David Bismark: E-voting without fraud

譯者: Adrienne Lin 審譯者: Geoff Chen

So there are a few things

有幾件事

that bring us humans together in the way that an election does.

是選舉期間大家都會做的事

We stand in elections; we vote in elections;

我們選舉時發表立場、投票、

we observe elections.

觀察選情

Our democracies rely on elections.

我們的民主仰賴選舉

We all understand why we have elections,

我們都明白為何需要選舉

and we all leave the house on the same day

我們都會在選舉當天出門

to go and vote.

投出神聖的一票

We cherish the opportunity to have our say,

我們珍惜自己發聲的機會、

to help decide the future of the country.

決定自己國家未來的機會

The fundamental idea is that politicians

最基本的概念就是，政治家

are given mandate to speak for us,

被賦予任務，替我們發聲、

to make decisions on our behalf

為我們作出

that affect us all.

會影響我們的決定

Without that mandate, they would be corrupt.

如果沒有任務的交付，就會腐敗

Well unfortunately, power corrupts,

但不幸的是，權力會產生腐敗

and so people will do lots of things

所以人們做出一些事

to get power and to stay in power,

來獲得權力、持續保有權力

including doing bad things to elections.

包括選舉時做些卑鄙手段

You see, even if the idea

所以，即使選舉這概念

of the election is perfect,

非常完美

running a countrywide election is a big project,

一個全國的選舉規模龐大

and big projects are messy.

規模大就亂

Whenever there is an election,

只要有選舉

it seems like something always goes wrong,

好像一定會出差錯一樣

someone tries to cheat,

有人作弊、

or something goes accidentally awry --

總有事情不符預期--

a ballot box goes missing here,

票箱遺失、

chads are left hanging over here.

候選人畫記不清楚等等

To make sure as few things as possible go wrong,

為儘可能確保事情不出錯

we have all these procedures around the election.

我們選舉有很多過程

So for example, you come to the polling station,

比方說，你來到投票所

and a poll station worker asks for your ID

選舉工作人員檢查你的身份證

before giving you a ballot form

才會給你選票

and asking you to go into a voting booth

然後要你走進投票間

to fill out your vote.

填寫你的選票

When you come back out, you get to drop your vote

當你走出投票間，將選票

into the ballot box

投入票箱

where it mixes with all the other votes,

和其他人的選票混在一起

so that no one knows how you voted.

藉此就沒人知道你投了誰

Well, what I want us to think about for a moment

那我要各位想一下

is what happens after that,

接下來會發生什麼事

after you drop your vote into the ballot box.

在選票投進票箱後

And most people would go home

很多人就回家

and feel sure that their vote has been counted,

確信他們的選票會被計算

because they trust

因為他們信任

that the election system works.

選舉制度

They trust that election workers and election observers

他們信任選舉工作人員、監票員

do their jobs and do their jobs correctly.

有正確做好他們的工作

The ballot boxes go to counting places.

票箱會送到指定地點

They're unsealed and the votes are poured out

清算拆封後倒出

and laboriously counted.

之後人工計算

Most of us have to trust

我們大多數人都信任

that that happens correctly for our own vote,

自己的選票正確無誤被算入

and we all have to trust that that happens correctly

我們必須相信過程會正確無誤

for all the votes in the election.

所有選票都正確計算

So we have to trust a lot of people.

我們得相信很多人哪

We have to trust a lot of procedures.

我們得相信這些過程

And sometimes we even have to trust computers.

有時候還得相信電腦

So imagine hundreds of millions of voters

所以，想像成千上萬的選民

casting hundreds of millions of votes,

投出成千上萬的選票

all to be counted correctly

都必須正確計算

and all the things that can possibly go wrong

這麼多事都可能出錯

causing all these bad headlines,

導致這些頭條的出現

and you cannot help but feel exhausted at the idea

你一定會覺得，讓選舉過程更完善

of trying to make elections better.

這過程很難達成

Well in the face of all these bad headlines,

看到這些糟糕的頭條新聞

researchers have taken a step back

已經有人重新研究、

and thought about how we can do elections differently.

思考要如何規劃選舉

They've zoomed out and looked at the big picture.

他們往後退一步，重審大局

And the big picture is this:

大局就是：

elections should be verifiable.

選舉應該要能核對

Voters should be able to check

選民應該要能檢查

that their votes are counted correctly,

自己的選票是否以正確算入

without breaking election secrecy,

卻又不打破不記名原則

which is so very important.

因為這原則很重要

And that's the tough part.

而且很難達成

How do we make an election system completely verifiable

我們要如何讓整個選舉系統能夠核對

while keeping the votes

同時不破壞

absolutely secret?

保密原則？

Well, the way we've come up with

我們想到的方法就是

uses computers

使用電腦

but doesn't depend on them.

但不依賴它們

And the secret is the ballot form.

秘密就是選票設計

And if you look closely at these ballot forms,

你看看這些選票

you'll notice that the candidate list

你會注意到候選人名單

is in a different order on each one.

每張顯示的都不一樣

And that means, if you mark your choices on one of them

這表示，你選好心中的候選人後

and then remove the candidate list,

私下候選人名單

I won't be able to tell from the bit remaining

其他人將完全看不出

what your vote is for.

你選了誰

And on each ballot form there is this encrypted value

每張選票都有加密

in the form of this 2D barcode

用這個二維條碼

on the right.

右邊這裡

And there's some complicated cryptography

條碼中隱含了

going on in there,

複雜的密碼學

but what's not complicated

唯一不複雜的

is voting with one of these forms.

就是使用選票的方法

So we can let computers do all the complicated cryptography for us,

我們可以讓電腦幫我們用複雜的密碼學

and then we'll use the paper for verification.

但用紙張做為核對

So this is how you vote.

這就是投票方式

You get one of these ballot forms at random,

你隨機拿了選票

and then you go into the voting booth,

進入投票間

and you mark your choices,

畫下你的候選人

and you tear along a perforation.

撕下另一半

And you shred the candidate list.

將候選人名單撕碎

And the bit that remains, the one with your marks --

剩下的部份，你填寫的部份

this is your encrypted vote.

就是已經加密的票

So you let a poll station worker

之後交給工作人員

scan your encrypted vote.

掃描你那加密的票

And because it's encrypted,

因為已經加密

it can be submitted, stored

選票可以送出、儲存、

and counted centrally

中央計算選票

and displayed on a website

並公告於網路上

for anyone to see, including you.

讓人人都可以觀看

So you take this encrypted vote

你可以帶走這張加密的選票

home as your receipt.

作為收據

And after the close of the election,

選舉結束後

you can check that your vote was counted

你可以檢查選票是否被算入了

by comparing your receipt

只要用手上的收據

to the vote on the website.

比對網站上的選票即可

And remember, the vote is encrypted

記得，選票是加密的

from the moment you leave the voting booth,

從你離開投票間那刻

so if an election official wants to find out how you voted,

所以，如果選舉工作人員想知道你投誰

they will not be able to.

是不可能的

If the government wants to find out how you voted,

如果政府想知道你投給誰

they won't be able to.

是不可能的

No hacker can break in

連駭客也無法

and find out how you voted.

查出你投給誰

No hacker can break in and change your vote,

駭客無法駭進系統竄改選票

because then it won't match your receipt.

因為如此的話就與收據不符

Votes can't go missing

選票不會不見

because then you won't find yours when you look for it.

因為到時候若找不到就能發現了

But the election magic doesn't stop there.

但選舉的魔法不止於此

Instead, we want to make the whole process

我門希望能做的整個選舉過程的

so transparent

透明化

that news media and international observers

及是新聞媒體、全世界觀望的

and anyone who wants to

所有人都能

can download all the election data

下載選舉數據

and do the count themselves.

然後自己做計算

They can check that all the votes were counted correctly.

可以自己檢查選票是否正確計算

They can check

可以檢查

that the announced result of the election

選舉結果的宣布

is the correct one.

是否正確

And these are elections

這樣的選舉才是

by the people, for the people.

由人民而選、為人民而選

So the next step for our democracies

所以民主的下一步就是

are transparent

透明化、

and verifiable elections.

可驗證的選舉

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

(掌聲)