A day in the life of an ancient Egyptian doctor - Elizabeth Cox

6,454,848 views ใƒป 2018-07-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:07
Itโ€™s another sweltering morning in Memphis, Egypt.
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ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœื•ื”ื˜ ื‘ืžืžืคื™ืก, ืžืฆืจื™ื.
00:10
As the sunlight brightens the Nile, Peseshet checks her supplies.
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ืคืกืฉืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœื”.
00:14
Honey,
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00:14
garlic,
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ื“ื‘ืฉ,
ืฉื•ื,
00:15
cumin,
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ื›ืžื•ืŸ,
00:16
acacia leaves,
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ืขืœื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื”,
00:17
cedar oil.
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ืฉืžืŸ ืืจื–.
00:19
Sheโ€™s well stocked with the essentials she needs to treat her patients.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืกืคืงื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
00:23
Peseshet is a swnw, or a doctor.
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ืคืกืฉืช ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื•ื ื•ื•, ืื• ืจื•ืคืื”.
00:25
In order to become one,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื—ืช,
00:27
she had to train as a scribe
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช
00:29
and study the medical papyri stored at the Per Ankh, the House of Life.
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ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืคืคื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ืคืจ ืขื ืš, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:34
Now, she teaches her own students there.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ืžืœืžื“ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœื” ืฉื.
00:37
Before teaching, Peseshet has a patient to see.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ืคืกืฉืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื”.
00:40
One of the workers at the temple construction site has injured his arm.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืคืฆืข ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•.
00:44
When Peseshet arrives,
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ื›ืฉืคืกืฉืช ืžื’ื™ืขื”,
00:46
the laborerโ€™s arm is clearly broken,
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ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
00:48
and worse, the fracture is a sed, with multiple bone fragments.
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืข, ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืขืฆื.
00:53
Peseshet binds and immobilizes the injury.
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ืคืกืฉืช ื—ื•ื‘ืฉืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืขืช ืืช ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื”.
00:56
Her next stop is the House of Life.
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ื”ืชื—ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:58
On her way, a woman intercepts Peseshet in the street.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื”, ืื™ืฉื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ืคืกืฉืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘.
01:02
The womanโ€™s son has been stung by a scorpion.
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ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื•ื›ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืงืจื‘.
01:05
Peseshet has seen many similar stings and knows exactly what to do.
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ืคืกืฉืช ืจืืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื›ืฉื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
01:10
She must say an incantation to cast the poison out.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื—ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจืก.
01:14
She begins to recite the spell,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืœื™ื” ืœื“ืงืœื ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฉ,
01:16
invoking Serqet, patron of physicians and goddess of venomous creatures.
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ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืกืจืงืช, ืคื˜ืจื•ื ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืืœืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืจืกื™ื™ื.
01:21
Peseshet recites the spell as if she is Serqet.
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ืคืกืฉืช ืžื“ืงืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืจืงืช.
01:25
This commanding approach has the greatest chance at success.
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ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:29
After she utters the last line,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื“ืงืœืžืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
01:31
she tries to cut the poison out with a knife for good measure.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืืจืก ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืขื ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื.
01:35
Peseshet packs up to leave, but the woman has another question.
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ืคืกืฉืช ืื•ืจื–ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
01:39
She wants to find out if she is pregnant.
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ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
01:42
Peseshet explains her fail-safe pregnancy test:
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ืคืกืฉืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”:
01:46
plant two seeds: one barley, one emmer.
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ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื: ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื˜ื”.
01:50
Then, urinate on the seeds every day.
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ืื–, ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
01:52
If the plants grow, sheโ€™s pregnant.
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ืื ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
01:54
A barley seedling predicts a baby boy,
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ืฉืขื•ืจื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืŸ,
01:57
while emmer foretells a girl.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืช.
01:59
Peseshet also recommends a prayer to Hathor, goddess of fertility.
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ืคืกืฉืช ื’ื ืžืžืœื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืœื—ืชื—ื•ืจ [Hathor], ืืœืช ื”ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ.
02:04
When Peseshet finally arrives at the House of Life,
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ื›ืฉืคืกืฉืช ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:07
she runs into the doctor-priest Isesi.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉืช ื‘ื›ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืจื•ืคื ืื™ืกืกื™.
02:10
She greets Isesi politely, but she thinks priests are very full of themselves.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื›ืช ืืช ืื™ืกืกื™ ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
02:14
She doesnโ€™t envy Isesiโ€™s role as neru pehut,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื ืื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ืกืกื™ ื›ื ืจื• ืคื”ื•ื˜,
02:17
which directly translates to herdsman of the anus to the royal family,
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ืฉืžืชืจื’ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
02:22
or, guardian of the royal anus.
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ืื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืื ื•ืก ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™.
02:25
Inside, the House of Life is bustling as usual with scribes,
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ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื” ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื,
02:29
priests,
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ื›ื”ื ื™ื,
02:30
doctors,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื,
02:31
and students.
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ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
02:32
Papyri containing all kinds of records, not just medical information,
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ืคืคื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืคื•ืื™,
02:36
are stored here.
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ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืคื”.
02:38
Peseshetโ€™s son Akhethetep is hard at work copying documents
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ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืกืฉืช, ืื—ืชืชืค, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื”ืขืชืงืช ืžืกืžื›ื™ื
02:42
as part of his training to become a scribe.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ื•ืชื‘.
02:44
Heโ€™s a particularly promising student,
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ื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
02:46
but he was admitted to study because Peseshet is a scribe,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ืคืกืฉืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช,
02:50
as was her father before her.
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ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ื”.
02:52
Without family in the profession,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข,
02:54
itโ€™s very difficult for boys, and impossible for girls,
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ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช,
02:57
to pursue this education.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื–ื”.
02:59
Peseshet oversees all the female swnws and swnws-in-training in Memphis.
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ืคืกืฉืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื•ื ื•ื•ืก ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ื•ื ื•ื•ืก ื”ืžืชืœืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืคื™ืก.
03:04
The men have their own overseer,
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจืื™ ืื—ืจ,
03:06
as the male doctors wonโ€™t answer to a woman.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ื™ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืืฉื”.
03:10
Today, Peseshet teaches anatomy.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืคืกืฉืช ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”.
03:12
She quizzes her students on the metu,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•,
03:14
the bodyโ€™s vessels that transport blood,
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ื›ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื,
03:17
air,
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03:17
urine,
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ืื•ื™ืจ,
ืฉืชืŸ,
03:18
and even bad spirits.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
03:20
Peseshet is preparing to leave
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ืคืกืฉืช ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ื‘
03:22
when a pale, thin woman accosts her at the door and begs to be examined.
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ื›ืฉืืฉื” ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจืช ื•ืจื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืจื˜ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืœืช ื•ืžืชื—ื ื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื“ืง.
03:27
The woman has a huge, sore lump under her arm.
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ืœืื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืฉ ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื›ื•ืื‘ ืชื—ืช ื–ืจื•ืขื”.
03:30
Peseshet probes the growth and finds it cool to the touch
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ืคืกืฉืช ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจ ืœืžื’ืข
03:33
and hard like an unripe hemat fruit.
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ื•ืงืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืคืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจื ื™ืค ื”ืžืื˜.
03:36
She has read about ailments like this, but never seen one.
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ื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื•, ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืืชื” ืื—ืช.
03:39
For this tumor there is no treatment, medicine or spell.
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ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืชืจื•ืคื” ืื• ืœื—ืฉ.
03:43
All the texts give the same advice: do nothing.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืขืฆื”: ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:47
After delivering the bad news, Peseshet goes outside.
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืชื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช, ืคืกืฉืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช.
03:51
She lingers on the steps of the House of Life,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžื”ืžื”ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:53
admiring the city at dusk.
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ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืงื™ืขื”.
03:55
In spite of all her hard work,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื”,
03:57
there will always be patients she canโ€™t help,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ,
04:00
like the woman with the tumor.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
04:02
They linger with her, but Peseshet has no time to dwell.
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ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืื™ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืกืฉืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืจื”ืจ,
04:05
In a few short weeks,
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ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
04:07
the Nileโ€™s annual flooding will begin,
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ื”ื”ืฆืคื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืชื—ืœ,
04:09
bringing life to the soil for the next yearโ€™s harvest
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืื“ืžื” ืœืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”
04:11
and a whole new crop of patients.
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ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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