How equal do we want the world to be? You'd be surprised | Dan Ariely

266,628 views ใƒป 2015-04-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yifat Adler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
It would be nice to be objective in life,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช
00:15
in many ways.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
00:17
The problem is that we have these color-tinted glasses
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื
00:20
as we look at all kinds of situations.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
00:25
For example, think about something as simple as beer.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืจื”.
00:29
If I gave you a few beers to taste
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืœื˜ืขื•ื ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:31
and I asked you to rate them on intensity and bitterness,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ืืช ื”ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
00:35
different beers would occupy different space.
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ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
00:39
But what if we tried to be objective about it?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™?
00:41
In the case of beer, it would be very simple.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
00:43
What if we did a blind taste?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช?
00:46
Well, if we did the same thing, you tasted the same beer,
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”. ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ืขืžื• ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:48
now in the blind taste, things would look slightly different.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื™ืจืื• ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช.
00:52
Most of the beers will go into one place.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ื“.
00:55
You will basically not be able to distinguish them,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
00:57
and the exception, of course, will be Guinness.
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื” ื’ื™ื ืก.
01:00
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:02
Similarly, we can think about physiology.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:05
What happens when people expect something from their physiology?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื?
01:08
For example, we sold people pain medications.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื›ืจื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื›ืš ื›ืื‘ื™ื.
01:11
Some people, we told them the medications were expensive.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื”ืžืฉื›ืš ื™ืงืจ,
01:13
Some people, we told them it was cheap.
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ื•ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœ.
01:15
And the expensive pain medication worked better.
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื›ืš ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ืงืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:18
It relieved more pain from people,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื,
01:21
because expectations do change our physiology.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:24
And of course, we all know that in sports,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
01:26
if you are a fan of a particular team,
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ืื ืืชื ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
01:28
you can't help but see the game
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ืืชื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง
01:31
develop from the perspective of your team.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื›ื.
01:34
So all of those are cases in which our preconceived notions
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ืื ื›ืš, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:38
and our expectations color our world.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฆื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
01:42
But what happened in more important questions?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ?
01:45
What happened with questions that had to do with social justice?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™?
01:49
So we wanted to think about what is the blind tasting version
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ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช
01:52
for thinking about inequality?
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ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:55
So we started looking at inequality,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:57
and we did some large-scale surveys
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืกืงืจื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ
01:59
around the U.S. and other countries.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
02:02
So we asked two questions:
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช:
02:04
Do people know what kind of level of inequality we have?
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ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืจืžืช ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•?
02:07
And then, what level of inequality do we want to have?
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ื•ืื–, ืžื”ื™ ืจืžืช ื”ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื•?
02:11
So let's think about the first question.
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ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
02:14
Imagine I took all the people in the U.S.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
02:16
and I sorted them from the poorest on the right
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ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืขื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ
02:19
to the richest on the left,
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ืขื“ ืœืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ,
02:21
and then I divided them into five buckets:
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ื•ืื– ื—ื™ืœืงืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ื:
02:24
the poorest 20 percent, the next 20 percent,
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20 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, 20 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
02:26
the next, the next, and the richest 20 percent.
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ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื•-20 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:29
And then I asked you to tell me how much wealth do you think
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื›ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœื“ืขืชื›ื
02:32
is concentrated in each of those buckets.
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ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:35
So to make it simpler, imagine I ask you to tell me,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื™,
02:37
how much wealth do you think is concentrated
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ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืฉืจ, ืœื“ืขืชื›ื, ืžืจื•ื›ื–
02:40
in the bottom two buckets,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื,
02:42
the bottom 40 percent?
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ื‘-40 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื?
02:44
Take a second. Think about it and have a number.
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ืงื—ื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ.
02:47
Usually we don't think.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:49
Think for a second, have a real number in your mind.
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ืงื—ื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืืžื™ืชื™.
02:51
You have it?
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืกืคืจ?
02:53
Okay, here's what lots of Americans tell us.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื.
02:56
They think that the bottom 20 percent
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ-20 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื
02:58
has about 2.9 percent of the wealth,
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ื™ืฉ ื›-2.9 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ,
03:00
the next group has 6.4,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื™ืฉ 6.4 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
03:02
so together it's slightly more than nine.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-9 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
03:05
The next group, they say, has 12 percent,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ 12 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
03:08
20 percent,
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20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
03:10
and the richest 20 percent, people think has 58 percent of the wealth.
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ื•ืœ-20 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ 58 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
03:15
You can see how this relates to what you thought.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื.
03:18
Now, what's reality?
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ื•ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช?
03:19
Reality is slightly different.
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืงืฆืช ืฉื•ื ื”.
03:21
The bottom 20 percent has 0.1 percent of the wealth.
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ืœ-20 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉ 0.1 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
03:25
The next 20 percent has 0.2 percent of the wealth.
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ืœ-20 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื™ืฉ 0.2 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
03:28
Together, it's 0.3.
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื 0.3.
03:30
The next group has 3.9,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื™ืฉ 3.9.
03:34
11.3,
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11.3,
03:36
and the richest group has 84-85 percent of the wealth.
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ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ 84 ืœ-85 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
03:42
So what we actually have and what we think we have
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
03:45
are very different.
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ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:47
What about what we want?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื?
03:49
How do we even figure this out?
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ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
03:51
So to look at this,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
03:52
to look at what we really want,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื,
03:54
we thought about the philosopher John Rawls.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืœืก.
03:57
If you remember John Rawls,
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื’'ื•ืŸ ืจื•ืœืก,
03:59
he had this notion of what's a just society.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช.
04:02
He said a just society
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช
04:04
is a society that if you knew everything about it,
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”,
04:06
you would be willing to enter it in a random place.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืงืจืื™.
04:09
And it's a beautiful definition,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”,
04:10
because if you're wealthy, you might want the wealthy
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ืืชื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช
04:13
to have more money, the poor to have less.
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ืฉืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.
04:15
If you're poor, you might want more equality.
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ืื ืืชื ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
04:17
But if you're going to go into that society
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช
04:19
in every possible situation, and you don't know,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืืคืฉืจื™, ื•ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ,
04:22
you have to consider all the aspects.
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื.
04:24
It's a little bit like blind tasting in which you don't know
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
04:27
what the outcome will be when you make a decision,
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ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื,
04:30
and Rawls called this the "veil of ignorance."
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ื•ืจื•ืœืก ืงืจื ืœื›ืš "ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช."
04:34
So, we took another group, a large group of Americans,
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ืื– ืœืงื—ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
04:37
and we asked them the question in the veil of ignorance.
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ื•ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืชื—ืช ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ืขืจื•ืช:
04:40
What are the characteristics of a country that would make you want to join it,
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ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”,
04:44
knowing that you could end randomly at any place?
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ื›ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจืคื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืงืจืื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•?
04:47
And here is what we got.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•.
04:49
What did people want to give to the first group,
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ืžื” ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื• ืœืชืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
04:51
the bottom 20 percent?
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20 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื?
04:53
They wanted to give them about 10 percent of the wealth.
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ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื›-10 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ.
04:56
The next group, 14 percent of the wealth,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื‘ืื” 14 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืฉืจ,
04:59
21, 22 and 32.
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21, 22 ื•-32.
05:04
Now, nobody in our sample wanted full equality.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ืจืฆื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื.
05:07
Nobody thought that socialism is a fantastic idea in our sample.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื’ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ ืžืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื.
05:12
But what does it mean?
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ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?
05:13
It means that we have this knowledge gap
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ
05:15
between what we have and what we think we have,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
05:18
but we have at least as big a gap between what we think is right
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืคืขืจ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื“ืง
05:22
to what we think we have.
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
05:24
Now, we can ask these questions, by the way, not just about wealth.
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ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœื ืจืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืฉืจ.
05:28
We can ask it about other things as well.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:30
So for example, we asked people from different parts of the world
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ืฉืืœื ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:34
about this question,
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ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช.
05:36
people who are liberals and conservatives,
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ื
05:38
and they gave us basically the same answer.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืขื ื• ืœื ื•, ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
05:40
We asked rich and poor, they gave us the same answer,
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
05:43
men and women,
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื,
05:44
NPR listeners and Forbes readers.
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ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ ืจื“ื™ื• NPR ื•ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื‘ืก.
05:47
We asked people in England, Australia, the U.S. --
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ --
05:50
very similar answers.
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
05:52
We even asked different departments of a university.
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”.
05:54
We went to Harvard and we checked almost every department,
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ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช,
05:57
and in fact, from Harvard Business School,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื,
05:59
where a few people wanted the wealthy to have more and the [poor] to have less,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื• ืฉืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช,
06:03
the similarity was astonishing.
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ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
06:05
I know some of you went to Harvard Business School.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“.
06:08
We also asked this question about something else.
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื•ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ.
06:12
We asked, what about the ratio of CEO pay to unskilled workers?
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ืฉืืœื ื•, ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื?
06:17
So you can see what people think is the ratio,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ื [ืฆื”ื•ื‘].
06:20
and then we can ask the question, what do they think should be the ratio?
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช? [ื›ื—ื•ืœ]
06:24
And then we can ask, what is reality?
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช? [ืื“ื•ื]
06:26
What is reality? And you could say, well, it's not that bad, right?
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ืจื•ืข. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:30
The red and the yellow are not that different.
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ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
06:32
But the fact is, it's because I didn't draw them on the same scale.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื ืฆื™ื™ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
06:38
It's hard to see, there's yellow and blue in there.
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ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
06:42
So what about other outcomes of wealth?
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ?
06:44
Wealth is not just about wealth.
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ืขื•ืฉืจ ืœื ื ื•ื’ืข ืจืง ืœืขื•ืฉืจ.
06:46
We asked, what about things like health?
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ืฉืืœื ื•, ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช?
06:48
What about availability of prescription medication?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืจืฉื?
06:52
What about life expectancy?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื?
06:54
What about life expectancy of infants?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืžื•ืชืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช?
06:57
How do we want this to be distributed?
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ืื™ื–ื• ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
06:59
What about education for young people?
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ื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื?
07:02
And for older people?
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ื•ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
07:04
And across all of those things, what we learned was that people
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
07:07
don't like inequality of wealth,
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ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ,
07:10
but there's other things where inequality, which is an outcome of wealth,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ,
07:13
is even more aversive to them:
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ.
07:15
for example, inequality in health or education.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
07:19
We also learned that people are particularly open
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ื’ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
07:22
to changes in equality when it comes to people
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ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
07:24
who have less agency --
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ืฉืข --
07:26
basically, young kids and babies,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
07:29
because we don't think of them as responsible for their situation.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ืื—ืจืื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื”ื.
07:34
So what are some lessons from this?
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ืžื” ื”ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”?
07:36
We have two gaps:
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืคืขืจื™ื:
07:37
We have a knowledge gap and we have a desirability gap
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ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืคืขืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
07:40
And the knowledge gap is something that we think about,
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ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•.
07:42
how do we educate people?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื?
07:44
How do we get people to think differently about inequality
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ
07:46
and the consequences of inequality in terms of health, education,
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ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš,
07:50
jealousy, crime rate, and so on?
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ืงื ืื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืคืฉืข ื•ืขื•ื“?
07:52
Then we have the desirability gap.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืงื™ื™ื ืคืขืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช.
07:54
How do we get people to think differently about what we really want?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื?
07:58
You see, the Rawls definition, the Rawls way of looking at the world,
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ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืœืก, ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ืœืก ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
08:02
the blind tasting approach,
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ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช,
08:03
takes our selfish motivation out of the picture.
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ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
08:06
How do we implement that to a higher degree
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:09
on a more extensive scale?
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ?
08:11
And finally, we also have an action gap.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืคืขืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื.
08:14
How do we take these things and actually do something about it?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ?
08:17
I think part of the answer is to think about people
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:20
like young kids and babies that don't have much agency,
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ื›ืžื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืกืจื™ ื™ืฉืข,
08:23
because people seem to be more willing to do this.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
08:27
To summarize, I would say, next time you go to drink beer or wine,
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ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื” ืื• ื™ื™ืŸ,
08:32
first of all, think about, what is it in your experience that is real,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื•, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
08:36
and what is it in your experience that is a placebo effect
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ื•ืžื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืืคืงื˜ ืคืœืกื‘ื•
08:40
coming from expectations?
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ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื?
08:41
And then think about what it also means for other decisions in your life,
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ื•ืื–, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
08:45
and hopefully also for policy questions
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช
08:47
that affect all of us.
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ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
08:48
Thanks a lot.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
08:50
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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