Munir Virani: Why I love vultures

91,096 views ・ 2012-11-29

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Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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譯者: Marssi Draw 審譯者: Crystal Tu
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I would like to talk to you about
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讓我來為你介紹
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a very special group of animals.
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一種非常特別的動物
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There are 10,000 species of birds in the world.
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世界上有一萬種不同的鳥類
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Vultures are amongst the most threatened group of birds.
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禿鷹是所有鳥類中最受威脅的一種
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When you see a vulture like this, the first thing
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當你看到這樣的禿鷹
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that comes to your mind is, these are disgusting, ugly,
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你的腦海裡浮現的第一個念頭是
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greedy creatures that are just after your flesh,
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這真是噁心、醜陋、貪婪的生物
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associated with politicians. (Laughter) (Applause)
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也讓你聯想到政客(大笑)(掌聲)
00:46
I want to change that perception. I want to change
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我想改變你的看法
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those feelings you have for these birds, because
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我想改變你對這些鳥類的感覺
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they need our sympathy. They really do. (Laughter)
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因為他們需要我們的同情,非常需要。(笑聲)
00:54
And I'll tell you why.
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稍後我將告訴你為什麼
00:56
First of all, why do they have such a bad press?
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首先,為什麼大家對禿鷹的印象這麼差?
00:59
When Charles Darwin went across the Atlantic in 1832
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當達爾文在1832年橫跨大西洋時
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on the Beagle, he saw the turkey vulture,
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在小獵犬號上,他看見土耳其禿鷹
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and he said, "These are disgusting birds
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他說:「這些是為了沉溺墮落而生的
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with bald scarlet heads that are formed to revel in putridity." (Laughter)
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無毛、紅頭的噁心鳥類。」(笑聲)
01:15
You could not get a worse insult, and that from Charles Darwin. (Laughter)
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你想不到更惡毒的侮辱了, 而這卻出自於達爾文之口。(笑聲)
01:20
You know, he changed his mind when he came back,
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但是,他在回來後改變了他的想法
01:23
and I'll tell you why.
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之後我再告訴你為什麼
01:24
They've also be associated with Disney — (Laughter) —
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另外,迪士尼也已經把禿鷹列入角色之一了(笑聲)
01:27
personified as goofy, dumb, stupid characters.
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裡頭包括了像高飛狗一樣象徵愚笨的角色
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More recently, if you've been following the Kenyan press
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如果你最近看到肯亞的報導
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— (Laughter) (Applause) (Cheers) —
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(笑聲)(鼓掌)(歡呼)
01:43
these are the attributes that they associated
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牠們們還被看作是肯亞的國會議員
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the Kenyan MPs with. But I want to challenge that.
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但是我想要抗議這件事
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I want to challenge that. Do you know why?
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你知道我為什麼想要抗議這件事嗎?
01:52
Because MPs
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因為國會議員
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do not keep the environment clean. (Laughter)
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不會讓環境更乾淨(笑聲)
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MPs do not help to prevent the spread of diseases.
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國會議員無助於預防疾病的散播
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They are hardly monogamous. (Laughter) (Applause)
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而且還很難做到一夫一妻制(笑聲)(鼓掌)
02:11
They are far from being extinct. (Laughter)
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得要很久才會絕種(笑聲)
02:15
And, my favorite is, vultures are better looking. (Applause) (Laughter)
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而且我最喜歡的一點是, 禿鷹長得比較好看(笑聲)(鼓掌)
02:22
So there's two types of vultures in this planet.
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這裡有現存的兩種禿鷹
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There are the New World vultures that are mainly found
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有在美國被發現的新世界禿鷹
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in the Americas, like the condors and the caracaras,
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像是兀鷹、卡拉卡拉鷹
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and then the Old World vultures, where we have
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以及有十六種的舊世界禿鷹
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16 species. From these 16, 11 of them are facing
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在這十六種當中
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a high risk of extinction.
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有十一種瀕臨絕種
02:40
So why are vultures important? First of all,
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為什麼禿鷹很重要呢?
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they provide vital ecological services. They clean up.
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首先,牠們在生態中提供了非常重要的服務
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They're our natural garbage collectors.
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牠們是大自然的清道夫,為我們清理垃圾
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They clean up carcasses right to the bone.
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牠們清理屍骨殘骸
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They help to kill all the bacteria. They help absorb anthrax
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牠們幫忙殺死細菌、吸收炭疽病毒
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that would otherwise spread and cause
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阻止可能大量傳播
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huge livestock losses and diseases in other animals.
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造成無數生物死亡或得病的病菌
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Recent studies have shown that in areas where there are
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最近的研究報告指出
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no vultures, carcasses take up to three to four times
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在沒有禿鷹的地區,屍體需要經過三到四倍的時間
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to decompose, and this has huge ramifications
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來分解與腐爛
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for the spread of diseases.
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這樣的過程讓疾病交錯傳染
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Vultures also have tremendous historical significance.
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禿鷹也具有許多重要歷史性的意義
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They have been associated in ancient Egyptian culture.
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禿鷹讓人們聯想到了埃及文化
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Nekhbet was the symbol of the protector
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奈克貝特是保護者與母性的象徵
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and the motherhood, and together with the cobra,
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與眼鏡蛇同時出現時
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symbolized the unity between Upper and Lower Egypt.
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則象徵了上埃及與下埃及的團結與統一
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In Hindu mythology, Jatayu was the vulture god,
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在印度神話中,加達羽是禿鷹之神
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and he risked his life in order to save the goddess Sita
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牠冒著生命危險從十頭惡魔羅波那手中
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from the 10-headed demon Ravana.
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救出悉達女神
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In Tibetan culture, they are performing very important
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在西藏文化裡,牠們在天葬中扮演了很重要的角色
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sky burials. In places like Tibet, there are no places
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在某些地區,如西藏
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to bury the dead, or wood to cremate them,
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他們沒有地方或木材可以為亡者辦理火葬
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so these vultures provide a natural disposal system.
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因此禿鷹提供了自然分解的機制
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So what is the problem with vultures?
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那麼禿鷹到底出了什麼問題?
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We have eight species of vultures that occur in Kenya,
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有八種禿鷹在肯亞出現
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of which six are highly threatened with extinction.
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其中有六種正瀕臨絕種的危機
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The reason is that they're getting poisoned, and the reason
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原因是被人類毒殺
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that they're getting poisoned is because there's
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而被毒殺的原因則是
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human-wildlife conflicts. The pastoral communities
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人類與野生動物之間的衝突
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are using this poison to target predators,
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牧羊人毒死那些會掠食的動物
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and in return, the vultures are falling victim to this.
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結果是這些禿鷹成了犧牲者
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In South Asia, in countries like India and Pakistan,
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在印度、巴基斯坦等南亞國家
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four species of vultures are listed as critically endangered,
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有四種禿鷹被列為極危物種
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which means they have less than 10 or 15 years to go extinct,
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意味著再過十五年牠們就會絕種了
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and the reason is because they are falling prey
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絕種的原因是因為
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by consuming livestock that has been treated
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牠們吃了被餵食像雙氯芬酸鈉這種止痛藥的生畜
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with a painkilling drug like Diclofenac.
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而成為了犧牲者
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This drug has now been banned for veterinary use in India,
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這種藥物在印度的獸醫中
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and they have taken a stand.
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已確定被列為禁藥
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Because there are no vultures, there's been a spread
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因為沒有禿鷹的時候
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in the numbers of feral dogs at carcass dump sites,
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就會有無數的野狗在屍體丟棄場
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and when you have feral dogs, you have a huge time bomb
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而當有野狗的時候
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of rabies. The number of cases of rabies
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就有了狂犬病爆發的不定時炸彈
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has increased tremendously in India.
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狂犬病已在印度以驚人的速度蔓延開來了
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Kenya is going to have one of the largest wind farms in Africa:
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肯亞將要興建非洲最大型的風車農場
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353 wind turbines are going to be up at Lake Turkana.
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353座風車將會座落在圖爾卡納湖
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I am not against wind energy, but we need to work
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我並不反對風力發電
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with the governments, because wind turbines
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但是我們需要和各國政府合作
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do this to birds. They slice them in half.
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因為風車會將鳥切成兩半,就像圖片裡的那樣
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They are bird-blending machines.
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它們是鳥類攪拌機
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In West Africa, there's a horrific trade
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在西非,有一種黑市交易是
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of dead vultures to serve the witchcraft and the fetish market.
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將禿鷹的屍體販賣給做巫術和戀物癖的人
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So what's being done? Well, we're conducting research
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目前我們已做了一些努力 我們做了關於這些鳥的研究
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on these birds. We're putting transmitters on them.
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我們在這些鳥的身上放了傳輸器
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We're trying to determine their basic ecology,
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我們試著了解最基本的禿鷹生態
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and see where they go.
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然後看牠們將前往何處
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We can see that they travel different countries, so
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我們發現牠們在不同國家間來去
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if you focus on a problem locally, it's not going to help you.
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所以如果只著重於單一地點,對解決問題毫無幫助
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We need to work with governments in regional levels.
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我們需要與各國政府進行區域合作
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We're working with local communities.
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我們也和當地居民合作
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We're talking to them about appreciating vultures,
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告訴他們如何欣賞禿鷹
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about the need from within to appreciate these
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以及人類對這些美麗物種的需求
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wonderful creatures and the services that they provide.
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以及牠們提供的幫助
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How can you help? You can become active,
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怎樣參與合作呢?你可以開始行動
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make noise. You can write a letter to your government
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積極表示意見,寫信給你的政府
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and tell them that we need to focus on these very
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告訴當權者我們需要關注這些
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misunderstood creatures. Volunteer your time
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被誤會的物種
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to spread the word. Spread the word.
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花點時間分享這些內容,傳遞出去
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When you walk out of this room, you will be informed
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當你走出這間房間
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about vultures, but speak to your families, to your children,
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你將收到關於禿鷹的訊息
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to your neighbors about vultures.
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告訴你的家庭、孩子和鄰居
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They are very graceful. Charles Darwin said
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禿鷹是一種優美的動物
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he changed his mind because he watched them fly
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達爾文見到牠們在空間輕鬆飛翔的姿態時
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effortlessly without energy in the skies.
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改變了他的想法
06:23
Kenya, this world, will be much poorer
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如果沒有這樣美麗的物種
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without these wonderful species.
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肯亞和這個世界都將會變得更貧窮
06:29
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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謝謝!(掌聲)

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