Why should you listen to Vivaldi's "Four Seasons"? - Betsy Schwarm

4,611,649 views ใƒป 2016-10-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:11
Light, bright, and cheerful.
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ืงืœื”, ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื”.
00:13
It's some of the most familiar of all early 18th century music.
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-18.
00:17
It's been featured in uncounted films and television commercials,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
00:21
but what is it and why does it sound that way?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื™, ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืš?
00:24
This is the opening of "Spring" from "The Four Seasons,"
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ "ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืž"ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช"
00:27
by Italian composer Antonio Vivaldi.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื• ื•ึดื™ื•ึทื•ืืœึฐื“ึดื™.
00:30
"The Four Seasons" are famous in part because they are a delight to the ear.
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"ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช" ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืœืื•ื–ืŸ.
00:35
However, even more notable
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš,
00:36
is the fact that they have stories to tell.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
00:39
At the time of their publication in Amsterdam in 1725,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืคืกืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื ื‘-1725,
00:43
they were accompanied by poems
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ื”ืŸ ืœื•ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื
00:44
describing exactly what feature of that season
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ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื ื”
00:47
Vivaldi intended to capture in musical terms.
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ืฉื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
00:50
In providing specific plot content for instrumental music,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืง ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช,
00:53
Vivaldi was generations ahead of his time.
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ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื–ืžื ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
00:57
If one were to read the poems simultaneously to hearing the music,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
01:01
one would find the poetic scenes
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืกืฆื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื
01:03
synchronizing nicely with the musical imagery.
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ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื.
01:07
We are told that the birds welcome spring with happy song,
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžื—,
01:11
and here they are doing exactly that.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืืŸ.
01:15
Soon, however, a thunderstorm breaks out.
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ืืš ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช ืกื•ืคืช ืจืขืžื™ื.
01:21
Not only is there musical thunder and lightning,
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ืœื ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืจืขืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืจืงื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื,
01:23
there are also more birds,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช,
01:25
wet, frightened, and unhappy.
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ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:30
In "Summer," the turtle dove sings her name "tortorella" in Italian,
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ื‘"ืงื™ืฅ" ื”ืชื•ืจ ืžื–ืžืจืช ืืช ืฉืžื” "ื˜ื•ืจื˜ื•ืจืœื”" ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ืช,
01:39
before a hail storm flattens the fields.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกื•ืคืช ื‘ืจื“ ืžืฉื˜ื—ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช.
01:45
"Autumn" brings eager hunters dashing out in pursuit of their prey.
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"ืกืชื™ื•" ืžื‘ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจ ื˜ืจืคื.
01:53
The "Winter" concerto begins with teeth chattering in the cold
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ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื• ื”"ื—ื•ืจืฃ" ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ืฉืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจ,
02:00
before one takes refuge by a crackling fire.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืžื—ืกื” ืœืฆื“ ืžื“ื•ืจื” ืžืคืฆื—ืช.
02:07
Then it's back out into the storm
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ื•ืื– ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืกื•ืคื”,
02:09
where there'll be slips and falls on the ice.
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ืฉื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื•ืช ื•ื ืคื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื—.
02:15
In these first weeks of winter, the old year is coming to a close,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื,
02:18
and so does Vivaldi's musical exploration of the seasons.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ืงื™ืจืชื• ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช.
02:23
Not until the early 19th century
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ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19
02:24
would such expressive instrumental program music, as it was known,
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื™ืช ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืงืจืื• ืœื”,
02:28
become popular.
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช.
02:30
By then, larger, more varied ensembles were the rule
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ืขื“ ืื–, ื”ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ืœืœ,
02:33
with woodwinds, brass, and percussion to help tell the tale.
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ืขื ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืขืฅ ื•ืžืชื›ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:36
But Vivaldi pulled it off with just one violin, strings, and a harpsichord.
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ืื‘ืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืจืง ืขื ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ ืื—ื“, ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื•ืฆึถ'ืžึฐื‘ึธึผืœื•ึน.
02:42
Unlike his contemporary Bach,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื ื•, ื‘ืืš,
02:44
Vivaldi wasn't much interested in complicated fugues.
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ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื•ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช.
02:48
He preferred to offer readily accessible entertainment to his listeners
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื ื’ื™ืฉ
02:52
with melodies that pop back up later in a piece
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ืขื ืžื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”,
02:54
to remind us of where we've been.
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ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื.
02:58
So the first movement of the "Spring" concerto begins with a theme for spring
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ืื– ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื• "ืื‘ื™ื‘" ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื ื•ืฉื ืœืื‘ื™ื‘,
03:02
and ends with it, too, slightly varied from when it was last heard.
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ื•ื’ื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื•, ืžืขื˜ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืข.
03:12
It was an inspired way to attract listeners,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื,
03:15
and Vivaldi,
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ื•ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™,
03:16
considered one of the most electrifying violinists of the early 18th century,
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื—ืฉืžืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-18,
03:20
understood the value of attracting audiences.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืงื”ืœื™ื.
03:23
Such concerts might feature himself as the star violinist.
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ื‘ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื›ื ืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
03:27
Others presented the young musicians of the Pietร ,
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ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืื˜ื”,
03:30
a Venetian girls' school where Vivaldi was Director of Music.
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ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ื• ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™.
03:34
Most of the students were orphans.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ืชื•ืžื•ืช.
03:36
Music training was intended not only as social skills suitable for young ladies
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ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœื ืจืง ื›ื›ืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช,
03:40
but also as potential careers
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ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
03:42
for those who might fail to make good marriages.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ืชืŸ ืžื•ืฆืœื—.
03:46
Even in the composer's own time,
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ื’ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ื™ืŸ,
03:48
Vivaldi's music served as diversion for all,
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ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื›ื”ืกื—ืช ื“ืขืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื,
03:50
not just for the wealthy aristocrats.
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ืœืืฆื™ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
03:53
300 years later, it's an approach that still works,
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300 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
03:56
and Vivaldi's music still sounds like trotting horses on the move.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžืขืช ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืกื™ื ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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