What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler

1,986,937 views ใƒป 2014-12-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
In the summer of 1976,
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ 1976,
00:09
a mysterious epidemic suddenly struck two central African towns,
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ืžื—ืœื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ืคื’ืขื” ืคืชืื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
00:13
killing the majority of its victims.
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ื•ื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
00:16
Medical researchers suspected
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื“ื•
00:18
the deadly Marburg virus to be the culprit.
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ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืžืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืงื˜ืœื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืฉื.
00:21
But what they saw in microscope images was an entirely new pathogen,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ื™ื” ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
00:26
which would be named after the nearby Ebola river.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืื‘ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื ื”ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘.
00:31
Like yellow fever or dengue,
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ื›ืžื• ืงื“ื—ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ื“ื ื’ื™,
00:33
the disease caused by the Ebola virus is a severe type of hemorrhagic fever.
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื ื’ืจืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื—ืžื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื“ื—ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื.
00:38
It begins by attacking the immune system's cells
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืงื™ืคืช ืชืื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
00:41
and neutralizing its responses,
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ื•ืžื ื˜ืจืœืช ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”,
00:44
allowing the virus to proliferate.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœืฉื’ืฉื’.
00:46
Starting anywhere from two to twenty days after contraction,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช,
00:49
initial symptoms like high temperature,
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ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”,
00:52
aching,
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ื›ืื‘,
00:53
and sore throat
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืื‘
00:54
resemble those of a typical flu,
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฉืคืขืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”,
00:57
but quickly escalate to vomiting,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืงืื•ืช,
00:59
rashes,
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ืคืจื™ื—ื”,
01:00
and diarrhea.
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ื•ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ.
01:01
And as the virus spreads,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืžืชืคืฉื˜,
01:03
it invades the lymph nodes and vital organs,
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœืฉ ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžืคื” ื•ืื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
01:05
such as kidneys and liver, causing them to lose function.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื“, ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“.
01:10
But the virus itself is not what kills Ebola victims.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืื‘ื•ืœื”.
01:13
Instead, the mounting cell deaths trigger an immune system overload,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขื•ืžืก ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
01:18
known as a cytokine storm,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืกื•ืคืช ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืงื™ืŸ,
01:21
an explosion of immune responses that damages blood vessels,
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ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื,
01:24
causing both internal and external bleeding.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ืคื ื™ืžื™.
01:28
The excessive fluid loss and resulting complications
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ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœื•
01:31
can be fatal within six to sixteen days of the first symptoms,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืžื”ืกืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:36
though proper care and rehydration therapy
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืื™ื ื•ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื
01:39
can significantly reduce mortality rates in patients.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
01:43
Fortunately, while Ebola is highly virulent,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืงืช,
01:45
several factors limit its contagiousness.
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ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื”.
01:48
Unlike viruses that proliferate through small, airborne particles,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื“ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
01:52
Ebola only exists in bodily fluids,
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ืื‘ื•ืœื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
01:55
such as saliva,
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืง,
01:56
blood,
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ื“ื,
01:57
mucus,
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ืœื™ื—ื”,
01:58
vomit,
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01:58
or feces.
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ืงื™ื,
ืื• ืฆื•ืื”.
01:59
In order to spread,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืคืฉื˜,
02:01
these must be transmitted from an infected person into another's body
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ืืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื“ื ื ื’ื•ืข ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ
02:05
through passageways such as the eyes, mouth, or nose.
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ื“ืจืš ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืคื” ืื• ืืฃ.
02:09
And because the disease's severity
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”
02:11
increases directly along with the viral load,
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ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื,
02:14
even an infected person is unlikely to be contagious
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื“ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืง ืœื ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืง
02:17
until they have begun to show symptoms.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:19
While Ebola has been shown to survive on surfaces for several hours,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉืื‘ื•ืœื” ืฉื•ืจื“ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื•ืช,
02:23
and transmission through sneezing or coughing is theoretically possible,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช,
02:27
virtually all known cases of contraction have been through direct contact
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจืš ืžื’ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ
02:32
with the severely ill,
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ืขื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืงืฉื™ื,
02:34
with the greatest risk posed to medical workers
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ืขื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื
02:37
and friends or relatives of the victims.
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช.
02:40
This is why, despite its horrifying effects,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื•ืช,
02:42
Ebola has been far less deadly overall than more common infections,
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ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:47
such as measles,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืฆื‘ืช,
02:48
malaria,
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ืžืœืจื™ื”,
02:49
or even influenza.
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคืขืช.
02:50
Once an outbreak has been contained,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืฉืชืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช,
02:52
the virus does not exist in the human population
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
02:55
until the next outbreak begins.
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ืขื“ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื”.
02:57
But while this is undoubtedly a good thing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
02:59
it also makes Ebola difficult to study.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืื‘ื•ืœื” ืœืงืฉื” ืœืžื—ืงืจ.
03:02
Scientists believe fruit bats to be its natural carriers,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืขื˜ืœืคื™ ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
03:05
but just how it is transmitted to humans remains unknown.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉืืจ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข.
03:09
Furthermore, many of the countries where Ebola outbreaks occur
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ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•
03:13
suffer from poor infrastructure and sanitation,
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ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื,
03:16
which enables the disease to spread.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
03:18
And the poverty of these regions,
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:20
combined with the relatively low amount of overall cases
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ
03:23
means there is little economic incentive for drug companies to invest in research.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื ืžื•ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ.
03:28
Though some experimental medicines have shown promise,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืžื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”,
03:31
and governments are funding development of a vaccine,
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ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืžืžื ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
03:34
as of 2014,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœ 2014,
03:35
the only widespread and effective solutions to an Ebola outbreak remain
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ื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคื•ืฅ ื•ื”ื™ืขื™ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื” ื ื™ืฉืืจ
03:40
isolation,
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ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“,
03:41
sanitation,
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ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”,
03:42
and information.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ืข.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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