Munir Virani: Why I love vultures

91,232 views ・ 2012-11-29

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00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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翻译人员: Meng Wang 校对人员: Shawn Wang
00:15
I would like to talk to you about
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我想和大家聊聊
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a very special group of animals.
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一种非常不寻常的动物。
00:20
There are 10,000 species of birds in the world.
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地球上总共有一万种鸟类。
00:24
Vultures are amongst the most threatened group of birds.
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秃鹫是他们中最濒临灭绝的一种。
00:28
When you see a vulture like this, the first thing
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每当你看到秃鹫就像这只,首先
00:31
that comes to your mind is, these are disgusting, ugly,
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浮现在你脑海中一定是,这是一些令人厌恶,
00:35
greedy creatures that are just after your flesh,
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贪得无厌并且追逐腐肉的可怕生物,
00:38
associated with politicians. (Laughter) (Applause)
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让人禁不住联想到政客们。(笑声)(掌声)
00:46
I want to change that perception. I want to change
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我想改变这种看法。我想改变
00:48
those feelings you have for these birds, because
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大家对秃鹫的这些不好的联想,因为
00:51
they need our sympathy. They really do. (Laughter)
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他们需要我们的同情。他们真的很需要。(笑声)
00:54
And I'll tell you why.
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让我来告诉大家为什么。
00:56
First of all, why do they have such a bad press?
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首先,为什么他们会给我们留下这种坏印象呢?
00:59
When Charles Darwin went across the Atlantic in 1832
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1832年 查尔斯 达尔文在搭乘贝格尔号穿越大西洋的
01:03
on the Beagle, he saw the turkey vulture,
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旅途中,发现了土耳其秃鹫,
01:06
and he said, "These are disgusting birds
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他当时说道,“这些令人恶心的,长着猩红色
01:09
with bald scarlet heads that are formed to revel in putridity." (Laughter)
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秃头的鸟儿们总是沉湎于腐肉中不可自拔."(笑声)
01:15
You could not get a worse insult, and that from Charles Darwin. (Laughter)
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你很难找到比这更恶毒的侮辱了,这些话可是查尔斯 达尔文说的。(笑声)
01:20
You know, he changed his mind when he came back,
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你们知道吗,达尔文返回英国之后就改变他的看法,
01:23
and I'll tell you why.
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我马上会告诉你们为什么。
01:24
They've also be associated with Disney — (Laughter) —
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秃鹫还曾经被迪斯尼看上—(笑声)—
01:27
personified as goofy, dumb, stupid characters.
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像高飞狗一样,被人格化,变成了麻木的,愚蠢的动画角色。
01:32
More recently, if you've been following the Kenyan press
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而最近,如果你留意过肯尼亚的新闻
01:36
— (Laughter) (Applause) (Cheers) —
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——(笑声)(掌声)(欢呼)——
01:43
these are the attributes that they associated
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肯尼亚的国会议员们被讽刺为像秃鹫一般
01:46
the Kenyan MPs with. But I want to challenge that.
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贪婪和愚蠢。但是我想叫板它。
01:50
I want to challenge that. Do you know why?
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我要质疑它。你们知道为什么吗?
01:52
Because MPs
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因为国会议员们
01:55
do not keep the environment clean. (Laughter)
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不能保持自然环境的清洁。(笑声)
02:00
MPs do not help to prevent the spread of diseases.
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不能阻止疾病的传播。
02:05
They are hardly monogamous. (Laughter) (Applause)
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几乎没人遵守一夫一妻制度。(笑声)(掌声)
02:11
They are far from being extinct. (Laughter)
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他们离灭绝还很远。(笑声)
02:15
And, my favorite is, vultures are better looking. (Applause) (Laughter)
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并且,这条我最喜欢,秃鹫比议员们好看多了。(掌声)(笑声)
02:22
So there's two types of vultures in this planet.
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在这个世界上有两大类秃鹫。
02:26
There are the New World vultures that are mainly found
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新大陆的秃鹫主要生长在
02:28
in the Americas, like the condors and the caracaras,
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美洲大陆,像是美洲秃鹫和委内瑞拉秃鹫,
02:31
and then the Old World vultures, where we have
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而在其他的大陆,那里
02:33
16 species. From these 16, 11 of them are facing
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总共有16种秃鹫,他们中的11种正面临着
02:37
a high risk of extinction.
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灭绝的风险。
02:40
So why are vultures important? First of all,
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所以为什么说秃鹫重要呢?首先,
02:43
they provide vital ecological services. They clean up.
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秃鹫对生态循环做出了至关重要的作用。他们净化环境。
02:47
They're our natural garbage collectors.
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秃鹫是我们的大自然垃圾清道夫。
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They clean up carcasses right to the bone.
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他们会把尸体上的肉吃的干干净净只剩白骨。
02:52
They help to kill all the bacteria. They help absorb anthrax
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他们能消灭所有尸体上的细菌,他们能吸收炭疽病毒
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that would otherwise spread and cause
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阻止病毒的传播与扩散
02:58
huge livestock losses and diseases in other animals.
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从而使大量的家畜和动物远离死亡和疾病。
03:02
Recent studies have shown that in areas where there are
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最近的研究还显示在那些
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no vultures, carcasses take up to three to four times
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没有秃鹫生存的地区,尸体的分解会多花
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to decompose, and this has huge ramifications
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三到四倍的时间,这给疾病的传播与扩散
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for the spread of diseases.
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提供了更多的机会。
03:13
Vultures also have tremendous historical significance.
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秃鹫还有非常多的历史意义。
03:17
They have been associated in ancient Egyptian culture.
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他们和古埃及文化有着密切的联系。
03:20
Nekhbet was the symbol of the protector
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奈库贝特女神在古埃及文化中象征着监护人
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and the motherhood, and together with the cobra,
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和母性,通常和眼镜蛇女神维阿杰特一起出现,
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symbolized the unity between Upper and Lower Egypt.
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象征着上埃及和下埃及的团结和统一。
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In Hindu mythology, Jatayu was the vulture god,
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在印度教神话中,秃鹫之神名为雅达尤,
03:34
and he risked his life in order to save the goddess Sita
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他冒着生命危险
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from the 10-headed demon Ravana.
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从10头恶魔罗波那手中救出了西妲女神。
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In Tibetan culture, they are performing very important
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在西藏文化中,秃鹫尤其显得重要
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sky burials. In places like Tibet, there are no places
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天葬。在那些类似西藏的地方,既没有条件
03:48
to bury the dead, or wood to cremate them,
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土葬,也没有木材去进行火葬,
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so these vultures provide a natural disposal system.
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所以秃鹫为当地人提供了一种天然的尸体处理系统。
03:55
So what is the problem with vultures?
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那么秃鹫都面临着哪些问题呢?
03:58
We have eight species of vultures that occur in Kenya,
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肯尼亚生长着八种秃鹫,
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of which six are highly threatened with extinction.
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其中的六种正濒临灭绝。
04:05
The reason is that they're getting poisoned, and the reason
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很多秃鹫被毒死,中毒的原因
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that they're getting poisoned is because there's
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是因为在肯尼亚正在发生的
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human-wildlife conflicts. The pastoral communities
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人类与野生动物之间对于生存空间的争夺。牧人们
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are using this poison to target predators,
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使用毒药来对付掠食动物,
04:16
and in return, the vultures are falling victim to this.
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掠食动物被毒死之后,秃鹫们随之成为了下一个受害者。
04:19
In South Asia, in countries like India and Pakistan,
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在南亚,一些国家类似于印度和巴基斯坦,
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four species of vultures are listed as critically endangered,
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四种秃鹫被列为极度濒临灭绝中,
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which means they have less than 10 or 15 years to go extinct,
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这意味着在他们将会在10到15年之内彻底灭绝,
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and the reason is because they are falling prey
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灭绝的原因是因为秃鹫们
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by consuming livestock that has been treated
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食用了那些生前曾被喂食过
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with a painkilling drug like Diclofenac.
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含有双氯芬酸成分止疼药的家畜。
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This drug has now been banned for veterinary use in India,
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现在含有双氯芬酸的兽药已经被禁止在印度使用,
04:40
and they have taken a stand.
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印度政府表现出了积极的态度。
04:43
Because there are no vultures, there's been a spread
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因为秃鹫数量的骤减,野狗开始
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in the numbers of feral dogs at carcass dump sites,
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在牲畜尸体掩埋场周围泛滥成灾,
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and when you have feral dogs, you have a huge time bomb
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在野狗泛滥的地区,狂犬病就像定时炸弹一样
04:51
of rabies. The number of cases of rabies
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随时都会爆发。狂犬病案例的数量
04:54
has increased tremendously in India.
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在印度出现了惊人的增长。
04:57
Kenya is going to have one of the largest wind farms in Africa:
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肯尼亚即将拥有全非洲最大规模的风力发电厂:
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353 wind turbines are going to be up at Lake Turkana.
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353台涡轮发电机即将被安装在图尔卡纳湖区。
05:03
I am not against wind energy, but we need to work
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我不反对开发风能,但是我们应该呼吁
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with the governments, because wind turbines
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政府重新考虑这项决定,因为风力涡轮机
05:09
do this to birds. They slice them in half.
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会对鸟类造成威胁。高速的扇叶会把鸟儿“切”成两半。
05:11
They are bird-blending machines.
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它们简直就是鸟类粉碎机。
05:14
In West Africa, there's a horrific trade
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在西非,一些人毫无怜悯的叫卖
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of dead vultures to serve the witchcraft and the fetish market.
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死去的秃鹫来满足巫术和收藏的需求。
05:22
So what's being done? Well, we're conducting research
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我们正在做什么呢?我们正在研究
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on these birds. We're putting transmitters on them.
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这些秃鹫。我们在它们身上安装定位器。
05:28
We're trying to determine their basic ecology,
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我们试图去查明秃鹫与周围环境的关系(生态学)
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and see where they go.
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并且了解秃鹫的行踪。
05:33
We can see that they travel different countries, so
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我们发现它们会在不同的国家之间旅行,所以
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if you focus on a problem locally, it's not going to help you.
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如果只是关注一个地区,你很难取得什么进展。
05:39
We need to work with governments in regional levels.
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我们需要去和整个地区的政府们打交道。
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We're working with local communities.
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我们正努力与当地的居民们沟通。
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We're talking to them about appreciating vultures,
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我们正在尽力让他们了解到秃鹫的益处,
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about the need from within to appreciate these
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并且发自内心得去感激这些
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wonderful creatures and the services that they provide.
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奇妙的生物和他们为自然所做的贡献。
05:53
How can you help? You can become active,
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你们能做些什么呢?你们可以行动起来,
05:56
make noise. You can write a letter to your government
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制造声势。你们可以写信给你们的政府
05:59
and tell them that we need to focus on these very
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并且告诉他们,我们需要去关注这些被严重
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misunderstood creatures. Volunteer your time
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误解的生物。花些时间
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to spread the word. Spread the word.
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告诉你身边的人。尽可能多的人。
06:07
When you walk out of this room, you will be informed
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当你走出这个房间的时候,你们就是
06:09
about vultures, but speak to your families, to your children,
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秃鹫达人了,不但要告诉你的家人们,还要
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to your neighbors about vultures.
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告诉你们的邻居们有关秃鹫的故事。
06:14
They are very graceful. Charles Darwin said
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它们是那么的优雅。查尔斯 达尔文曾说到
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he changed his mind because he watched them fly
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他改变了自己的看法,在他看到秃鹫们在空中
06:20
effortlessly without energy in the skies.
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优雅而又浑然天成的身姿之后。
06:23
Kenya, this world, will be much poorer
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肯尼亚,全世界,都将会有很大的损失
06:26
without these wonderful species.
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如果失去了这些奇妙的物种。
06:29
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常感谢。(鼓掌)

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