent,
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืงืžื• ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืœืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
08:08
exactly the same as after a stroke.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืฅ.
08:10
Patients are completely plegic,
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ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื ื›ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™,
08:12
and then they try to recover due to a brain plasticity mechanism,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืงื ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
08:17
they recover to a certain extent,
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืงืžื™ื ืœืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
08:19
exactly the same for the monkey.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื.
08:21
So when we were sure that the monkey had reached his plateau
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœื•
08:24
of spontaneous recovery,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชืงืžื•ืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช,
08:27
we implanted his own cells.
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ื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื•,
08:30
So on the left side, you see the monkey that has spontaneously recovered.
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ืื– ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฃ ืฉื”ืฉืชืงื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช.
08:37
He's at about 40 to 50 percent of his previous performance
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื› 40 ืขื“ 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•
08:42
before the lesion.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”.
08:44
He's not so accurate, not so quick.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง, ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ.
08:47
And look now when we re-implant the cells:
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื:
08:50
Two months after re-implantation, the same individual.
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ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืชืœื”, ืื•ืชื• ื™ื—ื™ื“.
08:57
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:04
It was also very exciting results for us, I tell you.
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ืืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื.
09:09
Since that time, we've understood much more about these cells.
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ืžืื–, ื”ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
09:13
We know that we can cryopreserve them,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืจื•ืจ,
09:15
we can use them later on.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:18
We know that we can apply them in other neuropathological models,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื• ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
09:22
like Parkinson's disease, for example.
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ื›ืžื• ืคืจืงื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”.
09:24
But our dream is still to implant them in humans.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
09:28
And I really hope that I'll be able to show you soon
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘
09:33
that the human brain is giving us the tools to repair itself.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
09:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
09:39
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:45
Bruno Giussani: Jocelyne, this is amazing,
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’ื™ื•ืกื™ืื ื™: ื’'ื•ืกืœื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
09:49
and I'm sure that right now, there are several dozen people in the audience,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ,
09:53
possibly even a majority,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจื•ื‘,
09:54
who are thinking, "I know somebody who can use this."
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, "ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”."
09:57
I do, in any case.
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ืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
09:59
And of course the question is,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื,
10:01
what are the biggest obstacles
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ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:03
before you can go into human clinical trials?
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื?
10:07
Jocelyne Bloch: The biggest obstacles are regulations. (Laughs)
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ื’'ื•ืกืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ืš: ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”.(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:13
So, from these exciting results, you need to fill out
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ืื–, ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืœื
10:15
about two kilograms of papers and forms
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื˜ืคืกื™ื
10:19
to be able to go through these kind of trials.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
10:22
BG: Which is understandable, the brain is delicate, etc.
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ื‘.ื’: ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ื•'.
10:24
JB: Yes, it is, but it takes a long time
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ื’.ื‘: ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ
10:27
and a lot of patience and almost a professional team to do it, you know?
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข?
10:31
BG: If you project yourself --
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ื‘.ื’: ืื ืืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืš --
10:33
having done the research
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ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
10:34
and having tried to get permission to start the trials,
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
10:38
if you project yourself out in time,
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ืื ืืช ืžืงืจื™ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
10:42
how many years before somebody gets into a hospital
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ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื
10:46
and this therapy is available?
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ื•ื”ืชืจืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื”?
10:49
JB: So, it's very difficult to say.
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ื’.ื‘: ืื–, ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“.
10:51
It depends, first, on the approval of the trial.
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ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
10:55
Will the regulation allow us to do it soon?
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ื”ืื ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘?
10:58
And then, you have to perform this kind of study
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ื•ืื–, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจ
11:01
in a small group of patients.
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ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
11:04
So it takes, already, a long time to select the patients,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื—, ื›ื‘ืจ, ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
11:07
do the treatment
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
11:09
and evaluate if it's useful to do this kind of treatment.
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ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
11:13
And then you have to deploy this to a multicentric trial.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื•ืœื˜ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
11:17
You have to really prove first that it's useful
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœ
11:21
before offering this treatment up for everybody.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
11:24
BG: And safe, of course. JB: Of course.
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ื‘.ื’: ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ. ื’ื‘: ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
11:26
BG: Jocelyne, thank you for coming to TED and sharing this.
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ื‘.ื’: ื’ื•ืกืœื™ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืฉื‘ืืช ืœ TED ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ืชื ื•.
11:29
BG: Thank you.
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ื‘.ื’: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
11:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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