How do you know what's true? - Sheila Marie Orfano

1,292,828 views ใƒป 2021-06-10

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: zeeva livshitz
00:09
A samurai is found dead in a quiet bamboo grove.
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ืกืžื•ืจืื™ ื ืžืฆื ืžืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฉืช ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืง ืฉืงื˜ื”.
00:13
One by one, the crimeโ€™s only known witnesses recount their version
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ืื—ื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืœืคืฉืข ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
00:18
of the events that transpired.
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ืœืืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•.
00:20
But as they each tell their tale,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•,
00:23
it becomes clear that every testimony is plausible, yet different.
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ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
00:27
And each witness implicates themselves.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืขื“ ืžืขืจื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.
00:31
This is the premise of โ€œIn a Grove,โ€ a short story published in the early 1920s
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ื–ื• ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ โ€œื‘ื—ื•ืจืฉื”,โ€ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 20
00:36
by Japanese author Ryลซnosuke Akutagawa.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืจื™ื•ื ื•ืกื•ืงื• ืืงื•ื˜ืื’ื•ื•ื”.
00:39
Though many know this tale of warring perspectives by a different name:
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืฉื•ื ื”:
00:44
โ€œRashomon.โ€
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โ€œืจืืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ.โ€
00:45
In 1950, Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa adapted two of Akutagawaโ€™s stories
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ื‘ 1950, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืืงื™ืจื” ืงื•ืจืกืื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื˜ืื’ื•ื•ื”
00:51
into one film.
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ืœืกืจื˜ ืื—ื“.
00:53
This movie introduced the world to an enduring cultural metaphor
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืขื•ืœื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
00:57
that has transformed our understanding of truth, justice and human memory.
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืฆื“ืง ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
01:06
The Rashomon effect describes a situation
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ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘
01:08
in which individuals give significantly different but equally conceivable accounts
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ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื
01:13
of the same event.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืจื•ืข.
01:16
Often used to highlight the unreliability of eyewitnesses,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ ื”ืจืื™ื”,
01:19
the Rashomon effect usually occurs under two specific conditions.
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ืืคืงื˜ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืชื—ืช ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
01:24
The first: thereโ€™s no evidence to verify what really happened.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืืžืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื”.
01:28
And the second: thereโ€™s pressure to achieve closure,
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™: ื™ืฉ ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกื’ื™ืจื”,
01:31
often provided by an authority figure trying to identify the definitive truth.
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกื•ืคืงืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืžื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืฉืœืžื”.
01:36
But the Rashomon effect undermines the very idea of a singular, objective truth.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคืงื˜ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืชืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ืช.
01:43
In the source material,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ,
01:44
Akutagawa and Kurosawa use the tools of their media
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ืืงื•ื˜ื’ื•ื•ืื” ื•ืงื•ืจืกืื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
01:48
to give each characterโ€™s testimony equal weight,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืงืœ ืฉื•ื•ื”,
01:51
transforming each witness into an unreliable narrator.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืœ ืขื“ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืœื ืืžื™ืŸ.
01:55
Without any hints on whoโ€™s sharing the most accurate account,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืจืžื– ืขืœ ืžื™ ื—ื•ืœืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
01:58
the audience canโ€™t tell which character to trust.
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ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
02:02
Instead, each testimony takes on a truthful quality,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื›ืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
02:05
and the audience is left doubting their convictions
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ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ื ืฉืืจ ืžืคืงืคืง ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื
02:08
as they guess who ended the samuraiโ€™s life.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ื—ืฉื™ื ืžื™ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืกืžื•ืจืื™.
02:11
Some might find this frustrating because the plot subverts expectations
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ื›ืžื” ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืืฉ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื—ื•ืชืจืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช
02:15
of how mysteries usually end.
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ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
02:18
But by refusing to provide a clear answer,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืจื•ื‘ ืœืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
02:20
these two artists capture the messiness and complexity of truth and human memory.
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื›ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:27
Neuroscientists have found that when we form a memory,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ืžืฆืื• ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
02:30
our interpretation of visual information is influenced
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ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžื•ืฉืคืข
02:33
by our previous experiences and internal biases.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:37
Some of these biases are unique to individuals,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:40
but others are more universal.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช.
02:42
For example, egocentric bias can influence people
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืื’ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
02:45
to subconsciously reshape their memories
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืชืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:48
in ways that cast a positive light on their actions.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžื˜ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:51
Even if we were able to encode a memory accurately,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
02:54
recalling it incorporates new information that changes the memory.
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ื”ืื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
02:58
And when we later recall that event,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ืข,
03:00
we typically remember the embellished memory instead of the original experience.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
03:06
These underlying psychological phenomena mean that the Rashomon effect
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืงื˜ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ
03:10
can pop up anywhere.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:12
In biology, scientists starting from the same dataset
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื˜ ืžื™ื“ืข
03:15
and applying the same analytical methods, frequently publish different results.
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ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:21
Anthropologists regularly grapple with the impact personal backgrounds can have
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ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืขื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
03:25
on an expert's perception.
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ืขืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืžื—ื”.
03:27
In one famous case, two anthropologists visited the Mexican village of Tepoztlan.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ ื˜ืคื•ื–ื˜ืœืืŸ.
03:33
The first researcher described life in the town as happy and contented,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื›ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ,
03:37
while the second recorded residents as paranoid and disgruntled.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื–ื›ืจ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืคืจื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืžื•ืจืžืจื™ื.
03:41
Experts aside, the Rashomon effect can also impact the general public,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืืคืงื˜ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™,
03:46
particularly when it comes to the perception of complicated world events.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืขื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื.
03:50
For example, following a 2015 security summit
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืคืกื’ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ 2015
03:54
between the United States and leaders from the Arab States,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช,
03:57
media reports about the summit varied enormously.
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
04:01
Some stated that it had gone smoothly, while others called it a complete failure.
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืง, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืงืจืื• ืœื” ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
04:07
It's tempting to fixate on why we have competing perceptions,
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ื–ื” ืžืคืชื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืœืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช,
04:11
but perhaps the more important question the Rashomon effect raises is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืืคืงื˜ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืŸ ืžืขืœื” ื”ื™ื,
04:15
what is truth anyway?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืืžืช?
04:17
Are there situations when an โ€œobjective truthโ€ doesnโ€™t exist?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื”โ€œืืžืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืชโ€ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช?
04:21
What can different versions of the same event tell us
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ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืืจื•ืข ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื•
04:24
about the time, place and people involved?
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ืขืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื?
04:28
And how can we make group decisions if weโ€™re all working
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
04:31
with different information, backgrounds, and biases?
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ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื ื”, ืจืงืขื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืช?
04:36
Like most questions, these donโ€™t have a definitive answer.
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืœืืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช.
04:41
But the enduring importance of Akutagawaโ€™s story
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืงื•ื˜ื’ื•ื•ืื”
04:45
suggests there may be value in embracing the ambiguity.
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ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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