The brain may be able to repair itself -- with help | Jocelyne Bloch

1,068,586 views

2016-03-07 ใƒป TED


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The brain may be able to repair itself -- with help | Jocelyne Bloch

1,068,586 views ใƒป 2016-03-07

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gemma Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : C. H. Jung
00:12
So I'm a neurosurgeon.
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:15
And like most of my colleagues,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
00:17
I have to deal, every day, with human tragedies.
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์ €๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๊ทน๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:22
I realize how your life can change from one second to the other
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์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ผ์ดˆ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
after a major stroke or after a car accident.
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์ด๋‚˜ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ํ›„์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:32
And what is very frustrating for us neurosurgeons
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์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์จ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ขŒ์ ˆ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑด
00:35
is to realize that unlike other organs of the body,
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๋ชธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ
00:40
the brain has very little ability for self-repair.
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
And after a major injury of your central nervous system,
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์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ฉด
00:50
the patients often remain with a severe handicap.
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ํ”ํžˆ ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ์žฅ์• ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
And that's probably the reason why I've chosen
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ €๋Š”
00:57
to be a functional neurosurgeon.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
What is a functional neurosurgeon?
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
01:03
It's a doctor who is trying to improve a neurological function
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์ด๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
01:08
through different surgical strategies.
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์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
You've certainly heard of one of the famous ones
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ
01:14
called deep brain stimulation,
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'๋‡Œ์‹ฌ๋ถ€ ์ž๊ทน'์„ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
where you implant an electrode in the depths of the brain
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๋‡Œ์˜ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ณณ์— ์ „๊ทน์„ ์‹ฌ์–ด์„œ
01:21
in order to modulate a circuit of neurons
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ
01:24
to improve a neurological function.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
It's really an amazing technology
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์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์ฃ .
01:29
in that it has improved the destiny of patients
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์‹ฌํ•œ ๋–จ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
01:32
with Parkinson's disease,
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๋งŽ์€ ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ๋ณ‘ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„
01:34
with severe tremor, with severe pain.
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๋•๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
However, neuromodulation does not mean neuro-repair.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ ˆ์ˆ ์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
And the dream of functional neurosurgeons
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฟˆ์€
01:47
is to repair the brain.
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๋‡Œ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ํšŒ๋ณต์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
I think
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
01:52
that we are approaching this dream.
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์ด ๊ฟˆ์— ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
And I would like to show you
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์ฆ‰ ์ด ๊ฟˆ์— ๋งค์šฐ ๊ทผ์ ‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
01:57
that we are very close to this.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
And that with a little bit of help,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋„์›€๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
02:03
the brain is able to help itself.
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
So the story started 15 years ago.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” 15๋…„์ „์— ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
At that time, I was a chief resident
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ์ง€๋˜ํŠธ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:13
working days and nights in the emergency room.
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๋ฐค๋‚ฎ์„ ์‘๊ธ‰ ํ™˜์ž์‹ค์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
I often had to take care of patients with head trauma.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ์™ธ์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์˜จ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•ด์•ผํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:21
You have to imagine that when a patient comes in with a severe head trauma,
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ์™ธ์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
02:25
his brain is swelling
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ“๊ณ 
02:28
and he's increasing his intracranial pressure.
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๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๋‚ด์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
And in order to save his life,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ๊ฑด์งˆ๋ ค๋ฉด
02:33
you have to decrease this intracranial pressure.
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๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๋‚ด์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ค„์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
02:36
And to do that,
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์••๋ ฅ์„ ์ค„์ผ๋ ค๋ฉด
02:37
you sometimes have to remove a piece of swollen brain.
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๊ฐ€๋” ๋ถ€์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
So instead of throwing away these pieces of swollen brain,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
02:46
we decided with Jean-Franรงois Brunet,
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์ €์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ด์ž ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ธ
02:49
who is a colleague of mine, a biologist,
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์Ÿ-ํ”„๋ž‘์†Œ์•„ ๋ธŒ๋ฃจ๋„ท๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
02:51
to study them.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:53
What do I mean by that?
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์ข€๋” ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
02:55
We wanted to grow cells from these pieces of tissue.
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์ด ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
It's not an easy task.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:02
Growing cells from a piece of tissue
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ํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:04
is a bit the same as growing very small children
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
03:08
out from their family.
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๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
So you need to find the right nutrients,
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ๋˜๊ณ 
03:14
the warmth, the humidity
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์˜จ๋„๋‚˜, ์Šต๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
03:15
and all the nice environments to make them thrive.
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์ž๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์กฐ์„ฑ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:19
So that's exactly what we had to do with these cells.
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:22
And after many attempts,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๋„๋์—
03:24
Jean-Franรงois did it.
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์Ÿ-ํ”„๋ž‘์†Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
And that's what he saw under his microscope.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:31
And that was, for us, a major surprise.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
03:34
Why?
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
03:35
Because this looks exactly the same as a stem cell culture,
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
03:40
with large green cells surrounding small, immature cells.
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ํฐ ๋…น์ƒ‰์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋œ ์ž‘์€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ์‹ธ ์•ˆ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์ฃ .
03:47
And you may remember from biology class
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ์  ์ƒ๋ฌผ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐฐ์› ๋“ฏ์ด
03:50
that stem cells are immature cells,
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ฑ์ˆ™ ์„ธํฌ์ด๊ณ 
03:53
able to turn into any type of cell of the body.
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๋ชธ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋„ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
The adult brain has stem cells, but they're very rare
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์„ฑ์ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ์—๋Š” ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๋“œ๋ฌผ๊ณ 
04:04
and they're located in deep and small niches
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๊นŠ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๋‡Œ ์† ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ์—
04:08
in the depths of the brain.
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์ž๋ฆฌํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
So it was surprising to get this kind of stem cell culture
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์กฐ์ง์„ ์–ป์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์‹ ๊ธฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:14
from the superficial part of swollen brain we had
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์ˆ˜์ˆ ์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ถ€์€ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ธ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ
04:16
in the operating theater.
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๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:18
And there was another intriguing observation:
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์› ๋˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
Regular stem cells are very active cells --
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
cells that divide, divide, divide very quickly.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์—ดํ•˜๊ณ 
04:30
And they never die, they're immortal cells.
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์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
04:33
But these cells behave differently.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
They divide slowly,
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๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์—ดํ–ˆ๊ณ 
04:38
and after a few weeks of culture,
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ํ›„์—๋Š”
04:40
they even died.
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์ฃฝ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
So we were in front of a strange new cell population
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์ค„๊ธฐ ์„ธํฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š”
04:46
that looked like stem cells but behaved differently.
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์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
And it took us a long time to understand where they came from.
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””์„œ ์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
They come from these cells.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
These blue and red cells are called doublecortin-positive cells.
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์ด ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค, ๋”๋ธ”์ฝ”๋ฅดํ‹ด-์–‘์„ฑ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
All of you have them in your brain.
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์—ฌ๋ ค๋ถ„์˜ ๋‡Œ์—๋„ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
They represent four percent of your cortical brain cells.
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€๋‡Œ ํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ 4%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
They have a very important role during the development stage.
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:15
When you were fetuses,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํƒœ์•„์˜€์„๋•Œ
05:18
they helped your brain to fold itself.
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ค€ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:22
But why do they stay in your head?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ ๊ณ„์† ๋‡Œ ์†์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
05:25
This, we don't know.
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์ €ํฌ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:27
We think that they may participate in brain repair
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
because we find them in higher concentration
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‡Œ ์†์ƒ ๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋งŽ์ด
05:34
close to brain lesions.
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๋ถ„ํฌํ•ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
05:35
But it's not so sure.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
But there is one clear thing --
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
05:40
that from these cells,
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์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
05:41
we got our stem cell culture.
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์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:45
And we were in front of a potential new source of cells
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๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ƒํ•  ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ
05:48
to repair the brain.
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์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
05:50
And we had to prove this.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
So to prove it,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:52
we decided to design an experimental paradigm.
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์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
The idea was to biopsy a piece of brain
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์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ด๋žฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:59
in a non-eloquent area of the brain,
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๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์กฐ์ง๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋–ผ์–ด๋ƒˆ๊ณ 
06:02
and then to culture the cells
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๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:04
exactly the way Jean-Franรงois did it in his lab.
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์Ÿ-ํ”„๋ž‘์†Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜์ฃ .
06:07
And then label them, to put color in them
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฐพ๋„๋ก
06:10
in order to be able to track them in the brain.
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์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
And the last step was to re-implant them
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„
06:15
in the same individual.
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๋ณธ๋ž˜ ์‹คํ—˜์ฒด์—๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
06:17
We call these
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„
06:18
autologous grafts -- autografts.
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์ž๊ฐ€์ด์‹์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
So the first question we had,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ์€
06:24
"What will happen if we re-implant these cells in a normal brain,
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"์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์ •์ƒ ๋‡Œ์— ์žฌ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?"์™€
06:29
and what will happen if we re-implant the same cells
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"์ด ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์†์ƒ๋œ ๋‡Œ์— ์žฌ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?"
06:32
in a lesioned brain?"
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์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:33
Thanks to the help of professor Eric Rouiller,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—๋ฆญ ํ˜ธ์ด์˜ˆ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ
06:36
we worked with monkeys.
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
So in the first-case scenario,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š”
06:41
we re-implanted the cells in the normal brain
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์ฆ‰, ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋‡Œ์— ์ด์‹์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š”
06:45
and what we saw is that they completely disappeared after a few weeks,
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡์ฃผ ํ›„์— ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—†์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
as if they were taken from the brain,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ
06:53
they go back home,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‡Œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
the space is already busy,
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๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ฐ”๋นด๊ณ 
06:56
they are not needed there, so they disappear.
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
In the second-case scenario,
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค์—์„œ๋Š”
07:01
we performed the lesion,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์†์ƒ๋œ ๋‡Œ์—
07:03
we re-implanted exactly the same cells,
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๊ฐ™์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
and in this case, the cells remained --
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:10
and they became mature neurons.
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์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
And that's the image of what we could observe under the microscope.
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
07:17
Those are the cells that were re-implanted.
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์ด์‹๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
And the proof they carry,
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์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
07:22
these little spots, those are the cells that we've labeled
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ ?
07:26
in vitro, when they were in culture.
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๊ทธ ์ ๋“ค์ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋•Œ ์—ผ์ƒ‰ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
But we could not stop here, of course.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฉˆ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
Do these cells also help a monkey to recover after a lesion?
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์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์€ ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„๊นŒ์š”?
07:37
So for that, we trained monkeys to perform a manual dexterity task.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ์†์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
They had to retrieve food pellets from a tray.
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์ƒ์ž์—์„œ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋‚ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:45
They were very good at it.
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
07:47
And when they had reached a plateau of performance,
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์— ์ต์ˆ™ํ•ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ
07:51
we did a lesion in the motor cortex corresponding to the hand motion.
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์† ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๋‡Œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์†์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
So the monkeys were plegic,
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๋งˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด
07:59
they could not move their hand anymore.
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์†์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
And exactly the same as humans would do,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด
08:05
they spontaneously recovered to a certain extent,
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋„ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
exactly the same as after a stroke.
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๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์„ ๊ฒช์€ ํ›„์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ฃ .
08:10
Patients are completely plegic,
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋งˆ๋น„๋œ ํ›„
08:12
and then they try to recover due to a brain plasticity mechanism,
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๋‡Œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ 
08:17
they recover to a certain extent,
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
exactly the same for the monkey.
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:21
So when we were sure that the monkey had reached his plateau
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€
08:24
of spontaneous recovery,
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์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ๋งˆ์นœ ์‹œ์ ์—
08:27
we implanted his own cells.
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์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:30
So on the left side, you see the monkey that has spontaneously recovered.
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์™ผ์ชฝ์ด ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํšŒ๋ณต๋งŒ์„ ๋งˆ์นœ ์›์ˆญ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
He's at about 40 to 50 percent of his previous performance
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์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ธฐ ์ „ ํ–‰๋™์˜
08:42
before the lesion.
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40 -50 %๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
He's not so accurate, not so quick.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋น ๋ฅด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์ฃ .
08:47
And look now when we re-implant the cells:
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์ด์ œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
08:50
Two months after re-implantation, the same individual.
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์ด์‹ํ•œ ๋’ค 2๋‹ฌ ํ›„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์›์ˆญ์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:04
It was also very exciting results for us, I tell you.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:09
Since that time, we've understood much more about these cells.
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๊ทธ ๋’ค๋กœ ์ด ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:13
We know that we can cryopreserve them,
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๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ €์˜จ ๋ณด์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:15
we can use them later on.
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
We know that we can apply them in other neuropathological models,
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ํŒŒํ‚จ์Šจ ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ ๋™๋ฌผ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™ ์‹คํ—˜์—๋„
09:22
like Parkinson's disease, for example.
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์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
But our dream is still to implant them in humans.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฟˆ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
And I really hope that I'll be able to show you soon
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ณ ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
09:33
that the human brain is giving us the tools to repair itself.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ๊ณง ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:38
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:45
Bruno Giussani: Jocelyne, this is amazing,
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BG: ์กฐ์Šฌ๋ฆฐ, ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:49
and I'm sure that right now, there are several dozen people in the audience,
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์ฒญ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋ช…์ด, ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
09:53
possibly even a majority,
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"์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ"
09:54
who are thinking, "I know somebody who can use this."
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๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:57
I do, in any case.
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์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ตฌ์š”.
09:59
And of course the question is,
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ
10:01
what are the biggest obstacles
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
10:03
before you can go into human clinical trials?
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‚œ๊ด€์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
10:07
Jocelyne Bloch: The biggest obstacles are regulations. (Laughs)
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JB: ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‚œ๊ด€์€ ๊ทœ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
10:13
So, from these exciting results, you need to fill out
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
10:15
about two kilograms of papers and forms
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์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:19
to be able to go through these kind of trials.
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2 kg์˜ ์„œ๋ฅ˜์™€ ์‹ ์ฒญ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
BG: Which is understandable, the brain is delicate, etc.
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BG: ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์„ฌ์„ธํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:24
JB: Yes, it is, but it takes a long time
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JB: ์˜ˆ. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ
10:27
and a lot of patience and almost a professional team to do it, you know?
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๋งŽ์€ ์ธ๋‚ด์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํŒ€๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
BG: If you project yourself --
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BG: ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
10:33
having done the research
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๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
10:34
and having tried to get permission to start the trials,
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์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
10:38
if you project yourself out in time,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ์ด๋ค„์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ
10:42
how many years before somebody gets into a hospital
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š”
10:46
and this therapy is available?
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๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆด๊นŒ์š”?
10:49
JB: So, it's very difficult to say.
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JB: ๋งํ•˜๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:51
It depends, first, on the approval of the trial.
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๋จผ์ € ์ž„์ƒ์‹คํ—˜ ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:55
Will the regulation allow us to do it soon?
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๊ณง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ์ง€ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
And then, you have to perform this kind of study
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
11:01
in a small group of patients.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
So it takes, already, a long time to select the patients,
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ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
do the treatment
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์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
11:09
and evaluate if it's useful to do this kind of treatment.
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์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด์•ผ์ฃ .
11:13
And then you have to deploy this to a multicentric trial.
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๊ทธ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ์ž„์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
You have to really prove first that it's useful
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
11:21
before offering this treatment up for everybody.
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ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋จผ์ € ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
BG: And safe, of course. JB: Of course.
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BG: ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•ˆ์ „ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ . JB: ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
11:26
BG: Jocelyne, thank you for coming to TED and sharing this.
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BG: ์กฐ์Šฌ๋ฆฐ, TED์— ์™€์„œ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ด์ค˜์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
BG: Thank you.
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BG: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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