Marc Koska: 1.3m reasons to re-invent the syringe

譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai 審譯者: Hannah Liu

Twenty-five-and-a-quarter years ago I read

二十五年又三個月前我在報紙上

a newspaper article which said

讀到一篇文章說

that one day syringes would be

在未來針筒將成爲

one of the major causes of the spread of AIDS,

傳染愛滋病，散播愛滋病

the transmission of AIDS.

的主要原因之一。

I thought this was unacceptable. So I decided to do something about it.

我覺得這是令人無法接受的。所以我決定要有所改變

Sadly, it's come true. Malaria, as we all know,

可悲的是，這已是事實。虐疾，如我們所知

kills approximately one million people a year.

每年奪走大約一百萬條人命

The reuse of syringes now exceeds that

重復使用的針筒已經比這還嚴重

and kills 1.3 million people a year.

每年奪走一百三十萬條人命

This young girl and her friend

這個小女孩和她的朋友

that I met in an orphanage in Delhi

是我在德里的孤兒院遇到的

were HIV positive from a syringe.

她們是因爲針筒而成爲愛滋病帶原者

And what was so sad about this particular story

這個故事最讓人感到心酸的是

was that once their parents had found out --

當她們的父母發現她們得病時

and don't forget, their parents took them to the doctor --

別忘了，最初是父母帶她們到醫生那裏去看病才染病的

the parents threw them out on the street.

就把她們遺棄在街上

And hence they ended up in an orphanage.

從此她們就只能被孤兒院收容

And it comes from situations like this where

這種情況的起因

you have either skilled or unskilled practitioners,

是因爲這些有照或無照的醫護人員

blindly giving an injection to someone.

盲目地幫人打針

And the injection is so valuable,

打針在那裏是如此地珍貴

that the people basically trust

人們基本上十分信任醫生

the doctor, being second to God, which I've heard many times,

我常常聽到這種説法說，醫生是僅次於上帝

to do the right thing. But in fact they're not.

會做正確的事。事實並非如此。

And you can understand, obviously, the transmission problem

很明顯地，你不難去了解

between people in high-virus areas.

在病毒密度高的地方的傳染問題

This video we took undercover,

我們用隱藏的攝影機拍攝這個影片

which shows you, over a half an hour period,

你可以看到在半個鐘頭裏面

a tray of medicines of 42 vials,

這推車上有42管的注射劑

which are being delivered with only 2 syringes in a public hospital in India.

這在印度的一個公立醫院裏，全部只用兩支針筒來注射

And over the course of half an hour, not one syringe

在半個鐘頭的影片裏

was filmed being unwrapped.

沒有看到任何拆封新針筒的畫面

They started with two and they ended with two.

這兩支針筒從頭用到尾

And you'll see, just now, a nurse coming back to the tray,

你可以看到，這裡，護士回到這個推車

which is their sort of modular station,

這是類似她們的護理站

and dropping the syringe she's just used

把她剛用過的針筒放下來

back in the tray for it to be picked up and used again.

放在推車上等一下再拿起來繼續使用

So you can imagine the scale of this problem.

你可以想見這個問題的嚴重性

And in fact in India alone, 62 percent

事實上光在印度

of all injections given

百分之62的注射

are unsafe.

是不安全的。

These kids in Pakistan don't go to school.

這些巴基斯坦的小孩子不上學

They are lucky. They already have a job.

他們很幸運，他們已經有工作了

And that job is that they go around and pick up syringes

他們的工作是到醫院的後面

from the back of hospitals,

去收集針筒

wash them, and in the course of this,

並清洗針筒，這麽做的同時

obviously picking them up they injure themselves.

他們當然會扎傷自己

And then they repackage them and sell them out on markets

他們把針筒重新包裝拿到市場上去賣

for literally more money

可以賣到很好的價錢

than a sterile syringe in the first place, which is quite bizarre.

比全新無菌的針筒還貴。這挺奇怪的。

In an interesting photo, their father, while we were talking to him,

在這個照片裏，我們跟小孩的爸爸談話

picked up a syringe and pricked his finger --

他拿起了一個針筒時扎傷了自己

I don't know whether you can see the drop of blood on the end --

我不知道你們有沒有看到流出的血滴

and immediately whipped out a box of matches,

他趕快拿出一盒火柴

lit one, and burned the blood off the end of his finger,

點亮一支火柴把手指上的血燒乾

giving me full assurance

他跟我保證

that that was the way that you stopped the transmission of HIV.

這麽做就可以防止愛滋病的傳染。

In China, recycling is a major issue.

在中國針筒的回收是個大問題

And they are collected en mass -- you can see the scale of it here --

針筒被大批地回收，你可以在這裡看到它的規模

and sorted out, by hand, back into the right sizes,

按大小來分類，全部用手

and then put back out on the street.

再送囘市場上去賣

So recycling and reuse

所以再回收再使用

are the major issues here.

在這裡是個大問題。

But there was one interesting anecdote that I found in Indonesia.

我在印尼倒是遇到一個有趣的故事

In all schools in Indonesia,

在印尼所有的學校裏

there is usually a toy seller in the playground.

在操場上通常有一個賣玩具的人

The toy seller, in this case,

在這裡這個賣玩具的人

had syringes, which they usually do,

把針筒當玩具賣，這並不少見

next door to the diggers, which is obviously

針筒和鏟子一類的玩具擺在一起

what you would expect.

這是常可預見的。

And they use them, in the breaks, for water pistols.

學童們在下課時間用針筒當水槍玩

They squirt them at each other, which is lovely and innocent.

他們把水射來射去，看來很天真可愛

And they are having great fun.

他們玩得很開心

But they also drink from them

但他們也從針筒裏喝水

while they're in their breaks, because it's hot.

在下課的時間，因爲天氣很熱

And they squirt the water into their mouths.

他們用針筒把水射到嘴裏

And these are used with traces of blood visible.

而在這些針筒裏面常常還有殘留的血。

So we need a better product. And we need better information.

所以我們需要更好的產品，更好的資訊

And I think, if I can just borrow this camera,

我想，讓我借這台攝影機

I was going to show you my invention,

我要讓你們看看我的發明

which I came up with.

我的新主意。

So, it's a normal-looking syringe.

這看起來跟一般的針筒沒兩樣

You load it up in the normal way. This is made

用一樣的方法把藥劑吸入

on existing equipment in 14 factories that we license.

我們發給了十四家廠商許可來製造這針筒

You give the injection and then put it down.

打完了針以後放下針筒

If someone then tries to reuse it,

如果有人要再去使用它

it locks and breaks afterwards.

它會鎖死並會斷裂

It's very, very simple. Thank you.

這是十分十分簡單的。謝謝

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And it costs the same as a normal syringe.

這和一般的針筒的價格是一樣的

And in comparison, a Coca-Cola

跟可口可樂比起來

is 10 times the price.

可口可樂比它貴了十倍

And that will stop reusing a syringe 20 or 30 times.

這可以防止針筒重復被使用20或30遍。

And I have an information charity

我有一個資訊慈善機構

which has done huge scale amount of work in India.

在印度已經做了很多工作

And we're very proud of giving information to people,

我們對提供資訊給人們感到很自豪

so that little kids like this don't do stupid things.

這使得小朋友們不會去作傻事

Thank you very much.

謝謝你們

(Applause)

（掌聲）