Michael Sandel: Why we shouldn't trust markets with our civic life

611,868 views ใƒป 2013-10-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Here's a question we need to rethink together:
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื“:
00:17
What should be the role of money
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ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“
00:20
and markets in our societies?
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ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•?
00:23
Today, there are very few things
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ื›ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:26
that money can't buy.
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ืฉื›ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช.
00:28
If you're sentenced to a jail term
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ืื ื ื“ื•ื ืช ืœืžืืกืจ
00:30
in Santa Barbara, California,
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ื‘ื›ืœื ื‘ืกื ื˜ื”-ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
00:32
you should know
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ืขืœื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช
00:34
that if you don't like the standard accommodations,
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ืฉืื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš
00:36
you can buy a prison cell upgrade.
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ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉื™ื“ืจื•ื’ ืœืชื ื”ืžืืกืจ.
00:41
It's true. For how much, do you think?
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ื‘ืืžืช. ืชืžื•ืจืช ื›ืžื”, ืœื“ืขืชื›ื?
00:44
What would you guess?
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ืชื ื• ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ.
00:46
Five hundred dollars?
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500 ื“ื•ืœืจ?
00:47
It's not the Ritz-Carlton. It's a jail!
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืœื•ืŸ ืจื™ืฅ'-ืงืจืœื˜ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ื›ืœื!
00:51
Eighty-two dollars a night.
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82 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืœื™ืœื”.
00:53
Eighty-two dollars a night.
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82 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืœื™ืœื”.
00:55
If you go to an amusement park
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ืื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคืืจืง ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื
00:57
and don't want to stand in the long lines
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ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
01:00
for the popular rides,
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ืœืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
01:01
there is now a solution.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
01:04
In many theme parks, you can pay extra
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ื‘ืคืืจืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืชืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืกืฃ
01:09
to jump to the head of the line.
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ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืชื•ืจ.
01:10
They call them Fast Track or VIP tickets.
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ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืื• ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ืื—"ื.
01:15
And this isn't only happening in amusement parks.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืคืืจืงื™ ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื.
01:18
In Washington, D.C., long lines,
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ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื
01:21
queues sometimes form
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ืชื•ืจื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
01:23
for important Congressional hearings.
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืขื™ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:27
Now some people don't like to wait in long queues,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื,
01:31
maybe overnight, even in the rain.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ืฉื.
01:33
So now, for lobbyists and others
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืœื•ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื›ืืœื”
01:35
who are very keen to attend these hearings
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ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื
01:37
but don't like to wait, there are companies,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช,
01:40
line-standing companies,
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืžืชื ื”-ื‘ืชื•ืจ,
01:42
and you can go to them.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
01:44
You can pay them a certain amount of money,
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ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื”ืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
01:46
they hire homeless people and others who need a job
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ืžืœืกื™ื ื•ื›ืืœื” ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:49
to stand waiting in the line for as long as it takes,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื›ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ,
01:52
and the lobbyist, just before the hearing begins,
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ื•ื”ืœื•ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืข,
01:55
can take his or her place at the head of the line
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ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื•ืจ
01:58
and a seat in the front of the room.
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ื•ื›ืš ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ืžืช ื”ืื•ืœื.
02:01
Paid line standing.
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ื”ืžืชื ื”-ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ื. ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
02:04
It's happening, the recourse to market mechanisms
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ืขื–ืจ ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง, ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืง
02:07
and market thinking and market solutions,
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ื•ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืคื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืง,
02:10
in bigger arenas.
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ื‘ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:13
Take the way we fight our wars.
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ืชืจืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.
02:15
Did you know that, in Iraq and Afghanistan,
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ื”ืื ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจืง ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
02:18
there were more private military contractors on the ground
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื‘ืœื ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื
02:22
than there were U.S. military troops?
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ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื‘ื ืืจื”"ื‘?
02:26
Now this isn't because we had a public debate
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
02:29
about whether we wanted to outsource war
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืฅ
02:32
to private companies,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™,
02:34
but this is what has happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ.
02:37
Over the past three decades,
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื•,
02:40
we have lived through a quiet revolution.
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืฉืงื˜ื”.
02:44
We've drifted almost without realizing it
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ื ืกื—ืคื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื‘ืœื™-ื“ืขืช
02:49
from having a market economy
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ืžื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื•
02:52
to becoming market societies.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉื•ืง.
02:56
The difference is this: A market economy is a tool,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”: ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™,
02:59
a valuable and effective tool,
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ื›ืœื™ ืจื‘-ืขืจืš ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ,
03:01
for organizing productive activity,
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ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืกื“ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื ื™ืช,
03:04
but a market society is a place where
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื•
03:07
almost everything is up for sale.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”.
03:10
It's a way of life, in which market thinking
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ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืง
03:14
and market values begin to dominate
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ื•ืขืจื›ื™ ืฉื•ืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜
03:16
every aspect of life:
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื:
03:20
personal relations, family life, health, education,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
03:25
politics, law, civic life.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืžืฉืคื˜, ื—ื™ื™ ืื–ืจื—.
03:28
Now, why worry? Why worry about our becoming
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืื•ื’? ืœืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื
03:33
market societies?
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ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉื•ืง?
03:36
For two reasons, I think.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
03:39
One of them has to do with inequality.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื™-ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:44
The more things money can buy,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืกืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
03:47
the more affluence, or the lack of it, matters.
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ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื”.
03:51
If the only thing that money determined
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ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ื‘ืข
03:54
was access to yachts or fancy vacations or BMWs,
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ื–ื” ืœืžื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ืื›ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืงืจื”,
04:00
then inequality wouldn't matter very much.
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ืื– ื”ืื™-ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
04:04
But when money comes increasingly to govern
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช
04:08
access to the essentials of the good life --
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื --
04:12
decent health care, access to the best education,
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื˜ื•ื‘,
04:16
political voice and influence in campaigns --
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ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืชืขืžื•ืœืชื™ืช --
04:21
when money comes to govern all of those things,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
04:25
inequality matters a great deal.
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ื”ืื™-ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™.
04:27
And so the marketization of everything
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™
04:30
sharpens the sting of inequality
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ืžื—ื“ื“ืช ืืช ืขื•ืงืฅ ื”ืื™-ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
04:33
and its social and civic consequence.
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ื•ืืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช.
04:35
That's one reason to worry.
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ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœื“ืื’ื”.
04:38
There's a second reason
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช
04:41
apart from the worry about inequality,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™-ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
04:45
and it's this:
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื•:
04:47
with some social goods and practices,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
04:51
when market thinking and market values enter,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืง ื•ืขืจื›ื™ ืฉื•ืง, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช
04:56
they may change the meaning of those practices
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ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช
04:59
and crowd out attitudes and norms
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื
05:02
worth caring about.
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ืœืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
05:04
I'd like to take an example
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ืืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
05:07
of a controversial use of a market mechanism,
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ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืง,
05:11
a cash incentive, and see what you think about it.
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ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ืกืคื™, ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
05:15
Many schools struggle with the challenge
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ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจ
05:19
of motivating kids, especially kids
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ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:21
from disadvantaged backgrounds, to study hard,
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ืžืจืงืข ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื ืžื•ืš, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงืฉื”,
05:25
to do well in school, to apply themselves.
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ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ, ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
05:28
Some economists have proposed a market solution:
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ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ:
05:32
Offer cash incentives to kids for getting good grades
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ืกืคื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื™ื’ื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
05:36
or high test scores
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ืื• ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื,
05:38
or for reading books.
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ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืงืจืื• ืกืคืจื™ื.
05:40
They've tried this, actually.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ื ื™ืกื• ื–ืืช.
05:42
They've done some experiments
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ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื›ืžื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช
05:43
in some major American cities.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
05:46
In New York, in Chicago, in Washington, D.C.,
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ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง, ืฉื™ืงื’ื•, ื•ื•ืฉื ื™ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
05:50
they've tried this, offering 50 dollars for an A,
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ื”ื ื ื™ืกื• ื–ืืช, ื‘ื”ืขื ื™ืงื 50 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ A,
05:54
35 dollars for a B.
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35 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœ-B.
05:56
In Dallas, Texas, they have a program that offers
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ื‘ื“ืืœืก, ื˜ืงืกืก, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื”
05:59
eight-year-olds two dollars for each book they read.
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ืœื‘ื ื™-8 ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืงืจืื•.
06:04
So let's see what -- Some people are in favor,
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขื“
06:07
some people are opposed to this cash incentive
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ื›ืกืคื™
06:10
to motivate achievement.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช.
06:12
Let's see what people here think about it.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืžื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
06:14
Imagine that you are the head of a major school system,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ,
06:19
and someone comes to you with this proposal.
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ื "ืœ.
06:22
And let's say it's a foundation. They will provide the funds.
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ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
06:24
You don't have to take it out of your budget.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืžืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.
06:26
How many would be in favor
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื“
06:28
and how many would be opposed to giving it a try?
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”?
06:31
Let's see by a show of hands.
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ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”.
06:33
First, how many think it might at least be worth a try
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ืงื•ื“ื, ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ื–ืืช
06:36
to see if it would work? Raise your hand.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“? ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ื›ื.
06:40
And how many would be opposed? How many would --
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ื•ื›ืžื” ื ื’ื“?
06:43
So the majority here are opposed,
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ืื– ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืžืชื ื’ื“,
06:46
but a sizable minority are in favor.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ืขื“.
06:49
Let's have a discussion.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš.
06:50
Let's start with those of you who object,
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื, ืžื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
06:53
who would rule it out even before trying.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืกื•ืชื•.
06:56
What would be your reason?
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ืžื“ื•ืข?
06:58
Who will get our discussion started? Yes?
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ืžื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ? ื›ืŸ?
07:02
Heike Moses: Hello everyone, I'm Heike,
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ื”ื™ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื–ืก: ืฉืœื•ื, ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืงื”,
07:04
and I think it just kills the intrinsic motivation,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื—ืกืœ ืืช
07:06
so in the respect that children, if they would like to read,
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ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื,
07:12
you just take this incentive away
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ืื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื–ื”
07:14
in just paying them, so it just changes behavior.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
07:17
Michael Sandel: Takes the intrinsic incentive away.
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ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืกืื ื“ืœ: ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™.
07:21
What is, or should be, the intrinsic motivation?
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ืžื”ื• ืื• ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™?
07:25
HM: Well, the intrinsic motivation
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ื”.ืž.: ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™
07:26
should be to learn.
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
07:28
MS: To learn. HM: To get to know the world.
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ืž.ืก.: ืœืœืžื•ื“. ื”.ืž.: ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:31
And then, if you stop paying them, what happens then?
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ื•ืื–, ืื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืœื”ื, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
07:34
Then they stop reading?
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ื”ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื.
07:36
MS: Now, let's see if there's someone who favors,
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ืž.ืก.: ื›ืขืช, ื”ื‘ื” ื ืจืื” ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื“,
07:39
who thinks it's worth trying this.
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ืžื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื–ืืช?
07:41
Elizabeth Loftus: I'm Elizabeth Loftus,
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ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืก: ืื ื™ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืก,
07:43
and you said worth a try, so why not try it
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ื•ืืชื” ืืžืจืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœื ืกื•ืช
07:47
and do the experiment and measure things?
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?
07:51
MS: And measure. And what would you measure?
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ืž.ืก.: ืœืžื“ื•ื“. ื•ืžื” ืชืžื“ื“ื™?
07:54
You'd measure how many --
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ืืžื“ื•ื“ ื›ืžื” --
07:55
EL: How many books they read
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ื.ืœ.: ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื•
07:57
and how many books they continued to read
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืื—ืจ
08:00
after you stopped paying them.
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ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืฉืœื ืœื”ื.
08:02
MS: Oh, after you stopped paying.
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ืž.ืก.: ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœืฉืœื.
08:04
All right, what about that?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ื–ื”?
08:05
HM: To be frank, I just think
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ื”.ืž.: ื”ืืžืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“,
08:07
this is, not to offend anyone, a very American way.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™.
08:12
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:18
MS: All right. What's emerged from this discussion
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ืž.ืก.: ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช
08:21
is the following question:
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ืžื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื:
08:23
Will the cash incentive drive out or corrupt
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ื”ืื ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื›ืกืคื™ ื™ื“ืจื‘ืŸ ืื• ื™ืฉื—ื™ืช
08:27
or crowd out the higher motivation,
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ืื• ื™ืขืฉื” ืžื™ืงื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
08:30
the intrinsic lesson that we hope to convey,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืœืงื— ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ,
08:35
which is to learn to love to learn and to read
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืื”
08:39
for their own sakes?
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ืฉืœื”ื?
08:41
And people disagree about what the effect will be,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื“ืขืชื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
08:45
but that seems to be the question,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื›ื ืจืื”,
08:48
that somehow a market mechanism
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ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง
08:50
or a cash incentive teaches the wrong lesson,
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ืื• ื”ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
08:55
and if it does, what will become of these children later?
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ื•ืื ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืš, ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื?
08:58
I should tell you what's happened with these experiments.
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ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ืขื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
09:02
The cash for good grades has had very mixed results,
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ืœืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:06
for the most part has not resulted in higher grades.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
09:09
The two dollars for each book
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ื”-2 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื›ืœ ืกืคืจ
09:12
did lead those kids to read more books.
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ืื›ืŸ ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืจื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื
09:15
It also led them to read shorter books.
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ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
09:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:22
But the real question is,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื
09:23
what will become of these kids later?
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš?
09:26
Will they have learned that reading is a chore,
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืฉืงืจื™ืื” ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืœื” ืžืฉืขืžืžืช,
09:28
a form of piecework to be done for pay, that's the worry,
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ืžื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืงื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื–ื• ื”ื“ืื’ื”.
09:31
or may it lead them to read maybe for the wrong reason initially
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ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”
09:36
but then lead them to fall in love with reading for its own sake?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื?
09:41
Now, what this, even this brief debate, brings out
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ
09:45
is something that many economists overlook.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
09:49
Economists often assume
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ
09:51
that markets are inert,
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ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื,
09:54
that they do not touch or taint the goods they exchange.
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืื• ืžื›ืชื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื.
09:58
Market exchange, they assume,
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ื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื•ืง
10:01
doesn't change the meaning or value
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ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื• ื”ืขืจืš
10:04
of the goods being exchanged.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช.
10:05
This may be true enough
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ
10:07
if we're talking about material goods.
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ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช.
10:09
If you sell me a flat screen television
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ืื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื™ ืžืกืš ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—
10:12
or give me one as a gift,
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ืื• ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืชื ื”,
10:14
it will be the same good.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืš.
10:15
It will work the same either way.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื–ื”ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
10:18
But the same may not be true
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
10:20
if we're talking about nonmaterial goods
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื•ืช
10:23
and social practices such as teaching and learning
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื• ืœืžื™ื“ื”,
10:27
or engaging together in civic life.
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ืื• ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื.
10:30
In those domains, bringing market mechanisms
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ื›ื ืกืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉื•ืง
10:34
and cash incentives may undermine
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ื•ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืœ
10:38
or crowd out nonmarket values and attitudes
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ืื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง
10:42
worth caring about.
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ื•ืืฉืจ ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื—.
10:44
Once we see
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืจื•ืื™ื
10:47
that markets and commerce,
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ืฉืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืกื—ืจ,
10:50
when extended beyond the material domain,
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ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™,
10:54
can change the character of the goods themselves,
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ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืฆืžื,
10:59
can change the meaning of the social practices,
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ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
11:02
as in the example of teaching and learning,
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื”,
11:05
we have to ask where markets belong
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื
11:10
and where they don't,
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ื•ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื,
11:12
where they may actually undermine
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื—ื‘ืœื•
11:14
values and attitudes worth caring about.
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ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื—.
11:17
But to have this debate,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”,
11:21
we have to do something we're not very good at,
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื• ืœื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•,
11:24
and that is to reason together in public
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืชื— ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™, ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ,
11:28
about the value and the meaning
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ืžื” ื”ืขืจืš ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
11:31
of the social practices we prize,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ื,
11:35
from our bodies to family life
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ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืขื“ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
11:37
to personal relations to health
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ืขื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
11:39
to teaching and learning to civic life.
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ืขื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื.
11:43
Now these are controversial questions,
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช,
11:46
and so we tend to shrink from them.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืŸ.
11:49
In fact, during the past three decades,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืœืคื•,
11:52
when market reasoning and market thinking
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื“ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง
11:54
have gathered force and gained prestige,
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ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฆื‘ืจื• ืชืื•ืฆื” ื•ื–ื›ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืงืจื”,
11:58
our public discourse during this time
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•
12:01
has become hollowed out,
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ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœื•ืœ,
12:03
empty of larger moral meaning.
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ืžืจื•ืงืŸ ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื‘ื”.
12:07
For fear of disagreement, we shrink from these questions.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื”, ืื ื• ืžืชื—ืžืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
12:10
But once we see that markets
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ืง ืขืฆืžื•
12:14
change the character of goods,
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ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื,
12:16
we have to debate among ourselves
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
12:21
these bigger questions
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื‘ืฆืข
12:23
about how to value goods.
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ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื.
12:25
One of the most corrosive effects
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ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช
12:28
of putting a price on everything
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ืฉืœ ืชื™ื•ื’ ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ืกืคื™
12:31
is on commonality,
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ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช,
12:33
the sense that we are all in it together.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ืื—ืช.
12:36
Against the background of rising inequality,
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ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจ,
12:41
marketizing every aspect of life
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ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ืฉื•ืง
12:45
leads to a condition where those who are affluent
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืืœื” ืฉื™ื“ื ืžืฉื’ืช
12:50
and those who are of modest means
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ื“ื ืžืฉื’ืช,
12:52
increasingly live separate lives.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”.
12:57
We live and work and shop and play
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ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
13:00
in different places.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.
13:02
Our children go to different schools.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
13:05
This isn't good for democracy,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
13:07
nor is it a satisfying way to live,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช,
13:10
even for those of us who can afford
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช
13:13
to buy our way to the head of the line.
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ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื•ืจ.
13:16
Here's why.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืžื”.
13:18
Democracy does not require perfect equality,
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜,
13:23
but what it does require
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ื–ืงื•ืงื”
13:25
is that citizens share in a common life.
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ืฉืื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื™ืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
13:28
What matters is that people
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
13:31
of different social backgrounds
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ืžืจืงืขื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
13:33
and different walks of life
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ื•ืžืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
13:34
encounter one another,
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ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
13:37
bump up against one another
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ื™ื™ืชืงืœื• ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™
13:39
in the ordinary course of life,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
13:42
because this is what teaches us
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื•
13:45
to negotiate and to abide our differences.
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ืœื ื”ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ-ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื.
13:49
And this is how we come to care for the common good.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.
13:53
And so, in the end, the question of markets
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ื•ื›ืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืฉืืœืช ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืง
13:56
is not mainly an economic question.
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ืื™ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ.
14:00
It's really a question of how we want to live together.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืœื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
14:04
Do we want a society where everything is up for sale,
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ื”ืื ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”,
14:09
or are there certain moral and civic goods
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ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
14:12
that markets do not honor
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ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื
14:14
and money cannot buy?
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ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช?
14:17
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:19
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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