Jonathan Haidt: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives

Prevodilac: Stevan Radanovic Lektor: Ivana Korom

Suppose that two American friends are traveling together in Italy.

Dva Amerikanca koji su prijatelji putuju zajedno u Italiju.

They go to see Michelangelo's "David,"

Odlaze da vide Mikelanđelovog "Davida"

and when they finally come face-to-face with the statue,

i u trenutku kada se konačno nađu ispred statue

they both freeze dead in their tracks.

obojica se "zamrznu" na trenutak.

The first guy -- we'll call him Adam --

Prvi momak - nazovimo ga Adam -

is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form.

je zatečen lepotom savršene ljudske figure.

The second guy -- we'll call him Bill --

Drugi momak - nazovimo ga Bil -

is transfixed by embarrassment, at staring at the thing there in the center.

je zatečen sramotom usled gledanja u onu stvar u sredini.

So here's my question for you:

Postavljam vam sledeće pitanje:

Which one of these two guys was more likely to have voted for George Bush,

za kojeg od ovih momaka je verovatnije da je glasao za Džordža Buša,

which for Al Gore?

a za kojeg da je glasao za Al Gora?

I don't need a show of hands,

Ne morate da podižete ruke

because we all have the same political stereotypes.

budući da svi mi imamo iste političke stereotipe.

We all know that it's Bill.

Svi znamo da je u pitanju Bil.

And in this case, the stereotype corresponds to reality.

U ovom slučaju, stereotip se poklapa sa realnošću.

It really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives

Činjenica je da liberali poseduju značajnu osobinu ličnosti zvanu

on a major personality trait called openness to experience.

"otvorenost ka novim iskustvima" u većoj meri od konzervativaca.

People who are high in openness to experience

Ljudi koji su veoma otvoreni ka novim iskustvima

just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.

prosto žude za novinama, raznovrsnošću, novim idejama, putovanjima.

People low on it like things that are familiar,

Ljudi koji nisu toliko vole stvari koje su im poznate, bezbedne i na koje se mogu osloniti.

that are safe and dependable.

Ako vam je poznata ova osobina

If you know about this trait,

you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior,

možete razumeti puno zagonetki ljudskog ponašanja.

Možete razumeti zašto su umetnici toliko drugačiji od računovođa.

like why artists are so different from accountants.

You can predict what kinds of books they like to read,

Možete pretpostaviti koje vrste knjiga vole da čitaju,

na kakva mesta vole da putuju

what kinds of places they like to travel to

i kakvu hranu vole da jedu.

and what kinds of food they like to eat.

Kada razumete ovu osobinu, razumećete

Once you understand this trait,

you can understand why anybody would eat at Applebee's,

zašto bi bilo ko jeo u Eplbiju, ali ne bilo ko koga vi znate.

but not anybody that you know.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

This trait also tells us a lot about politics.

Ova osobina nam puno govori i o politici.

The main researcher of this trait, Robert McCrae,

Najistaknutiji istraživač ove osobine, Robert Mekre ističe da

says that "Open individuals have an affinity

"Otvorene osobe imaju afinitet ka liberalnim, progresivnim, levičarskim političkim stavovima" -

for liberal, progressive, left-wing political views ..."

They like a society which is open and changing,

vole otvorenu i promenljivu organizaciju društva -

"dok zatvorene osobe preferiraru konzervativne, tradicionalističke, desničarske stavove."

"... whereas closed individuals prefer

conservative, traditional, right-wing views."

This trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join.

Ova osobina nam dosta govori i o grupama kojima se ljudi priključuju.

Here's the description of a group I found on the web.

Evo opisa jedne grupe koji sam našao na internetu.

What kinds of people would join

Kakvi ljudi se uključuju u globalnu zajednicu

"a global community ... welcoming people from every discipline and culture,

gde su dobrodošli ljudi iz bilo koje profesije i kulture,

koji traže dublje razumevanje sveta

who seek a deeper understanding of the world,

i koji teže da to razumevanje pretoče u kvalitetniju budućnost za sve nas?

and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all"?

To je opis nekog tipa zvanog TED.

This is from some guy named Ted.

(Smeh)

Well, let's see now.

Sad, ako otvorenost kaže ko će postati liberal

If openness predicts who becomes liberal,

and openness predicts who becomes a TEDster,

i ako otvorenost kaže ko će postati TEDovac,

then might we predict that most TEDsters are liberal?

možemo li reći da su većina TEDovaca liberali?

Let's find out.

Hajde da proverimo.

Zamoliću vas da podignete ruku, bilo da se liberal, levo od centra -

I'll ask you to raise your hand, whether you are liberal, left of center --

on social issues, primarily --

govorimo o društvenim temama, primarno -

or conservative.

ili konzervativac, a ponudiću i treću opciju,

And I'll give a third option,

because I know there are libertarians in the audience.

budući da znam da se u publici nalaze i libertarijanci.

Dakle, molim vas da podignete ruku -

So please raise your hand -- in the simulcast rooms too.

i vi u tehničkim sobama,

hajde da svi vidimo ko je prisutan.

Let's let everybody see who's here.

Please raise your hand if you'd say that you're liberal or left of center.

Molim vas, podignite ruku ako biste rekli da ste liberal ili levo od centra.

Podignite ruku sada, molim vas. OK.

Please raise your hand high right now. OK.

Please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian.

Molim vas, podignite ruku ako ste libertarijanac.

OK. About two dozen.

OK, 20-25 vas.

And please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative.

I molim vas, podignite ruku ako ste desno od centra ili konzervativac.

Jedan, dva, tri, četiri, pet - između 8 i 10.

One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.

OK.

OK. To je mali problem,

This is a bit of a problem.

jer ako je naš cilj da razumemo svet,

Because if our goal is to seek a deeper understanding of the world,

potraga za boljim razumevanjem sveta,

our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder.

ovaj nedostatak moralne raznovrsnosti će to otežati.

Because when people all share values, when people all share morals,

Kad ljudi dele iste vrednosti, kada su im svima moralne vrednosti iste,

they become a team.

oni postaju tim, a jednom kada uđete u psihologiju tima

And once you engage the psychology of teams,

it shuts down open-minded thinking.

to isključuje razmišljenje otvorenog uma.

When the liberal team loses,

Kada liberalni tim izgubi, što se dogodilo 2004.

[United States of Canada / Jesusland]

as it did in 2004, and as it almost did in 2000,

i 2000. godine, istina za dlaku, tešimo sami sebe.

we comfort ourselves.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team.

Pokušavamo da objasnimo zašto je pola Amerike glasalo za drugi tim.

We think they must be blinded by religion

Mislimo da mora da su zaslepljeni religijom ili najobičnijom glupošću.

[Post-election US map: America / Dumbf*ckistan]

or by simple stupidity.

(Smeh)

(Laughter)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

(Laughter)

Stoga, ako mislite da pola Amerike glasa za Republikance

So if you think that half of America votes Republican

because they are blinded in this way,

zato što su zaslepljeni tim razlozima,

then my message to you is that you're trapped in a moral Matrix,

moja poruka vama je da ste zarobljeni u moralnoj matrici,

in a particular moral Matrix.

specifičnoj moralnoj matrici.

And by "the Matrix," I mean literally the Matrix, like the movie "The Matrix."

Pod tom matricom doslovno mislim na matricu poput filma "Matriks (Matrica)".

But I'm here today to give you a choice.

Zapravo sam ovde danas da bih vam ponudio izbor.

You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions,

Možete odabrati plavu pilulu i zadržati svoje ugodne zablude,

ili možete odabrati crvenu pilulu,

or you can take the red pill,

learn some moral psychology

naučiti nešto o psihologiji morala i iskoračiti iz moralne matrice.

and step outside the moral Matrix.

Now, because I know --

Budući da znam -

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

I assume that answers my question.

OK, pretpostavljam da to pruža odgovor.

I was going to ask which one you picked, but no need.

Zaustio sam da vas pitam koju birate, ali sada nema potrebe za time.

You're all high in openness to experience,

Svi ste otvoreni ka novim iskustvima, a pored toga,

and it looks like it might even taste good, and you're all epicures.

izgleda da je i dobrog ukusa, a svi ste gurmani.

U svakom slučaju, uzimamo crvenu pilulu.

Anyway, let's go with the red pill, study some moral psychology

Proučimo malo psihologiju morala i vidimo gde će nas to odvesti.

and see where it takes us.

Počnimo od početka.

Let's start at the beginning: What is morality, where does it come from?

Šta je moral i odakle potiče?

The worst idea in all of psychology

Najgora ideja u psihologiji je

is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

ideja da je po rođenju um "prazna tabla".

Developmental psychology has shown that kids come into the world

Razvojna psihologija je pokazala

da deca po dolasku na svet već znaju puno

already knowing so much about the physical and social worlds

o fizičkom i društvenom svetu,

and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things

i da su "programirana" tako da im učenje određenih stvari ide veoma lako,

and hard to learn others.

dok neke druge uče teško.

The best definition of innateness I've seen,

Najbolja definicija urođenosti koju sam ikada čuo -

which clarifies so many things for me,

i ona mi razjašnjava mnoge stvari -

is from the brain scientist Gary Marcus.

je delo Geri Markusa, psihologa koji proučava mozak.

He says, "The initial organization of the brain

On kaže: "Početna organizacija mozga ne zavisi toliko od iskustava.

does not depend that much on experience.

Nature provides a first draft, which experience then revises.

Priroda daje prvi nacrt, koji iskustva potom modifikuju.

'Built-in' doesn't mean unmalleable;

'Urođeno' ne znači 'nepromenljivo';

it means organized in advance of experience."

to podrazumeva 'organizovano pre sticanja iskustva'."

OK, so what's on the first draft of the moral mind?

Dakle, šta se nalazi u prvom nacrtu moralnog uma?

To find out, my colleague Craig Joseph and I read through the literature

Da bismo to otkrili, Kreg Džozef, moj kolega, i ja

smo čitali antropološke radove

on anthropology, on culture variation in morality

o kulturološkim varijacijama morala

and also on evolutionary psychology,

i radove iz evolutivne psihologije, tražeći preklapanja.

looking for matches:

Koje su to stvari o kojima ljudi pričaju u različitim oblastima istraživanja,

What sorts of things do people talk about across disciplines

that you find across cultures and even species?

one koje nalazimo u različitim kulturama, ili čak životinjskim vrstama?

Pronašli smo ih pet - pet najboljih preklapanja,

We found five best matches, which we call the five foundations of morality.

koje smo nazvali 'pet osnova moralnosti'.

The first one is harm/care.

Prva je odnos nauditi - zaštititi, briga za druge.

We're all mammals here, we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming

Svi smo sisari, svi smo u velikoj meri neuralno i hormonalno isprogramirani

that makes us really bond with others, care for others,

tako da se vezujemo za druge, brinemo o drugima,

feel compassion for others, especially the weak and vulnerable.

saosećamo sa drugima, posebno slabašnima i ranjivima.

It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm.

Imamo veoma jaka osećanja prema onima koji naude nekome.

Ova moralna osnova je ugrađena u oko 70%

This moral foundation underlies about 70 percent

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

svih izjava o moralnosti koje sam čuo ovde na TED-u.

The second foundation is fairness/reciprocity.

Druga osnova je pravednost - reciprocitet.

There's actually ambiguous evidence

Zapravo, postoje suprotstavljeni dokazi

as to whether you find reciprocity in other animals,

o postojanju reciprociteta u ponašanju drugih životinja,

but the evidence for people could not be clearer.

ali dokazi za ljude su apsolutno jasni.

This Norman Rockwell painting is called "The Golden Rule" --

Naziv ove slike Normana Rokvela je "Zlatno pravilo"

i Karen Armstrong je pričala o tome, naravno,

as we heard from Karen Armstrong, it's the foundation of many religions.

kao temelju mnogih religija.

That second foundation underlies the other 30 percent

Ta druga osnova se provlači kroz preostalih 30%

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

izjava o moralnosti koje sam čuo na TED-u.

The third foundation is in-group/loyalty.

Treća osnova je odanost grupi.

You do find cooperative groups in the animal kingdom,

U životinjskom carstvu postoje grupe -

grupe u kojima jedinke sarađuju -

but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings.

ali te grupe su po pravilu veoma male ili sačinjene od bliskih rođaka.

It's only among humans that you find very large groups of people

Samo među ljudima postoje veoma velike grupe jedinki koje

who are able to cooperate and join together into groups,

su u stanju da sarađuju međusobno i da se udružuju u grupe -

but in this case, groups that are united to fight other groups.

ali u ovom slučaju, te grupe su ujedinjene u borbi protiv drugih grupa.

This probably comes from our long history of tribal living, of tribal psychology.

To je verovatno posledica veoma dugog života u plemenima, tj. psihologije plemena.

And this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable

Toliko uživamo u toj psihologiji plemena

that even when we don't have tribes, we go ahead and make them,

da čak i kada nemamo plemena,

mi ih stvaramo zato što nam je to zabavno.

because it's fun.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Sports is to war as pornography is to sex.

Sport je za rat ono što je pornografija za seks.

We get to exercise some ancient drives.

Prilika da primenimo neke davne, davne nagone.

Četvrta osnova je autoritet - poštovanje.

The fourth foundation is authority/respect.

Here you see submissive gestures

Ova dva pripadnika blisko povezanih vrsta iskazuju gestove pokornosti -

from two members of very closely related species.

ali autoritet kod ljudi nije čin moći i brutalnost u tolikoj meri

But authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality

as it is in other primates.

kao kod ostalih primata.

It's based on more voluntary deference and even elements of love, at times.

Više je baziran na dobrovoljnom poštovanju,

ponekad čak i na elementima ljubavi.

The fifth foundation is purity/sanctity.

Peta osnova je čistota - svetost.

This painting is called "The Allegory Of Chastity,"

Naziv ove slike je "Amblem čednosti",

but purity is not just about suppressing female sexuality.

ali čistota nije ekvivalent potiskivanju ženske seksualnosti.

It's about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea

Čistota obuhvata bilo kakvu ideologiju, bilo kakvu ideju

that tells you that you can attain virtue by controlling what you do with your body

koja poručuje da možete dostići vrlinu

kontrolisanjem šta radite svojim telom i

šta unosite u svoje telo.

and what you put into your body.

And while the political right may moralize sex much more,

I dok politička desnica verovatno više morališe o seksu,

the political left is doing a lot of it with food.

politička levica se koncentrisala na hranu.

Food is becoming extremely moralized nowadays.

Danas se puno morališe o hrani,

A lot of it is ideas about purity,

a mnoge te ideje su bazirane baš na čistoti,

about what you're willing to touch or put into your body.

na tome šta ste voljni da dodirnete ili unesete u svoje telo.

I believe these are the five best candidates

Ubeđen sam da su ovo pet najboljih kandidata

for what's written on the first draft of the moral mind.

za ono što zapisano u prvom nacrtu moralnog uma.

I think this is what we come with, a preparedness to learn all these things.

Mislim da sa ovime dolazimo na svet,

makar pripremljeni da naučimo sve ove stvari.

But as my son Max grows up in a liberal college town,

Dok moj sin, Maks, odrasta u liberalnom, studentskom gradu,

how is this first draft going to get revised?

kako će se taj prvi nacrt menjati?

And how will it end up being different

Na koji način će postati drugačiji od

from a kid born 60 miles south of us, in Lynchburg, Virginia?

deteta rođenog 100 km južno od nas u Linčburgu, u Virdžiniji?

To think about culture variation, let's try a different metaphor.

Obzirom na kulturne varijacije, razmislimo o drugoj metafori.

Ako u umu zaista dela pet sistema -

If there really are five systems at work in the mind,

five sources of intuitions and emotions,

pet izvora intuicije i emocija -

then we can think of the moral mind as one of those audio equalizers

onda moralni um možemo posmatrati kao

jedan petokanalni audio ekvilajzer,

that has five channels,

where you can set it to a different setting on every channel.

gde se svaki kanal može posebno podešavati.

Moje kolege, Brajan Nozek i Džesi Grejem, i ja

My colleagues Brian Nosek and Jesse Graham and I

smo sastavili upitnik, koji smo postavili na www.YourMorals.org.

made a questionnaire, which we put up on the web at www.YourMorals.org.

Do sada ga je popunilo 30 hiljada ljudi, a možete i vi.

And so far, 30,000 people have taken this questionnaire, and you can, too.

Here are the results from about 23,000 American citizens.

Ovo su rezultati.

Ovo su rezultati oko 23 hiljade građana Amerike.

On the left are the scores for liberals;

Na levoj strani su ucrtani rezultati liberala,

on the right, conservatives; in the middle, moderates.

na desnoj konzervativaca, a u sredini su umereni.

The blue line shows people's responses on the average of all the harm questions.

Plava linija pokazuje prosečne vrednosti

odgovora na pitanja o brizi za druge.

So as you see, people care about harm and care issues.

Kao što možete videti, ljudi razmišljaju o tim pitanjima.

They highly endorse these sorts of statements all across the board,

Ljudi u velikoj meri potvrđuju da im je stalo do tih pitanja,

ceo politički spektar, ali kao što možete videti,

but as you also see,

liberals care about it a little more than conservatives; the line slopes down.

liberali brinu o tome malo više nego konzervativci - linija opada nadesno.

Isto važi i za pravednost.

Same story for fairness.

But look at the other three lines.

Ali pogledajte ostale tri linije,

For liberals, the scores are very low.

vrednosti za liberale su veoma niske.

They're basically saying, "This is not morality.

Liberali praktično kažu: "Ne, to nije moralnost.

In-group, authority, purity -- this has nothing to do with morality. I reject it."

Odanost grupi, autoriteti, čistota - to nema veze sa moralnošću. Odbijam ih."

Ali kako su ljudi konzervativniji, vrednosti rastu.

But as people get more conservative, the values rise.

Možemo reći da liberali na neki način imaju dvokanalnu,

We can say liberals have a two-channel or two-foundation morality.

tj. moralnost baziranu na dve osnove.

Conservatives have more of a five-foundation,

Konzervativci više naginju ka pet osnova,

tj. petokanalnoj moralnosti.

or five-channel morality.

We find this in every country we look at.

To važi za svaku zemlju koju smo posmatrali.

Ovo su podaci za 1100 Kanađana.

Here's the data for 1,100 Canadians. I'll flip through a few other slides.

Proćiću kroz još par slajdova.

The UK, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Eastern Europe,

Velika Britanija, Australija, Novi Zeland, zapadna Evropa, istočna Evropa,

Latin America, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.

Latinoamerika, Bliski istok, istočna Azija i južna Azija.

Notice also that on all of these graphs,

Takođe, primetite da su na svim grafovima

the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity,

krive odanosti grupi, autoriteta i čistote strmije.

which shows that, within any country,

To nam govori da nesuglasice u bilo kojoj

the disagreement isn't over harm and fairness.

zemlji nisu oko brige za druge i pravednosti.

I mean, we debate over what's fair,

Svi - zapravo, debatujemo o tome šta je pravedno -

but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter.

ali se svi slažemo da je briga za druge i pravednost bitna.

Moral arguments within cultures

Moralne svađe unutar kultura se vode

are especially about issues of in-group, authority, purity.

najviše oko pitanja odanosti grupi, autoritetu i čistoti.

This effect is so robust, we find it no matter how we ask the question.

Efekat je toliko robustan da ne zavisi od načina na koji postavljamo pitanja.

In a recent study, we asked people,

U jednom skorašnjem istraživanju smo rekli

suppose you're about to get a dog,

ispitanicima: "Pretpostavite da nabavljate psa.

you picked a particular breed, learned about the breed.

Odabrali ste rasu

i saznali neke informacije o toj rasi.

Suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent-minded

Recimo da ste saznali da je ta rasa prilično samovoljna i da se

and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal.

prema vlasniku odnosi kao prema prijatelju i jednakome?"

If you're a liberal, you say, "That's great!"

Liberali kažu: "Hej, to je odlično!",

because liberals like to say, "Fetch! Please."

zato što liberali vole da kažu: "Hvataj... molim."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But if you're a conservative, that's not so attractive.

Ali konzervativcima to nije toliko privlačno.

If you're conservative and learn that a dog's extremely loyal

Konzervativac voli da čuje da je pas izuzetno lojalan svom domu

to its home and family

i porodici, i da se ne sprijateljuje lako sa strancima,

and doesn't warm up to strangers,

for conservatives, loyalty is good; dogs ought to be loyal.

za konzervativca - pa, lojalnost je dobra - pas i treba da bude lojalan.

But to a liberal,

Ali liberalu se čini kao da se taj pas

it sounds like this dog is running for the Republican nomination.

kandiduje za republikansku kandidaturu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Moglo bi se reći - OK, postoje te

You might say, OK, there are differences between liberals and conservatives,

razlike između liberala i konzervativaca,

but what makes the three other foundations moral?

ali zbog čega su te tri osnove zapravo deo moralnosti?

Aren't they the foundations of xenophobia, authoritarianism and puritanism?

Zar one nisu samo osnove ksenofobičnosti,

autoritarnosti i puritanstva?

What makes them moral?

Šta ih čini delom moralnosti?

The answer, I think, is contained in this incredible triptych from Hieronymus Bosch,

Čini mi se da je odgovor sadržan u ovom neverovatnom triptihu

Hijeronimus Boša, "Vrt ovozemljskih užitaka".

"The Garden of Earthly Delights."

Prvi pano prikazuje trenutak stvaranja.

In the first panel, we see the moment of creation.

All is ordered, all is beautiful,

Sve je uređeno, sve je prelepo, svi ljudi i sve životinje rade

all the people and animals are doing what they're supposed to be doing,

ono što treba da rade i nalaze se tamo gde treba da se nalaze.

are where they're supposed to be.

But then, given the way of the world, things change.

Ali potom, budući da je svet takav, stvari se menjaju.

We get every person doing whatever he wants,

Svaka osoba radi šta god poželi,

with every aperture of every other person and every other animal.

koristeći bilo koji otvor bilo koje druge osobe ili životinje.

Some of you might recognize this as the '60s.

Neki od vas će u ovome prepoznati '60-te godine XX veka.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Ali '60-te neminovno prelaze u '70-te,

But the '60s inevitably gives way to the '70s,

where the cuttings of the apertures hurt a little bit more.

i tada udubljenja tih otvora počinju da bole malo više.

Of course, Bosch called this hell.

Naravno, Boš je to nazvao Paklom.

So this triptych, these three panels,

Dakle, ovaj triptih, ova tri panoa,

prikazuju bezvremenu istinu da poredak ima tendenciju da se raspada.

portray the timeless truth that order tends to decay.

The truth of social entropy.

Istinu društvene entropije.

But lest you think this is just some part of the Christian imagination

Ali da ne biste pomislili kako je to samo deo hrišćanske imaginacije

where Christians have this weird problem with pleasure,

gde Hrišćani iskazuju svoj čudan odnos prema zadovoljstvima,

spomenuću istu priču, isti razvoj događaja,

here's the same story, the same progression,

told in a paper that was published in "Nature" a few years ago,

ispričanu u naučnom radu objavljenom pre par godina u Nature časopisu,

in which Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter had people play a commons dilemma,

gde su Ernst Fer i Sajmon Gahter organizovali igranje igre deljenog dobra.

a game in which you give people money,

U toj igri se svakom učesniku da novac,

and then, on each round of the game,

zatim svake runde igrači mogu

they can put money into a common pot,

da stave nešto tih para na zajedničku gomilu,

then the experimenter doubles what's there,

a zatim se zajednička gomila udvostručava

and then it's all divided among the players.

i deli tako da svaki igrač dobije istu sumu novca.

So it's a nice analog for all sorts of environmental issues,

Stoga, ta igra veoma dobro opisuje razne vrste ekoloških problema,

where we're asking people to make a sacrifice

gde tražimo od ljudi da se žrtvuju,

and they don't really benefit from their own sacrifice.

jer oni sami nemaju punu korist od sopstvene žrtve.

You really want everybody else to sacrifice,

Cilj je da se svi žrtvuju,

but everybody has a temptation to free ride.

ali svako oseća poriv da se "švercuje".

Ono što se dešava je da su u početku ljudi relativno kooperativni -

What happens is that, at first, people start off reasonably cooperative.

This is all played anonymously.

ova igra se igra anonimno -

On the first round, people give about half of the money that they can.

u prvoj rundi igrači ulažu oko pola novca kojim raspolažu,

But they quickly see other people aren't doing so much.

ali ubrzo uvide: "Vidi, drugi ljudi ne doprinose toliko.

"I don't want to be a sucker. I won't cooperate."

Neću da budem naivčina. Neću sarađivati."

So cooperation quickly decays

na taj način kooperacija brzo pada, od relativno dobre, sve do skoro nule.

from reasonably good down to close to zero.

But then -- and here's the trick --

Ali onda - i u tome je trik -

Fehr and Gächter, on the seventh round, told people,

Fer i Gahter kažu - u sedmoj rundi kažu ljudima:

"Znate šta? Ubacujemo novo pravilo.

"You know what? New rule.

If you want to give some of your own money

Ako želite da potrošite nešto svog novca

to punish people who aren't contributing,

kako biste kaznili ljude koji ne doprinose, možete to učiniti."

you can do that."

And as soon as people heard about the punishment issue going on,

I čim ljudi čuju da se ubacuje mogućnost kažnjavanja,

cooperation shoots up.

kooperacija naglo skoči.

It shoots up and it keeps going up.

Ne samo da naglo skoči, već i nastavi da raste posle toga.

Lots of research shows that to solve cooperative problems, it really helps.

Istraživanja pokazuju da to poboljšava rešavanje problema saradnje.

It's not enough to appeal to people's good motives.

Nije dovoljno samo apelovati na dobronamernost,

It helps to have some sort of punishment.

postojanje kazne zaista pomaže.

Even if it's just shame or embarrassment or gossip,

Čak i ako je u pitanju samo sramota, neugodnost ili ogovaranje,

neka vrsta kazne je neophodna da bi ljudi,

you need some sort of punishment

to bring people, when they're in large groups, to cooperate.

u sklopu velikih grupa, sarađivali.

There's even some recent research suggesting that religion --

Neka novija istraživanja sugerišu da religija -

priming God, making people think about God --

uvođenje Boga o kojem ljudi razmišljaju u priču -

often, in some situations, leads to more cooperative, more pro-social behavior.

često u nekim situacijama uzrokuje kooperativnije, druptvenije ponašanje.

Some people think that religion is an adaptation

Postoji mišljenje da je religija adaptacija

evolved both by cultural and biological evolution

nastala kulturološkom i biološkom evolucijom

to make groups to cohere,

kako bi bolje vezali grupe

in part for the purpose of trusting each other

radi jačeg međusobnog poverenja

and being more effective at competing with other groups.

u cilju prednosti nad ostalim grupama.

That's probably right, although this is a controversial issue.

Verovatno je to tačno

iako je to kontroverzno pitanje.

But I'm particularly interested in religion and the origin of religion

Ja sam posebno zainteresovan za religiju,

nastanak religije i kako ona utiče na nas.

and in what it does to us and for us,

Mislim da najveće svetsko čudo nije Veliki kanjon Kolorada.

because I think the greatest wonder in the world is not the Grand Canyon.

The Grand Canyon is really simple --

Veliki Kanjon je zaista jednostavan.

a lot of rock and a lot of water and wind and a lot of time,

Sve u svemu - puno kamena, a zatim puno vode i vetra, i puno vremena,

and you get the Grand Canyon.

i dobijete Veliki Kanjon.

It's not that complicated.

To nije toliko komplikovano.

This is what's complicated:

Ovo je zaista komplikovano,

that people lived in places like the Grand Canyon, cooperating with each other,

činjenica da ljudi žive na mestima poput Velikog Kanjona,

sarađujući međusobno, ili na savanama Afrike,

or on the savannahs of Africa or the frozen shores of Alaska.

zaleđenim obalama Aljaske, a potom su neka od tih sela

And some of these villages grew into the mighty cities of Babylon

prerasla u silne gradove poput Vavilona, Rima i Tenočtitlana.

and Rome and Tenochtitlan.

How did this happen?

Kako se to dogodilo?

It's an absolute miracle, much harder to explain than the Grand Canyon.

To je čudo bez premca koje je mnogo teže objasniti od Velikog Kanjona.

The answer, I think, is that they used every tool in the toolbox.

Odgovor, čini mi se, je da su koristili sve postojeće alate.

Bila je potrebna sva psihologija morala

It took all of our moral psychology to create these cooperative groups.

da bi se stvorile ove kooperativne grupe.

Yes, you need to be concerned about harm, you need a psychology of justice.

Da, potrebno je da brinete za druge,

potrebna vam je psihologija pravde.

But it helps to organize a group if you have subgroups,

Ali, organizovanju grupe veoma pomaže postojanje pod-grupa,

and if those subgroups have some internal structure,

interne strukture unutar tih pod-grupa,

and if you have some ideology that tells people

i neke ideologije koja poručuje ljudima

to suppress their carnality -- to pursue higher, nobler ends.

da potisnu svoju požudu, da streme višim, plemenitijim ciljevima.

Sada dolazimo do srži nesuglasice

Now we get to the crux of the disagreement between liberals and conservatives:

između liberala i konzervativaca,

liberals reject three of these foundations.

budući da liberali odbacuju tri osnove.

Oni kažu: "Ne, hajde da slavimo različitost, a ne pripadnost grupi."

They say, "Let's celebrate diversity, not common in-group membership,"

Oni kažu: "Preispitujmo autoritete."

and, "Let's question authority," and, "Keep your laws off my body."

Oni takođe kažu: "Ne propisuj zakone koji se tiču mog tela."

Liberals have very noble motives for doing this.

Liberali imaju veoma plemenite motive za to.

Traditional authority and morality can be quite repressive and restrictive

Tradicionalni autoriteti, tradicionalna moralnost umeju biti veoma represivni

to those at the bottom, to women, to people who don't fit in.

i ograničavati one na dnu, žene, ljude koji se ne uklapaju.

Liberals speak for the weak and oppressed.

Stoga liberali govore za slabe i potlačene.

They want change and justice, even at the risk of chaos.

Oni žele promenu i pravdu, čak i po cenu haosa.

Na majici ovog momka piše: "Prekinite kukati, počnite revoluciju."

This shirt says, "Stop bitching, start a revolution."

If you're high in openness to experience, revolution is good; it's change, it's fun.

Ako ste veoma otvoreni za nova iskustva, revolucija je dobra,

ona je promena, ona je zabavna.

Conservatives, on the other hand, speak for institutions and traditions.

Konzervativci, sa druge strane, govore u ime institucija i tradicija.

Oni žele red, čak i po cenu onih na dnu.

They want order, even at some cost, to those at the bottom.

The great conservative insight is that order is really hard to achieve.

Značajan rezon konzervativaca je da je red teško postići.

Veoma je dragocen i lako ga je izgubiti.

It's precious, and it's really easy to lose.

So as Edmund Burke said, "The restraints on men,

Kao što je Edmund Burk rekao: "Ograničavanje ljudi,

as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among their rights."

kao i njihovih sloboda, bi trebalo da bude ubrojano u njihova prava."

To je rečeno nakon haosa Francuske revolucije.

This was after the chaos of the French Revolution.

Dakle, jednom kada uvidite

Once you see that liberals and conservatives

da i liberali i konzervativci mogu nečim da doprinesu,

both have something to contribute,

that they form a balance on change versus stability,

da formiraju balans po pitanju promene nasuprot stabilnosti -

then I think the way is open to step outside the moral Matrix.

stvoren je put kojim možemo da iskoračimo iz moralne matrice.

This is the great insight

To je značajan uvid koji su sve azijske religije stekle.

that all the Asian religions have attained.

Think about yin and yang.

Setite se Jina i Janga.

Yin and yang aren't enemies; they don't hate each other.

Jin i Jang nisu neprijatelji. Oni se ne mrze.

Yin and yang are both necessary, like night and day,

I Jin i Jang su neophodni, kao noć i dan,

for the functioning of the world.

da bi svet funkcionisao.

You find the same thing in Hinduism.

Isti princip postoji i u hinduizmu.

There are many high gods in Hinduism.

U hinduizmu postoji mnogo viših Božanstava.

Two of them are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.

Dva su Višnu - očuvalac, i Šiva - razarač.

This image, actually, is both of those gods

Zapravo, na ovoj slici oba dele jedno telo.

sharing the same body.

You have the markings of Vishnu on the left,

Oznake Višnua su na levoj strani,

so we could think of Vishnu as the conservative god.

a o Višnuu možemo da razmišljamo kao o konzervativnom Božanstvu.

You have the markings of Shiva on the right -- Shiva's the liberal god.

Oznake Šive su na desnoj strani,

Šive kao liberalnog Božanstva - i oni rade zajedno.

And they work together.

You find the same thing in Buddhism.

Isti koncept postoji i u budizmu.

These two stanzas contain, I think, the deepest insights

Ova dva stiha, čini mi se, sadrže najdublji uvid

u psihologiju morala, ikada postignut.

that have ever been attained into moral psychology.

From the Zen master Sēngcàn:

Izrekao ih je zen učitelj Sengcan:

"If you want the truth to stand clear before you, never be 'for' or 'against.'

"Ako želite da vam se istina jasno prikaže, nikada ne budite za ili protiv,

bitka između za i protiv je najgora bolest uma."

The struggle between 'for' and 'against' is the mind's worst disease."

Unfortunately, it's a disease that has been caught

Nažalost, to je bolest

od koje boluju mnogi svetski lideri.

by many of the world's leaders.

Ali, pre nego što se osetite superiorni u odnosu na Džordža Buša,

But before you feel superior to George Bush,

before you throw a stone, ask yourself:

pre nego što bacite kamen, zapitajte se: da li prihvatate ovo?

Do you accept this?

Do you accept stepping out of the battle of good and evil?

Da li prihvatate da iskoračite iz borbe dobra i zla?

Can you be not for or against anything?

Možete li da ne budete za ili protiv bilo čega?

So what's the point? What should you do?

U čemu je poenta? Šta biste trebali da radite?

Well, if you take the greatest insights

Ako razmatrate najveće uvide

from ancient Asian philosophies and religions

drevnih azijskih filozofija i religija,

and combine them with the latest research on moral psychology,

i uporedite ih sa najnovijim istraživanjima psihologije morala,

verujem da ćete doći do ovih zaključaka:

I think you come to these conclusions:

da su naši pravedni umovi dizajnirani evolucijom

that our righteous minds were designed by evolution

to unite us into teams,

tako da se ujedinimo u timove, protiv drugih timova,

to divide us against other teams

and then to blind us to the truth.

a da zatim budemo zaslepljeni i ne vidimo istinu.

So what should you do?

Stoga, šta bismo trebali da radimo? Govorim li vam da ne treba stremiti nečemu?

Am I telling you to not strive?

Am I telling you to embrace Sēngcàn and stop,

Govorim li vam da prigrlite Sengcana i stanete,

stop with the struggle of for and against?

prestanete borbu za i protiv?

No, absolutely not. I'm not saying that.

Ne, apsolutno ne. Ne govorim to.

This is an amazing group of people who are doing so much,

Ovo je zadivljujuća grupa ljudi koji rade toliko puno,

using so much of their talent,

koriste toliko svog talenta, genijalnosti, energije, novca,

their brilliance, their energy, their money,

to make the world a better place,

kako bi načinili svet boljim mestom,

to fight wrongs,

borili se protiv nepravdi, rešavali probleme.

to solve problems.

But as we learned from Samantha Power

Ali kao što smo naučili iz priče Samante Pauer

in her story about Sérgio Vieira de Mello,

o Serhiu Vieiri de Melju, ne možete samo uleteti

you can't just go charging in, saying, "You're wrong, and I'm right,"

govoreći: "Vi grešite, a ja sam u pravu."

because, as we just heard, everybody thinks they are right.

Zato što, kao što smo upravo čuli, svi misle da su u pravu.

A lot of the problems we have to solve

Rešavanje mnogih problema koje imamo

are problems that require us to change other people.

zahteva od nas da promenimo druge ljude.

And if you want to change other people,

A ako želite da promenite druge ljude, mnogo bolji način da to uradite

a much better way to do it is to first understand who we are --

je da prvo razumete ko smo mi - razumete psihologiju morala,

understand our moral psychology,

understand that we all think we're right --

razumete da svi mislimo da smo u pravu - a zatim iskoračite -

and then step out,

even if it's just for a moment, step out -- check in with Sēngcàn.

čak i na trenutak - prisetite se Sengcana.

Step out of the moral Matrix,

Iskoračite iz moralne matrice,

just try to see it as a struggle playing out,

pokušajte je sagledati kao odigravanje borbe

in which everybody thinks they're right, and even if you disagree with them,

u kojoj svako zaista misli da je u pravu,

i svako ima makar neki razlog - čak i ako se ne slažete sa njima -

everybody has some reasons for what they're doing.

svako ima neki razlog za ono što radi.

Step out.

Iskoračite.

And if you do that, that's the essential move to cultivate moral humility,

Ako uradite to, to je esencijalan potez kultivisanja moralne skromnosti,

to get yourself out of this self-righteousness,

odbacivanje osećanja samoispravnosti,

što je inače normalno ljudsko osećanje.

which is the normal human condition.

Setite se Dalaj Lame.

Think about the Dalai Lama.

Think about the enormous moral authority of the Dalai Lama.

Prisetite se ogromnog moralnog autoriteta Dalaj Lame -

It comes from his moral humility.

koji dolazi iz njegove moralne skromnosti.

So I think the point --

Stoga mislim da je poenta mog predavanja,

the point of my talk and, I think, the point of TED --

a mislim i poenta TED-a,

is that this is a group that is passionately engaged

da je ovo grupa strastveno angažovana

in the pursuit of changing the world for the better.

nastojanjem da promeni svet na bolje.

People here are passionately engaged

Ljudi ovde su strastveno angažovani

in trying to make the world a better place.

pokušavajući da svet načine boljim mestom.

But there is also a passionate commitment to the truth.

Ali postoji i strastvena posvećenost istini.

And so I think the answer is to use that passionate commitment to the truth

Stoga mislim da je odgovor u korišćenju te strastvene posvećenosti

za istinu, pokušavajući da je pretočimo u bolju budućnost za sve nas.

to try to turn it into a better future for us all.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)