How do cigarettes affect the body? - Krishna Sudhir

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

Cigarettes aren’t good for us.

Cigarete nisu dobre po nas.

That’s hardly news--we’ve known about the dangers of smoking for decades.

To nije ništa novo - već decenijama su nam poznate opasnosti od pušenja.

But how exactly do cigarettes harm us?

Međutim, kako tačno nam cigarete škode?

Let’s look at what happens as their ingredients

Pogledajmo šta se dešava kad se njihovi sastojci

make their way through our bodies,

probijaju kroz naša tela

and how we benefit physically when we finally give up smoking.

i kakvu korist imaju naša tela kada konačno ostavimo pušenje.

With each inhalation,

Svakim udisajem

smoke brings its more than 5,000 chemical substances

dim donosi preko 5 000 svojih hemijskih supstanci

into contact with the body’s tissues.

u kontakt s tkivima u našem telu.

From the start, tar, a black, resinous material,

Već u startu, katran, crni, smolasti materijal,

begins to coat the teeth and gums,

počinje da pravi naslage na zubima i desnima,

damaging tooth enamel, and eventually causing decay.

oštećujući zubnu gleđ i vremenom uzrokujući propadanje.

Over time, smoke also damages nerve-endings in the nose,

Vremenom, dim takođe oštećuje nervne završetke u nosu,

causing loss of smell.

uzrokujući gubitak čula mirisa.

Inside the airways and lungs,

Unutar disajnih puteva i pluća

smoke increases the likelihood of infections,

dim povećava šanse za infekcije,

as well as chronic diseases like bronchitis and emphysema.

kao i hronične bolesti, poput bronhitisa i emfizema.

It does this by damaging the cilia,

To postiže tako što oštećuje cilije,

tiny hairlike structures whose job it is to keep the airways clean.

sićušne strukture nalik dlakama

čiji je posao da održavaju disajne puteve čistim.

It then fills the alveoli,

Dim potom ispunjava alveole,

tiny air sacs that enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

sićušne vazdušne kese koje omogućuju razmenu kiseonika i ugljen-dioksida

between the lungs and blood.

između pluća i krvi.

A toxic gas called carbon monoxide crosses that membrane into the blood,

Otrovni gas pod nazivom ugljen-monoksid se probija kroz tu membranu u krv,

binding to hemoglobin

vezujući se sa hemoglobinom

and displacing the oxygen

i zamenjujući kiseonik

it would usually have transported around the body.

koji krv obično prenosi kroz telo.

That’s one of the reasons smoking can lead to oxygen deprivation

To je jedan od razloga zašto pušenje može da dovede do nedostatka kiseonika

and shortness of breath.

i gubitka daha.

Within about 10 seconds,

U roku od oko 10 sekundi,

krvotok prenosi do mozga stimulans koji se naziva nikotinom,

the bloodstream carries a stimulant called nicotine to the brain,

triggering the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters

pokrećući oslobađanje dopamina i drugih neurotransmitera,

including endorphins

uključujući endorfin

that create the pleasurable sensations which make smoking highly addictive.

koji stvara prijatan osećaj zbog koga je pušenje veoma zarazno.

Nicotine and other chemicals from the cigarette

Nikotin i druge hemikalije iz cigareta

simultaneously cause constriction of blood vessels

istovremeno uzrokuju sužavanje krvnih sudova

and damage their delicate endothelial lining,

i oštećuju njihov delikatni endotelni sloj u zidu,

restricting blood flow.

a to ograničava protok krvi.

These vascular effects lead to thickening of blood vessel walls

Ovi vaskularni efekti dovode do zadebljanja zidova krvnih sudova

and enhance blood platelet stickiness,

i uvećavaju lepljivost krvnih trombocita,

increasing the likelihood that clots will form

time povećavajući izglede za stvaranje ugrušaka

and trigger heart attacks and strokes.

i izazivanje srčanih i moždanih udara.

Many of the chemicals inside cigarettes can trigger dangerous mutations

Mnoge od hemikalija u cigaretama mogu da pokrenu opasne mutacije

in the body’s DNA that make cancers form.

u DNK tela zbog čega nastaju kanceri.

Additionally, ingredients like arsenic and nickel

Uz to, sastojsci poput arsena i nikla

may disrupt the process of DNA repair,

mogu da naruše proces oporavka DNK,

thus compromising the body’s ability to fight many cancers.

time ugrožavajući sposobnost tela da se bori protiv mnogih kancera.

In fact, about one of every three cancer deaths in the United States

Zapravo, oko jedna od svake tri smrti od kancera u Sjedinjenim Državama

is caused by smoking.

je uzrokovana pušenjem.

And it’s not just lung cancer.

A ne radi se samo o raku pluća.

Smoking can cause cancer in multiple tissues and organs,

Pušenje može da uzrokuje rak na više tkiva i organa,

as well as damaged eyesight

kao što može i da ošteti vid

and weakened bones.

i da oslabi kosti.

It makes it harder for women to get pregnant.

Pušenje ženama otežava da zatrudne.

A kod muškaraca može da uzrokuje erektilnu disfunkciju.

And in men, it can cause erectile dysfunction.

But for those who quit smoking,

Međutim, oni koji ostave pušenje

there’s a huge positive upside

imaju ogromnu pozitivnu prednost

with almost immediate and long-lasting physical benefits.

sa gotovo trenutnim i dugoročnim telesnim prednostima.

Just 20 minutes after a smoker’s final cigarette,

Svega 20 minuta nakon pušačeve poslednje cigarete,

their heart rate and blood pressure begin to return to normal.

njegovi otkucaji srca i krvni pritisak počinju da se vraćaju u normalu.

After 12 hours, carbon monoxide levels stabilize,

Nakon 12 sati, stabilizuju se nivoi ugljen-monoksida,

increasing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.

što uvećava sposobnost krvi da prenosi kiseonik.

A day after ceasing,

Dan nakon prestanka pušenja,

heart attack risk begins to decrease as blood pressure and heart rates normalize.

normalizuju se krvni pritisak i rad srca, a time se smanjuje rizik od infarkta.

After two days,

Nakon dva dana,

the nerve endings responsible for smell and taste start to recover.

nervni završeci odgovorni za miris i ukus počinju da se oporavljaju.

Lungs become healthier after about one month,

Pluća postaju zdravija za otprilike jedan mesec,

with less coughing and shortness of breath.

uz to se kašalj i gubitak daha proređuju.

The delicate hair-like cilia in the airways and lungs

Delikatne dlakaste cilije u disajnim putevima i plućima

start recovering within weeks,

počinju da se oporavljaju za nekoliko nedelja

and are restored after 9 months, improving resistance to infection.

i obnovljene su nakon devet meseci, čime se uvećava otpornost na infekcije.

By the one-year anniversary of quitting,

Do prve godišnjice prestanka pušenja,

heart disease risk plummets to half as blood vessel function improves.

rizik od srčanih bolesti je prepolovljen jer se funkcije krvnih sudova popravljaju.

Five years in,

Pet godina kasnije,

the chance of a clot forming dramatically declines,

šanse za nastanak ugrušaka drastično opadaju

and the risk of stroke continues to reduce.

i rizik od moždanog udara nastavlja da opada.

After ten years, the chances of developing fatal lung cancer

Nakon deset godina, šanse za dobijanjem smrtonosnog raka pluća

go down by 50%,

opadaju za 50%,

probably because the body’s ability to repair DNA is once again restored.

verovatno zato što je ponovo uspostavljena sposobnost tela da popravi DNK.

Fifteen years in, the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease

Nakon 15 godina, izgledi za dobijanjem koronarnih srčanih bolesti

is essentially the same as that of a non-smoker.

su u suštini jednaki kao kod nepušača.

There’s no point pretending this is all easy to achieve.

Nema svrhe da se pretvaramo da je sve ovo lako ostvarivo.

Quitting can lead to anxiety and depression,

Prestanak pušenja može da dovede do anksioznosti i depresije,

resulting from nicotine withdrawal.

koji su uzrokovani apstinencijom od nikotina.

But fortunately, such effects are usually temporary.

Međutim, srećom, ti efekti su obično privremeni.

And quitting is getting easier, thanks to a growing arsenal of tools.

A sve je lakše ostaviti pušenje zahvaljujući rastućem arsenalu oruđa.

Nicotine replacement therapy through gum,

Terapija nikotinske zamene putem žvaka,

skin patches,

nikotinskih flastera,

lozenges,

lozengi

and sprays

i sprejeva

may help wean smokers off cigarettes.

može da pomogne pušačima da se odviknu od cigareta.

They work by stimulating nicotine receptors in the brain

Deluju tako što stimulišu nikotinske receptore u mozgu

and thus preventing withdrawal symptoms,

i time sprečavaju simptome krize pri odvikavanju,

without the addition of other harmful chemicals.

bez ostalih štetnih hemikalija.

Counselling and support groups,

Savetovališta i grupe podrške,

cognitive behavioral therapy,

kognitivno-bihejvioralna terapija

and moderate intensity exercise

i vežbe umerenog inteziteta

also help smokers stay cigarette-free.

takođe pomažu pušačima da se klone cigareta.

That’s good news,

To su dobre vesti

since quitting puts you and your body on the path back to health.

jer prestanak pušenja vraća vas i vaše telo ponovo na stazu ozdravljenja.