请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: Zhiting Chen
校对人员: Geoff Chen
00:12
Let me start by asking you a
question, just with a show of hands:
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在开始演说前,请让我问你们
一个问题,请举手回答:
00:15
Who has an iPhone?
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谁有苹果手机?
00:17
Who has an Android phone?
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谁有安卓系统手机?
00:20
Who has a Blackberry?
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谁有黑莓手机?
00:22
Who will admit in public to having a Blackberry?
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谁会在公众面前承认自己有黑莓呢?
00:24
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
00:27
And let me guess, how many of you,
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让我猜猜,你们中有多少人
00:29
when you arrived here, like me, went and bought
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在到达这里的时候,
像我一样,去购买了
00:31
a pay-as-you-go SIM card? Yeah?
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预付费的手机卡?
00:35
I'll bet you didn't even know
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我敢打赌你甚至不知道
00:36
you're using African technology.
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你正在使用的这项技术来自非洲。
00:38
Pay-as-you-go was a technology, or an idea,
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预付费手机卡这种技术,或者说这个创意
00:40
pioneered in Africa by a company called Vodacom
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是非洲的一个名为沃达康的公司
00:43
a good 15 years ago,
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在 15 年前率先使用的,
00:46
and now, like franchising,
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现在,就像特许经营一样,
00:48
pay-as-you-go is one of the most dominant forces
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预付费是全球范围内
00:51
of economic activity in the world.
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最主导的经济活动。
00:53
So I'm going to talk about innovation in Africa,
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所以我想要谈一谈
在非洲的创新活动,
00:55
which I think is the purest form,
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我认为这样的创新活动
是以一种最纯粹的方式在进行着,
00:57
innovation out of necessity.
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那就是因为要满足需求而创新。
00:59
But first, I'm going to ask you some other questions.
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但首先,我要问你一些问题。
01:02
You don't have to put your hands up.
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你不需要举手。
01:03
These are rhetorical.
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这些都只是修辞。
01:06
Why did Nikola Tesla have to invent
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为什么尼古拉·特斯拉要发明
01:08
the alternating current that powers the lights
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能替代当前电力的能源
01:10
in this building or the city that we're in?
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在我们居住的这栋楼或这个城市?
01:13
Why did Henry Ford have to
invent the production line
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为什么亨利·福特
要发明生产流水线
01:15
to produce these Fords that came in anything
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来制造这些东西,
01:18
as long as they were black?
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顾客可以选择任何颜色,
只要是黑色的?(福特名言)
01:20
And why did Eric Merrifield
have to invent the dolos?
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为什么艾瑞克·梅里菲尔德
要发明扭工字块体?
01:24
Blank stares. That is what a dolos looks like,
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面无表情。
这就是扭工字块体的样子,
01:27
and in the background, you can see Robben Island.
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你可以看到背景中的是罗本岛。
01:30
This is a small dolos, and Eric Merrifield
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这是小的扭工字块体
和艾瑞克·梅里菲尔德
01:34
is the most famous inventor you've never heard of.
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是你没听说过的、最著名的发明家。
01:37
In 1963, a storm ripped up the harbor
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1963 年,一场暴风雨席卷港口
01:41
in a small South African town called East London,
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在南非的一个名叫东伦敦的小镇,
01:43
and while he was watching his kids playing
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当他看到孩子们玩着
01:46
with toys made from oxen bones called dolosse,
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用牛骨头制作的叫扭工字块的玩具,
01:49
he had the idea for this.
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他有了灵感。
01:50
It's a bit like a huge jumping jack,
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它有点像一个巨大的开合跳,
01:53
and they have used this in every harbor in the world
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世界上的每个港口都用这个来
01:56
as a breakwater.
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搭建防波堤。
01:58
The global shipping economy would not be possible
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没有这样的非洲技术,
02:01
without African technology like this.
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全球航运经济就不可能实现。
02:04
So whenever you talk about Africa,
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所以每当你谈到非洲,
02:07
you have to put up this picture
of the world from space,
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展示这张从太空拍摄的地球图片,
02:10
and people go, "Look, it's the Dark Continent."
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人们会说,"你看,那是黑暗的大陆"
02:14
Actually, it isn't.
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实际上,它不是。
02:16
What it is is a map of innovation.
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这是一张创新地图。
02:18
And it's really easy to see
where innovation's going on.
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你很容易就能看到
创新的地方在哪里,
02:21
All the places with lots of electricity, it isn't.
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它并不是那些
电力充足的亮光之处。
02:25
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:28
(Applause)
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(掌声)
02:33
And the reason it isn't is because everybody's
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因为住在亮光之处的每个人
02:35
watching television or playing Angry Birds.
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都在看电视,或玩愤怒的小鸟。
02:39
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(笑声)(掌声)
02:42
So where it's happening is in Africa.
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创新的地方在非洲。
02:45
Now, this is real innovation,
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这才是真正的创新,
02:47
not the way people have expropriated the word
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不是人们征用“创新”这个词来
02:50
to talk about launching new products.
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谈论推出的新产品。
02:52
This is real innovation, and I
define it as problem-solving.
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这是真正的创新,
我将它定义为解决问题的创新。
02:56
People are solving real problems in Africa.
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在非洲,人们在解决真正的问题。
02:59
Why? Because we have to.
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为什么呢?因为我们必须这样做。
03:01
Because we have real problems.
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因为我们有真正的麻烦。
03:03
And when we solve real problems for people,
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当我们为人民
解决实际问题的时候,
03:05
we solve them for the rest of the world
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我们为世界其他地区的人们,
在同一时间
03:08
at the same time.
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解决了同样的问题。
03:10
So in California, everybody's really excited
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在加利福尼亚州,每个人都很兴奋于
03:13
about a little square of plastic
that you plug into a phone
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一个可以插进电话的塑料小方块。
03:16
and you can swipe your credit card,
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你可以使用这个工具刷你的信用卡,
03:18
and people say, "We've liberated the credit card
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人们说,"我们已经从销售终端
03:21
from the point of sale terminal."
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解放了信用卡"。
03:23
Fantastic. Why do you even need a credit card?
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很好。但为什么你还需要一张信用卡?
03:27
In Africa, we've been doing that for years,
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在非洲,我们做这个很多年了,
03:30
and we've been doing it on phones like this.
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并且我们在像这样的手机上使用它。
03:32
This is a picture I took at a place called Kitengela,
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这是我在基坦吉拉照的一张照片,
03:35
about an hour south of Nairobi,
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基坦吉拉位于内罗毕南部约一小时路途处,
03:37
and the thing that's so remarkable
about the payment system
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对支付系统做出举世瞩目贡献的
03:40
that's been pioneered in Africa called M-Pesa
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是非洲率先使用的移动银行
03:42
is that it works on phones like this.
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移动银行可以在这样的手机上都可以使用。
03:45
It works on every single phone possible,
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它适用于几乎每个电话,
03:48
because it uses SMS.
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因为它适用短信服务。
03:50
You can pay bills with it,
you can buy your groceries,
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你可以用它支付账单,
你可以用它购买食品,
03:53
you can pay your kids' school fees,
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你可以用它支付孩子的学费,
03:55
and I'm told you can even bribe customs officials.
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有人告诉我,你甚至
可以用它贿赂海关官员。
03:59
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
04:01
Something like 25 million dollars a day
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每天约有 2500 万美金
04:04
is transacted through M-Pesa.
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通过移动银行交易处理。
04:06
Forty percent of Kenya's GDP
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占肯尼亚国内生产总值的 40%,
04:08
moves through M-Pesa using phones like this.
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在这样的手机上,通过移动银行流动。
04:11
And you think this is just a feature phone.
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你以为这只是一只功能手机。
04:13
Actually it's the smartphone of Africa.
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实际上它是非洲的智慧型手机。
04:16
It's also a radio, and it's also a torch,
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它也是一台收音机,
它也是一个火把,
04:19
and more than anything else,
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最重要的是,
04:20
it has really superb battery life.
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它有超长的电池寿命。
04:23
Why? Because that's what we need.
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为什么呢?因为那是我们真正需要的。
04:25
We have really severe energy problems in Africa.
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在非洲我们有很严重的能源问题。
04:29
By the way, you can update Facebook
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顺便说一下,用这样的手机,
04:30
and send Gmail from a phone like this.
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你可以更新脸书,
从谷歌邮箱发送邮件。
04:34
So we have found a way to use
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我们找到了一种方式
04:36
the available technology to send money via M-Pesa,
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运用现有技术,通过移动银行汇钱,
04:39
which is a bit like a check system
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这就有类似于移动时代的
04:41
for the mobile age.
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检测系统。
04:44
I come from Johannesburg, which is a mining town.
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我来自约翰内斯堡,这是一个采矿小镇。
04:46
It's built on gold.
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它建立于黄金开采上。
04:48
This is a picture I Instagrammed earlier.
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这张照片是我较早前发布的照片分享。
04:50
And the difference today is that
the gold of today is mobile.
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现如今,区别在于,移动设备是黄金。
04:55
If you think about the railroad system
in North America and how that worked,
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如果你思考一下北美的铁路系统
以及它是如何运作的,
04:59
first came the infrastructure,
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首先想到的是基础设施,
05:01
then came the industry around it, the brothels --
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然后是周边的工业,妓院--
05:05
it's a bit like the Internet today, right? —
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它有点像今天的互联网,对吗?--
05:07
and everything else that worked with it:
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同与它共事的一切:
05:09
bars, saloons, etc.
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酒吧、会客厅等。
05:11
The gold of today is mobile,
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今天的移动设备技术就是金子,
05:13
and mobile is the enabler
that makes all of this possible.
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移动技术使这一切成为可能。
05:16
So what are some of the
things that you can do with it?
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你可还能做什么事情呢?
05:18
Well, this is by a guy called
Bright Simons from Ghana,
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嗯,这是由来自加纳的
布莱特·西蒙斯所发明的东西,
05:22
and what you do is you take medication,
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在你吃药之前,
05:24
something that some people might
spend their entire month's salary on,
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对某些人来说,这些药
可能花费了他们整个月的工资,
05:28
and you scratch off the code,
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你刮掉代码,
05:30
and you send that to an SMS number,
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将代码用短信发送到一个号码,
05:32
and it tells you if that is legitimate
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它会回复告诉你这药品是否合法
05:34
or if it's expired.
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或者,是否过期。
05:36
Really simple, really effective, really life-saving.
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真的很简单,真的很有效,
真正能拯救生命。
05:40
In Kenya, there's a service called iCow,
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在肯尼亚,有一项服务名叫“iCow”,
05:42
which just sends you really important information
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它给你发送关于如何饲养照顾奶牛
05:45
about how to look after your dairy.
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的重要信息。
05:47
The dairy business in Kenya
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在肯尼亚,乳品业
05:48
is a $463 million business,
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是一个产值四亿六千三百万的行业,
05:51
and the difference between a subsistence farmer
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区别一个勉强糊口的农民
05:54
and an abundance farmer
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和富裕农民的
05:55
is only a couple of liters of milk a day.
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只是一天多出产的几升牛奶。
05:58
And if you can do that,
you can rise out of poverty.
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如果你能做到,你就可以摆脱贫困。
06:01
Really simple, using a basic phone.
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真的很简单,使用最基本的电话。
06:05
If you don't have electricity, no problem!
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即使你没有电也没问题!
06:08
We'll just make it out of old bicycle parts
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我们就使用旧自行车的零件制作它
06:10
using a windmill, as William Kamkwamba did.
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使用风车,就像威廉·凯门卡巴一样。
06:12
There's another great African that you've heard
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你听说过的另一位伟大的非洲公民
06:14
that's busy disrupting the
automobile industry in the world.
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忙于扰乱世界汽车行业。
06:18
He's also finding a way to reinvent solar power
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他也找到一种彻底改造北美太阳能
06:21
and the electricity industry in North America,
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和北电力工业的方法,
06:23
and if he's lucky, he'll get us to Mars,
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如果他幸运的话,
他会帮我们到达火星,
06:26
hopefully in my lifetime.
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希望那能在我有生之年完成。
06:28
He comes from Pretoria, the capital of [South Africa],
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他来自比勒陀利亚,[南非]的首都
06:31
about 50 kilometers from where I live.
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距离我的住处约 50 公里。
06:34
So back to Joburg, which is sometimes called Egoli,
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回到约翰内斯堡的话题,
约翰内斯堡有时被称为 Egoli,
06:38
which means City of Gold.
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意为黄金城。
06:40
And not only is mobile the gold of today,
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今天所指的黄金可不只限于移动技术,
06:44
I don't believe that the gold is under the ground.
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我不相信地面之下蕴藏黄金。
06:46
I believe we are the gold.
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我相信,我们就是黄金。
06:48
Like you've heard the other economists say,
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其他经济学家们说过,
06:51
we are at the point where China was
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我们正处在中国经济腾飞
06:53
when its boom years began,
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伊始的那一刻,
06:55
and that's where we're going.
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而这正是我们前进的方向。
06:56
So, you hear the West talk
about innovation at the edge.
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你听到西方总在谈边缘创新。
07:01
Well, of course it's happening at the edge,
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嗯,当然它发生在边缘,
07:03
because in the middle,
everybody's updating Facebook,
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因为在中间的大伙都在更新脸书,
07:06
or worse still, they're trying to understand
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或更糟糕的是,他们想了解
07:08
Facebook's privacy settings.
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脸书的隐私设置。
07:10
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
07:12
This is not that catchy catchphrase.
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这不是那朗朗上口的口号。
07:15
This is innovation over the edge.
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这是超越极限的创新。
07:19
So, people like to call Africa a mobile-first continent,
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因此,人们喜欢称非洲
为“移动先行大陆”
07:24
but actually it's mobile-only,
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但实际上它是“只有移动”,
07:26
so while everybody else is doing all of those things,
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所以当别人在做
所有这些事情的时候,
07:30
we're solving the world's problems.
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我们在解决世界的问题。
07:31
So there's only one thing left to say.
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最后要说的是。
07:34
["You're welcome"] (Laughter)
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["欢迎你"](笑声)
07:36
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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