How equal do we want the world to be? You'd be surprised | Dan Ariely

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2015-04-08 ใƒป TED


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How equal do we want the world to be? You'd be surprised | Dan Ariely

263,073 views ใƒป 2015-04-08

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ํƒœ์ค€ ๊ณต ๊ฒ€ํ† : YERI OH
00:12
It would be nice to be objective in life,
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๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ฐธ ์ข‹์ฃ .
00:15
in many ways.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ์š”.
00:17
The problem is that we have these color-tinted glasses
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๋“ 
00:20
as we look at all kinds of situations.
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์ƒ‰์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
For example, think about something as simple as beer.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๋งฅ์ฃผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
00:29
If I gave you a few beers to taste
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋‹ค์Œ
00:31
and I asked you to rate them on intensity and bitterness,
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๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•จ๊ณผ ๋–ซ์€ ๋ง›์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
00:35
different beers would occupy different space.
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๋งฅ์ฃผ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ คํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
00:39
But what if we tried to be objective about it?
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00:41
In the case of beer, it would be very simple.
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๋งฅ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—” ์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:43
What if we did a blind taste?
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๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
00:46
Well, if we did the same thing, you tasted the same beer,
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ง›์„ ๋ดค์ง€๋งŒ
00:48
now in the blind taste, things would look slightly different.
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๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
Most of the beers will go into one place.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:55
You will basically not be able to distinguish them,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
and the exception, of course, will be Guinness.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์˜ˆ์™ธ๋Š” ์žˆ์ฃ , ๊ธฐ๋„ค์Šค๋„ค์š”.
01:00
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:02
Similarly, we can think about physiology.
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๋น„์Šทํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
01:05
What happens when people expect something from their physiology?
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์ž‘์šฉ์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
01:08
For example, we sold people pain medications.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํŒ” ๋•Œ,
01:11
Some people, we told them the medications were expensive.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๊ณ ,
01:13
Some people, we told them it was cheap.
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์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
01:15
And the expensive pain medication worked better.
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๋น„์‹ผ ์ง„ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ข‹์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
It relieved more pain from people,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œ ๋Š๊ผˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
01:21
because expectations do change our physiology.
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์•ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
And of course, we all know that in sports,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ,
01:26
if you are a fan of a particular team,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํŠน์ • ํŒ€์˜ ํŒฌ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
01:28
you can't help but see the game
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์–ด์ฉ” ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ด ๊ทธ ํŒ€์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ
01:31
develop from the perspective of your team.
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
So all of those are cases in which our preconceived notions
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธ์ง€์  ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€
01:38
and our expectations color our world.
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์„ธ์ƒ์— ์ƒ‰์„ ์ž…ํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:42
But what happened in more important questions?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:45
What happened with questions that had to do with social justice?
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์‚ฌํšŒ ์ •์˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:49
So we wanted to think about what is the blind tasting version
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
01:52
for thinking about inequality?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ ์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
So we started looking at inequality,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
01:57
and we did some large-scale surveys
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ
01:59
around the U.S. and other countries.
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๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
So we asked two questions:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
02:04
Do people know what kind of level of inequality we have?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊นŒ?
02:07
And then, what level of inequality do we want to have?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ผ๊นŒ?
02:11
So let's think about the first question.
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
02:14
Imagine I took all the people in the U.S.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ
02:16
and I sorted them from the poorest on the right
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
02:19
to the richest on the left,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์ž์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์„ ์„ธ์šด ๋’ค,
02:21
and then I divided them into five buckets:
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค:
02:24
the poorest 20 percent, the next 20 percent,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ 20%, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ 20%,
02:26
the next, the next, and the richest 20 percent.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์ž์ธ 20%.
02:29
And then I asked you to tell me how much wealth do you think
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์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ, ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€
02:32
is concentrated in each of those buckets.
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์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋” ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋ฉด,
02:35
So to make it simpler, imagine I ask you to tell me,
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์•„๋ž˜์žˆ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ทธ๋ฃน, ์ฆ‰ ํ•˜์œ„ 40%์—๊ฒŒ
02:37
how much wealth do you think is concentrated
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02:40
in the bottom two buckets,
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์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ค‘๋ผ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
02:42
the bottom 40 percent?
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์งˆ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:44
Take a second. Think about it and have a number.
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์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:47
Usually we don't think.
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๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์žˆ์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ ,
02:49
Think for a second, have a real number in your mind.
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์ž ์‹œ ์ƒ๊ฐ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ , ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์— ์‹ค์ œ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:51
You have it?
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์…จ๋‚˜์š”?
02:53
Okay, here's what lots of Americans tell us.
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์ž, ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
They think that the bottom 20 percent
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•˜์œ„ 20%๊ฐ€ 2.9%,
02:58
has about 2.9 percent of the wealth,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ 20%๊ฐ€ 6.4%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
the next group has 6.4,
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03:02
so together it's slightly more than nine.
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ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, 9%๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:05
The next group, they say, has 12 percent,
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๊ทธ ๋’ค๋กœ๋„, ์ด๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๊ฐ 12%
03:08
20 percent,
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20%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
03:10
and the richest 20 percent, people think has 58 percent of the wealth.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ 20%๊ฐ€ 58%์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
You can see how this relates to what you thought.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ฃ .
03:18
Now, what's reality?
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
03:19
Reality is slightly different.
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์‹ค์ œ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
The bottom 20 percent has 0.1 percent of the wealth.
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ํ•˜์œ„ 20%๋Š” 0.1%์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ,
03:25
The next 20 percent has 0.2 percent of the wealth.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ 20%๋Š” 0.2%์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ,
03:28
Together, it's 0.3.
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ํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ 0.3%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:30
The next group has 3.9,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3.9%,
03:34
11.3,
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11.3%,
03:36
and the richest group has 84-85 percent of the wealth.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ 84~85%์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
So what we actually have and what we think we have
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์ด๋ ‡๋“ฏ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
are very different.
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03:47
What about what we want?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
03:49
How do we even figure this out?
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๋ญ˜ ์›ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์ฃ ?
03:51
So to look at this,
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
03:52
to look at what we really want,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ๋กœ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด,
03:54
we thought about the philosopher John Rawls.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์กด ๋กค์Šค๋ฅผ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:57
If you remember John Rawls,
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์กด ๋กค์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:59
he had this notion of what's a just society.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ์ฃ .
04:02
He said a just society
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ์ด์ƒ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š”
04:04
is a society that if you knew everything about it,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ „๋ถ€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ,
04:06
you would be willing to enter it in a random place.
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์–ด๋–ค ์œ„์น˜์— ๋†“์ด๋“  ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:09
And it's a beautiful definition,
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์ •๋ง ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์ •์˜์ฃ ,
04:10
because if you're wealthy, you might want the wealthy
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ถ€์ž๋ผ๋ฉด,
๋ถ€์ž๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž„๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ,
04:13
to have more money, the poor to have less.
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04:15
If you're poor, you might want more equality.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋” ํ‰๋“ฑํ•ด์ง€๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
04:17
But if you're going to go into that society
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์†ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:19
in every possible situation, and you don't know,
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋  ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
04:22
you have to consider all the aspects.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
It's a little bit like blind tasting in which you don't know
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋  ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ
04:27
what the outcome will be when you make a decision,
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๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:30
and Rawls called this the "veil of ignorance."
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๋กค์Šค๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ "๋ฌด์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ ์ผ"์ด๋ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
So, we took another group, a large group of Americans,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ,
04:37
and we asked them the question in the veil of ignorance.
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๋ฌด์ง€์˜ ๋ฒ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:40
What are the characteristics of a country that would make you want to join it,
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์„ค์ •๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ๋•Œ,
04:44
knowing that you could end randomly at any place?
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์„ ํƒํ•  ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
04:47
And here is what we got.
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๋‹ค์Œ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:49
What did people want to give to the first group,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ทธ๋ฃน, ํ•˜์œ„ 20%์—๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:51
the bottom 20 percent?
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04:53
They wanted to give them about 10 percent of the wealth.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ 10%์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
The next group, 14 percent of the wealth,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 14%, 21%, 22%์™€ 32%๋ฅผ
04:59
21, 22 and 32.
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ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:04
Now, nobody in our sample wanted full equality.
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ํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์ž ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
Nobody thought that socialism is a fantastic idea in our sample.
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์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋‹ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
But what does it mean?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋œป์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:13
It means that we have this knowledge gap
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์—
05:15
between what we have and what we think we have,
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์ง€์‹๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
but we have at least as big a gap between what we think is right
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์™€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋„
05:22
to what we think we have.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฐ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
Now, we can ask these questions, by the way, not just about wealth.
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์ž, ๋ถ€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
05:28
We can ask it about other things as well.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—๋„ ์ ์šฉ์‹œ์ผœ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
So for example, we asked people from different parts of the world
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์ผ๋ก€๋กœ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž…์žฅ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
05:34
about this question,
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
05:36
people who are liberals and conservatives,
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๋ณด์ˆ˜์ด๋“  ์ง„๋ณด์ด๋“  ๊ฐ„์—
05:38
and they gave us basically the same answer.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
We asked rich and poor, they gave us the same answer,
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๋ถ€์ž์™€ ๋นˆ๊ณค์ธต์— ๋ฌผ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
men and women,
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๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋„,
05:44
NPR listeners and Forbes readers.
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ํฌ๋ธŒ์Šค ๋…์ž์™€ NPR ์ฒญ์ทจ์ž๋„์š”.
05:47
We asked people in England, Australia, the U.S. --
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์˜๊ตญ, ํ˜ธ์ฃผ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋„
05:50
very similar answers.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต๋“ค์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
We even asked different departments of a university.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณผ์—๋„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์ฃ .
05:54
We went to Harvard and we checked almost every department,
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ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์— ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”๋Š”๋ฐ,
05:57
and in fact, from Harvard Business School,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™์›์€
05:59
where a few people wanted the wealthy to have more and the [poor] to have less,
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์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์ž๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์ด, ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋” ์ ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:03
the similarity was astonishing.
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๊ทธ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
I know some of you went to Harvard Business School.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„์€ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™์›์— ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์…จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
We also asked this question about something else.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
06:12
We asked, what about the ratio of CEO pay to unskilled workers?
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CEO๊ฐ€ ๋น„์ˆ™๋ จ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์— ๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ถˆํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์€ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๋น„์œจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
So you can see what people think is the ratio,
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06:20
and then we can ask the question, what do they think should be the ratio?
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์™œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„์œจ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
06:24
And then we can ask, what is reality?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:26
What is reality? And you could say, well, it's not that bad, right?
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ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์–ด๋– ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”? ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๋‚˜์˜์ง„ ์•Š์€๋ฐ์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
๋นจ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ž‘์— ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์ฃ .
06:30
The red and the yellow are not that different.
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06:32
But the fact is, it's because I didn't draw them on the same scale.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋…ธ๋ž‘, ํŒŒ๋ž‘์€ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€๋„ ์•Š์ฃ .
06:38
It's hard to see, there's yellow and blue in there.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ถ€์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€์š”?
06:42
So what about other outcomes of wealth?
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06:44
Wealth is not just about wealth.
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๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ๋ˆ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
We asked, what about things like health?
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
06:48
What about availability of prescription medication?
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์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์•ฝ์˜ ๋ณต์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
06:52
What about life expectancy?
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๊ธฐ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋ช…์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
06:54
What about life expectancy of infants?
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์œ ์•„ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
06:57
How do we want this to be distributed?
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜์ฃ ?
06:59
What about education for young people?
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์•„์ด๋“ค ๊ต์œก๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค๊ฐ€์š”?
07:02
And for older people?
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๋…ธ์ธ ๊ต์œก์€์š”?
07:04
And across all of those things, what we learned was that people
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ‹€์–ด์„œ,
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
don't like inequality of wealth,
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07:10
but there's other things where inequality, which is an outcome of wealth,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ€์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ์จ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
07:13
is even more aversive to them:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋” ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
for example, inequality in health or education.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด์ฃ .
07:19
We also learned that people are particularly open
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํŠนํžˆ ๋” ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ
07:22
to changes in equality when it comes to people
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ํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
07:24
who have less agency --
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ํž˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค,
07:26
basically, young kids and babies,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์˜์œ ์•„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ์š”,
07:29
because we don't think of them as responsible for their situation.
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์•„๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
So what are some lessons from this?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ตํ›ˆ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋‚˜์š”?
07:36
We have two gaps:
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๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
07:37
We have a knowledge gap and we have a desirability gap
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์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์™€ ์š•๋ง์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ์ฃ .
07:40
And the knowledge gap is something that we think about,
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์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:42
how do we educate people?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๊ต์œก์‹œํ‚ฌ๊นŒ?
07:44
How do we get people to think differently about inequality
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
07:46
and the consequences of inequality in terms of health, education,
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๊ฑด๊ฐ•, ๊ต์œก, ์งˆํˆฌ, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์œจ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ
07:50
jealousy, crime rate, and so on?
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๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:52
Then we have the desirability gap.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์š•๋ง์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
07:54
How do we get people to think differently about what we really want?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง„์งœ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:58
You see, the Rawls definition, the Rawls way of looking at the world,
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๋ณด์…จ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ๋กค์Šค์˜ ์ •์˜, ๋กค์Šค๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•,
08:02
the blind tasting approach,
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๋ธ”๋ผ์ธ๋“œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€,
08:03
takes our selfish motivation out of the picture.
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์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
How do we implement that to a higher degree
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋” ํฐ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:09
on a more extensive scale?
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08:11
And finally, we also have an action gap.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ–‰๋™์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
How do we take these things and actually do something about it?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
08:17
I think part of the answer is to think about people
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์ €๋Š” ์˜์œ ์•„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํž˜์ด ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
08:20
like young kids and babies that don't have much agency,
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๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋‹ต์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:23
because people seem to be more willing to do this.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋” ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:27
To summarize, I would say, next time you go to drink beer or wine,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๊ตฐ์š”.
๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋‚˜ ์™€์ธ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ,
08:32
first of all, think about, what is it in your experience that is real,
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์šฐ์„ , ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง„์งœ์˜€๊ณ 
08:36
and what is it in your experience that is a placebo effect
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์น˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ƒ๊ธด ํ”Œ๋ผ์‹œ๋ณด ํšจ๊ณผ์ธ์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:40
coming from expectations?
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08:41
And then think about what it also means for other decisions in your life,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋“ค์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
08:45
and hopefully also for policy questions
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„
08:47
that affect all of us.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
Thanks a lot.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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