What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler

1,957,340 views

2014-12-04 ・ TED-Ed


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What we know (and don't know) about Ebola - Alex Gendler

1,957,340 views ・ 2014-12-04

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:06
In the summer of 1976,
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Thalcaan 1976 lioah,
00:09
a mysterious epidemic suddenly struck two central African towns,
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Tihnung zawtnak pakhat cu Africa ramlai khuapi pa 2 ah a hung chuak,
00:13
killing the majority of its victims.
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Zawtnak a ingmi tamdeuh nunnak a rak liam.
00:16
Medical researchers suspected
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Sii lathlaitu hna nih an zumhmi cu
00:18
the deadly Marburg virus to be the culprit.
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Thihnak phaktertu Marburg rungrul hi zawtnak hrampi asi kho ti hi a si.
00:21
But what they saw in microscope images was an entirely new pathogen,
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Nain, seh in an bih tikah an hmuhmi rungrul cu a dang a rak si diam,
00:26
which would be named after the nearby Ebola river.
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A hnu ah, naihniam um Ebola tiva min in an auh lan.
00:31
Like yellow fever or dengue,
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Lufah le raifanh zawnak bantukin,
00:33
the disease caused by the Ebola virus is a severe type of hemorrhagic fever.
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Ebola hi a fak tukmi thi dawp zawtnak phun a si ve.
00:38
It begins by attacking the immune system's cells
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Pum cung zawtnak khamhtu sell pawl dohnak in a thawkmi a si.
00:41
and neutralizing its responses,
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cun, annih i lehnak thazang an hloh tikah,
00:44
allowing the virus to proliferate.
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rungrul pawl cu an karh thluahmah.
00:46
Starting anywhere from two to twenty days after contraction,
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Cuticun dohnak a thawk hnu ni 2 in ni 20 karlak chungah,
00:49
initial symptoms like high temperature,
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Zawtnak hmelchunh hna cu taklinh,
00:52
aching,
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taksafahnak,
00:53
and sore throat
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le hromfah,
00:54
resemble those of a typical flu,
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cumpi raifanh hna,
00:57
but quickly escalate to vomiting,
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cun, luaknak,
00:59
rashes,
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Pumcung ah senbo chuahnak
01:00
and diarrhea.
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le chungtliknak hna an si.
01:01
And as the virus spreads,
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Rungrul an hung karh bantukin,
01:03
it invades the lymph nodes and vital organs,
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Thirang le pum vengtu pawl a hrawhhral hna,
01:05
such as kidneys and liver, causing them to lose function.
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Kal le thin te hna an riantuannak thazaang a derthawnter.
01:10
But the virus itself is not what kills Ebola victims.
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Asinain, amah Ebola zawtnak rungrul nih mizaw a thihter kho hna lo.
01:13
Instead, the mounting cell deaths trigger an immune system overload,
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Nain a khawm lengmang mi a thimi cell pawl nih pum riantuanning an hrawh.
01:18
known as a cytokine storm,
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Cucu, cytokine thlichia tiah auh a si,
01:21
an explosion of immune responses that damages blood vessels,
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pum riantuanning a hung hrawh tikah, thi cell pawl a hrawhral hna,
01:24
causing both internal and external bleeding.
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chunglei he lenglei thi chuahnak a hung um.
01:28
The excessive fluid loss and resulting complications
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Cutin thihang pawl sunghnak harsatnak hna ruangah,
01:31
can be fatal within six to sixteen days of the first symptoms,
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Zawtnak a lang hnu ni 6 in 16 chungah thihnak a chuahpi kho,
01:36
though proper care and rehydration therapy
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tha tein izohkhenh in ikilveng thiam ahcun,
01:39
can significantly reduce mortality rates in patients.
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A zawmi hna an nunnak a sauter deuh kho.
01:43
Fortunately, while Ebola is highly virulent,
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Vanthat ah, Ebola hi a fak tukmi zawtnak a si nain,
01:45
several factors limit its contagiousness.
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Chawnh lo dingin khampiaktu thil tampi an um hi a si.
01:48
Unlike viruses that proliferate through small, airborne particles,
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Thli le thil hme tete in chawnh le karh khawhmi rungrul hna bantukin siloin,
01:52
Ebola only exists in bodily fluids,
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Ebola cu pum in a chuakmi a hang hna lawngah a nung kho,
01:55
such as saliva,
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Cu hna cu Cil,
01:56
blood,
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thi,
01:57
mucus,
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khak,
01:58
vomit,
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01:58
or feces.
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luak
siloah adang hang.
01:59
In order to spread,
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An karhnak hnga caah,
02:01
these must be transmitted from an infected person into another's body
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Mizaw hna sin in hawidang pum cung leiah,
02:05
through passageways such as the eyes, mouth, or nose.
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mit, hmur le hnar in an ithialchin a herh.
02:09
And because the disease's severity
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Zawtnak a fahnak le
02:11
increases directly along with the viral load,
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rungrul hna saumau an isentlainak ruangah,
02:14
even an infected person is unlikely to be contagious
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Zawtnak tlak cangmi mizaw hman nih, zawtnak hmelchunh
02:17
until they have begun to show symptoms.
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a pum ah a lang hlan cu midang chawnh khawh a si lo.
02:19
While Ebola has been shown to survive on surfaces for several hours,
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Ebola rungrul cu a lenglanghnak ah suimilam tampi chung an nung kho i,
02:23
and transmission through sneezing or coughing is theoretically possible,
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khuh le hachio in chawnh khawh a si tiah ruah a si ko nain,
02:27
virtually all known cases of contraction have been through direct contact
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Zapi hnatlaknak cu zawtnak chawnhning cu a zaw tukmi minung taksa he
02:32
with the severely ill,
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ithih-tonghnak ruangah hi a si.
02:34
with the greatest risk posed to medical workers
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Ngandamnak lei riantuantu hna le,
02:37
and friends or relatives of the victims.
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mizaw i a hawikawm le rualchan caah tih nung tuk a si.
02:40
This is why, despite its horrifying effects,
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Cutin a si caah, Ebola hi tihnung a si nain,
02:42
Ebola has been far less deadly overall than more common infections,
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Ebola zawtnak nih adangdang zawtnak hna nain tihnung deuhlo zawtnak a si lo,
02:47
such as measles,
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lufahnganfah,
02:48
malaria,
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raifanh
02:49
or even influenza.
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asiloh totkuai.
02:50
Once an outbreak has been contained,
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Zawtnak a chuahnak tlaih tik ahcun,
02:52
the virus does not exist in the human population
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Minung lakah hi rungrul hi
02:55
until the next outbreak begins.
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Nehhnu ah a chuak than hlan a um ti lai lo.
02:57
But while this is undoubtedly a good thing,
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Hi thil hi thiltha a si cu a fiang ko nain,
02:59
it also makes Ebola difficult to study.
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Cu thil lila nihcun Ebola kong theihhngalhnak ding a harter.
03:02
Scientists believe fruit bats to be its natural carriers,
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Scientists nih Papalak hi zawtnak chuahtertu a si tiah an zumh,
03:05
but just how it is transmitted to humans remains unknown.
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Nain, zeitindah minung a chawnh hna timi cu hngalh a si rihlo.
03:09
Furthermore, many of the countries where Ebola outbreaks occur
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Cupinah, Ebola chuahnak ram tampi hna ah
03:13
suffer from poor infrastructure and sanitation,
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inn le ti thianhhlimnak thazaang a der kha hmuh khawh a si.
03:16
which enables the disease to spread.
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Cucaah, zawtnak a karh a fawi.
03:18
And the poverty of these regions,
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Cutin, ram sifahnak le,
03:20
combined with the relatively low amount of overall cases
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zeidang kongah zaangdernak fonh tikah
03:23
means there is little economic incentive for drug companies to invest in research.
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phaisa tampi dih in hi zawtnak kong hlathlai ding cu a har ko.
03:28
Though some experimental medicines have shown promise,
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Cheukhat hneksaknak hna cu lungtling an si ko i,
03:31
and governments are funding development of a vaccine,
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Zawtnak khamhnak caah Cozah nih an itimhtuah ve,
03:34
as of 2014,
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2014 lio thilsining kan zoh ahcun,
03:35
the only widespread and effective solutions to an Ebola outbreak remain
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Ebola zawtnak karh lonak caah hman bikmi thiltining hna cu,
03:40
isolation,
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hmundang tein umnak,
03:41
sanitation,
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Tithianhhlimnak,
03:42
and information.
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le thawngzamhnak hna an si.
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