How do you know what's true? - Sheila Marie Orfano

1,259,973 views ใƒป 2021-06-10

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jihyeon J. Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : DK Kim
00:09
A samurai is found dead in a quiet bamboo grove.
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‚˜๋ฌด ์ˆฒ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:13
One by one, the crimeโ€™s only known witnesses recount their version
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๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์”ฉ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€์—์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
of the events that transpired.
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๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
00:20
But as they each tell their tale,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก
00:23
it becomes clear that every testimony is plausible, yet different.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ฆ์–ธ์ด ์„ค๋“๋ ฅ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ์ฃ .
00:27
And each witness implicates themselves.
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๊ฐ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
This is the premise of โ€œIn a Grove,โ€ a short story published in the early 1920s
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 1920๋…„ ๋Œ€ ์ดˆ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋‹จํŽธ ์†Œ์„ค โ€˜๋ค๋ถˆ ์†โ€™์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋ฐ
00:36
by Japanese author Ryลซnosuke Akutagawa.
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๋ฅ˜๋…ธ์Šค์ผ€ ์•„์ฟ ํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€๋ผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
Though many know this tale of warring perspectives by a different name:
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์„œ๋กœ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด์˜ ์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
โ€œRashomon.โ€
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๋ฐ”๋กœ โ€˜๋ผ์‡ผ๋ชฝโ€™์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
In 1950, Japanese filmmaker Akira Kurosawa adapted two of Akutagawaโ€™s stories
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1950๋…„์— ์ œ์ž‘์ž ์•„ํ‚ค๋ผ ์ฟ ๋กœ์‚ฌ์™€๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฟ ํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€์˜ ์†Œ์„ค ๋‘ ํŽธ์„
00:51
into one film.
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ํ•œ ํŽธ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ๊ฐ์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
This movie introduced the world to an enduring cultural metaphor
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์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๋ถˆํ›„์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์€์œ ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
00:57
that has transformed our understanding of truth, justice and human memory.
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์ง„์‹ค, ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋†“์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
The Rashomon effect describes a situation
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๋ผ์‡ผ๋ชฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์€
01:08
in which individuals give significantly different but equally conceivable accounts
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๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋™์ผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์—
01:13
of the same event.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿด์‹ธํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
Often used to highlight the unreliability of eyewitnesses,
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๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•  ๋•Œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
01:19
the Rashomon effect usually occurs under two specific conditions.
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๋ผ์‡ผ๋ชฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
The first: thereโ€™s no evidence to verify what really happened.
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์ฒซ์งธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ 
01:28
And the second: thereโ€™s pressure to achieve closure,
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๋‘˜์งธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ์ข…๊ฒฐ์˜ ์••๋ฐ•์ด ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ์ธ๋ฐ
01:31
often provided by an authority figure trying to identify the definitive truth.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ถŒ์œ„์ž๊ฐ€ ์••๋ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
But the Rashomon effect undermines the very idea of a singular, objective truth.
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๋ผ์‡ผ๋ชฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ง„์‹ค ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ›ผ์†ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
In the source material,
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์›์ž‘ํ’ˆ์—์„œ
01:44
Akutagawa and Kurosawa use the tools of their media
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์•„์ฟ ํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€์™€ ์ฟ ๋กœ์‚ฌ์™€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์ , ์˜ํ™”์  ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ
01:48
to give each characterโ€™s testimony equal weight,
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๊ฐ ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฆ์–ธ์— ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:51
transforming each witness into an unreliable narrator.
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๊ฐ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
Without any hints on whoโ€™s sharing the most accurate account,
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ค ๋‹จ์„œ๋„ ์—†์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ
01:58
the audience canโ€™t tell which character to trust.
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๊ด€๊ฐ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
Instead, each testimony takes on a truthful quality,
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๋Œ€์‹  ๊ฐ ์ฆ์–ธ์€ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
02:05
and the audience is left doubting their convictions
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๊ด€๊ฐ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์˜์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
02:08
as they guess who ended the samuraiโ€™s life.
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๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋ผ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ์ง์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ์š”.
02:11
Some might find this frustrating because the plot subverts expectations
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ถ”๋ฆฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์™€๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
02:15
of how mysteries usually end.
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๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
But by refusing to provide a clear answer,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋‹ต์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์œผ๋กœ์จ
02:20
these two artists capture the messiness and complexity of truth and human memory.
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๋‘ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€๊ณผ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:27
Neuroscientists have found that when we form a memory,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝํ•™์ž๋“ค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ
02:30
our interpretation of visual information is influenced
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์‹œ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ•ด์„์€
02:33
by our previous experiences and internal biases.
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์ด์ „ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๋‚ด์  ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
Some of these biases are unique to individuals,
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์–ด๋–ค ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
02:40
but others are more universal.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
For example, egocentric bias can influence people
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ์ž๊ธฐ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€
02:45
to subconsciously reshape their memories
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๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ์žฌํŽธ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
02:48
in ways that cast a positive light on their actions.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
Even if we were able to encode a memory accurately,
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๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
02:54
recalling it incorporates new information that changes the memory.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
And when we later recall that event,
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๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํšŒ์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ
03:00
we typically remember the embellished memory instead of the original experience.
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ์›๋ž˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏธํ™”๋œ ๊ธฐ์–ต์„ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
These underlying psychological phenomena mean that the Rashomon effect
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ €์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ผ์‡ผ๋ชฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€
03:10
can pop up anywhere.
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์–ด๋””์„œ๋“  ๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
In biology, scientists starting from the same dataset
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:15
and applying the same analytical methods, frequently publish different results.
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ์“ด ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ข…์ข… ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:21
Anthropologists regularly grapple with the impact personal backgrounds can have
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
03:25
on an expert's perception.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–ด๊น€์—†์ด ๊ณ ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:27
In one famous case, two anthropologists visited the Mexican village of Tepoztlan.
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ํ•œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ๋‘ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”์˜ ํ…Œํฌ์Šคํ‹€๋ž€์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
The first researcher described life in the town as happy and contented,
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:37
while the second recorded residents as paranoid and disgruntled.
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผ๋Œ€๋ง์ƒ์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒํˆฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
Experts aside, the Rashomon effect can also impact the general public,
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ๋ง๊ณ ๋„ ๋ผ์‡ผ๋ชฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
particularly when it comes to the perception of complicated world events.
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ํŠนํžˆ ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
For example, following a 2015 security summit
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์˜ˆ๋“ค ๋“ค์–ด, 2015๋…„
03:54
between the United States and leaders from the Arab States,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์•„๋ž ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ •์ƒํšŒ์˜ ํ›„
03:57
media reports about the summit varied enormously.
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์ •์ƒํšŒ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งค์ฒด ๋ณด๋„๋“ค์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋‹ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
Some stated that it had gone smoothly, while others called it a complete failure.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์€ ์›ํ™œํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์€ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‹คํŒจ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
It's tempting to fixate on why we have competing perceptions,
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ
04:11
but perhaps the more important question the Rashomon effect raises is,
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๋ผ์‡ผ๋ชฝ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
what is truth anyway?
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๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ง„์‹ค์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:17
Are there situations when an โ€œobjective truthโ€ doesnโ€™t exist?
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โ€˜๊ฐ๊ด€์  ์ง„์‹คโ€™์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:21
What can different versions of the same event tell us
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๋™์ผ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฒ˜์ง€์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
04:24
about the time, place and people involved?
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์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:28
And how can we make group decisions if weโ€™re all working
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ •๋ณด, ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
04:31
with different information, backgrounds, and biases?
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04:36
Like most questions, these donโ€™t have a definitive answer.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋‹ต์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
But the enduring importance of Akutagawaโ€™s story
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ฟ ํƒ€๊ฐ€์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ•จ์—†๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€
04:45
suggests there may be value in embracing the ambiguity.
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๋ชจํ˜ธํ•จ์„ ํฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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