Jonathan Haidt: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives

Prevoditelj: Hrvoje Simic Recezent: Marko Rakar

Suppose that two American friends are traveling together in Italy.

Zamislite dva Amerikanca koji putuju zajedno po Italiji.

They go to see Michelangelo's "David,"

Odu pogledati Michelangelovog Davida

and when they finally come face-to-face with the statue,

i kad konačno nađu licem u lice sa skulpturom

they both freeze dead in their tracks.

obojica se smrznu.

The first guy -- we'll call him Adam --

Prvi tip - zvat ćemo ga Adam -

is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form.

zatečen je ljepotom savršenog ljudskog oblika.

The second guy -- we'll call him Bill --

Drugi tip - zvat ćemo ga Bill -

is transfixed by embarrassment, at staring at the thing there in the center.

zatečen je sramotom gledanja u tu stvar u sredini.

So here's my question for you:

I sad vas pitam:

Which one of these two guys was more likely to have voted for George Bush,

za kojeg od ove dvojice je vjerojatnije da je glasao za Georga Busha

which for Al Gore?

a koji za Ala Gorea?

I don't need a show of hands,

Ne trebate dizati ruke

because we all have the same political stereotypes.

jer svi imamo iste političke stereotipe.

We all know that it's Bill.

Svi znamo da je to Bill.

And in this case, the stereotype corresponds to reality.

Ali u ovom slučaju, stereotip odgovara stvarnosti.

It really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives

Stvarno je činjenica da su liberali više na ljestvici

on a major personality trait called openness to experience.

osnovne crte ličnosti koja se zove "otvorenost".

People who are high in openness to experience

Ljudi koji su visoko na ljestvici otvorenosti

just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.

žude za novim, različitim, šarolikim; za svježim idejama, za putovanjima.

People low on it like things that are familiar,

Ljudi nisko na toj ljestvici traže poznato, sigurno i pouzdano.

that are safe and dependable.

Ako znate za ovu karakternu crtu

If you know about this trait,

you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior,

možete bolje razumijeti ljudsko ponašanje.

Možete shvatiti zašto su umjetnici drugačiji od računovođa.

like why artists are so different from accountants.

You can predict what kinds of books they like to read,

Čak možete predvidjeti kakve knjige vole čitati,

na kakva mjesta vole putovati

what kinds of places they like to travel to

i kakvu hranu vole jesti.

and what kinds of food they like to eat.

Kad shvatite ovu crtu, možete razumjeti

Once you understand this trait,

you can understand why anybody would eat at Applebee's,

kako svi vole jesti u Applebeesu, samo nitko koga vi znate.

but not anybody that you know.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

This trait also tells us a lot about politics.

Ova crta govori i o političkim uvjerenjima.

The main researcher of this trait, Robert McCrae,

Glavni istraživač ove crte ličnosti, Robert McCrae kaže:

says that "Open individuals have an affinity

"Otvoreni pojedinci imaju sklonost liberalnim, naprednim, ljevičarskim pogledima"

for liberal, progressive, left-wing political views ..."

They like a society which is open and changing,

- vole društvo koje je otvoreno i mijenja se -

"dok su zatvoreni pojedinci skloniji konzervativnim, tradicionalnim, desničarskim stavovima."

"... whereas closed individuals prefer

conservative, traditional, right-wing views."

This trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join.

Ova crta nam puno govori i o grupama u koje se ljudi učlanjuju.

Here's the description of a group I found on the web.

Evo opisa jedne grupe kojeg sam pronašao na Webu.

What kinds of people would join

Kakvi ljudi bi se pridružili globalnoj zajednici

"a global community ... welcoming people from every discipline and culture,

koja poziva ljude iz svih disciplina i kultura,

koji traže dublje razumijevanje svijeta

who seek a deeper understanding of the world,

i nastoje to pretočiti u bolju budućnost za sve nas?

and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all"?

Ovo je od nekog tipa koji se zove Ted.

This is from some guy named Ted.

(Smijeh)

Well, let's see now.

Pa da vidimo. Ako otvorenost predviđa tko postaje liberal

If openness predicts who becomes liberal,

and openness predicts who becomes a TEDster,

i ako otvorenost predviđa tko postaje TEDovac,

then might we predict that most TEDsters are liberal?

možemo li predvidjeti kako je većina TEDovaca liberalna?

Let's find out.

Ajmo vidjeti.

Zamolio bih vas da podignete ruke ako ste liberal, lijevo od centra

I'll ask you to raise your hand, whether you are liberal, left of center --

on social issues, primarily --

- pričamo uglavnom o društvenim temama -

or conservative.

odnosno ako ste konzervativni, a ponudit ću i treću mogućnost

And I'll give a third option,

because I know there are libertarians in the audience.

jer znam da ima i libertarijanaca u publici.

Dakle, molim da podignete ruke

So please raise your hand -- in the simulcast rooms too.

- dolje u sobi također -

neka svi vide tko je tu.

Let's let everybody see who's here.

Please raise your hand if you'd say that you're liberal or left of center.

Molim da podignete ruku ako bi za sebe rekli da ste liberal ili lijevo od centra.

Podignite svoju desnu ruku sad. Dobro.

Please raise your hand high right now. OK.

Please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian.

Molim da podignete ruku ako bi za sebe rekli da ste libertarijanac.

OK. About two dozen.

Otprilike dvadesetak.

And please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative.

I molim da podignete ruku ako bi za sebe rekli da ste desno od centra ili konzervativni.

Jedan, dva, tri, četiri, pet - oko osam ili deset.

One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.

OK.

OK. Ovo je mali problem.

This is a bit of a problem.

Jer ako težimo razumjeti svijet,

Because if our goal is to seek a deeper understanding of the world,

steći dublje razumijevanje svijeta,

our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder.

ovaj nedostatak moralne raznolikosti će nam to otežati.

Because when people all share values, when people all share morals,

Jer kad ljudi dijele vrijednosti, kad su im moralne vrijednosti iste,

they become a team.

oni postaju tim - a kad uključite psihologiju timova

And once you engage the psychology of teams,

it shuts down open-minded thinking.

to sprečava otvoreno razmišljanje.

When the liberal team loses,

Kad liberalni tim izgubi, kao što se dogodilo 2004.

[United States of Canada / Jesusland]

as it did in 2004, and as it almost did in 2000,

i kao što se skoro dogodilo 2000., tješimo se.

we comfort ourselves.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team.

Trudimo se shvatiti zašto je pola Amerike glasalo za drugi tim.

We think they must be blinded by religion

Mislimo kako su sigurno bili zaslijepljeni religijom, ili običnom glupošću.

[Post-election US map: America / Dumbf*ckistan]

or by simple stupidity.

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

(Laughter)

Ako mislite da pola Amerike glasa za republikance

So if you think that half of America votes Republican

because they are blinded in this way,

zato što su zaslijepljeni na ovaj način

then my message to you is that you're trapped in a moral Matrix,

ja vam kažem da ste zapeli u moralnu matricu,

in a particular moral Matrix.

jednu specifičnu moralnu matricu.

And by "the Matrix," I mean literally the Matrix, like the movie "The Matrix."

Kad kažem "matrica", mislim doslovno na matricu kao iz filma Matrix.

But I'm here today to give you a choice.

Ali danas sam tu da vam ponudim izbor.

You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions,

Možete uzeti plavu tabletu i zadržati vaše ugodne zablude,

ili možete uzeti crvenu tabletu,

or you can take the red pill,

learn some moral psychology

naučiti malo o moralnoj psihologiji i izaći iz moralne matrice.

and step outside the moral Matrix.

Now, because I know --

Sad, zato što znam -

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

I assume that answers my question.

OK, pretpostavljam da je to odgovor na moje pitanje.

I was going to ask which one you picked, but no need.

Htio sam vas pitati što ste odabrali, ali nema potrebe.

You're all high in openness to experience,

Vi ste svi visoko na ljestvici otvorenosti, a osim toga

and it looks like it might even taste good, and you're all epicures.

izgleda kao da bi mogla biti dobrog okusa, a vi ste svi gurmani.

Tako da uzimamo crvenu tabletu.

Anyway, let's go with the red pill, study some moral psychology

Proučimo malo moralnu psihologiju kako bi vidjeli kuda nas vodi.

and see where it takes us.

Počnimo od početka.

Let's start at the beginning: What is morality, where does it come from?

Što je moralnost i odakle dolazi?

The worst idea in all of psychology

Najgora ideja u psihologiji

is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

je ideja kako je um pri rođenju prazna ploča.

Developmental psychology has shown that kids come into the world

Razvojna psihologija je pokazala

da djeca dolaze u ovaj svijet znajući puno toga

already knowing so much about the physical and social worlds

o fizičkom i društvenom svijetu,

and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things

i programirani su tako da im je lako naučiti određene stvari

and hard to learn others.

a teško nauče neke druge.

The best definition of innateness I've seen,

Najbolja definicija urođenosti koju sam ikad vidio

which clarifies so many things for me,

- to mi je razjasnilo puno toga -

is from the brain scientist Gary Marcus.

dolazi od neuroznanstvenika Garyja Marcusa.

He says, "The initial organization of the brain

On kaže: "Početna organizacija mozga ne ovisi toliko o iskustvima.

does not depend that much on experience.

Nature provides a first draft, which experience then revises.

Priroda daje prvi nacrt, kojeg iskustvo kasnije revidira.

'Built-in' doesn't mean unmalleable;

'Urođeno' ne znači 'nemjenjivo',

it means organized in advance of experience."

nego 'organizirano prije sticanja iskustva'."

OK, so what's on the first draft of the moral mind?

Dobro, kakav je onda prvi nacrt moralnog uma?

To find out, my colleague Craig Joseph and I read through the literature

Kako bi to otkrili, moj kolega Craig Joseph i ja

čitali smo literaturu o antropologiji

on anthropology, on culture variation in morality

o kulturnoj raznolikosti u moralnosti

and also on evolutionary psychology,

i o evolucijskoj psihologiji, tražeći preklapanja.

looking for matches:

O kojim to stvarima ljudi pričaju u različitim disciplinama,

What sorts of things do people talk about across disciplines

that you find across cultures and even species?

i koje pronalazite u različitim kulturama, čak različitim vrstama?

Pronašli smo pet najboljih dodirnih točaka

We found five best matches, which we call the five foundations of morality.

koje zovemo pet temelja moralnosti.

The first one is harm/care.

Prvi je šteta-brižnost.

We're all mammals here, we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming

Svi smo mi sisavci, svi imamo puno neuralnih i hormonalnih programa

that makes us really bond with others, care for others,

zbog kojih se vežemo uz druge, brinemo za druge,

feel compassion for others, especially the weak and vulnerable.

suosjećamo se s njima, naročito ako su slabi i ranjivi.

It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm.

Zbog toga osjećamo ljutnju prema onima koji žele nauditi drugima.

Ovaj moralni temelj je podloga otprilike 70%

This moral foundation underlies about 70 percent

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

moralnih izjava koje sam čuo na TED-u.

The second foundation is fairness/reciprocity.

Drugi temelj je poštenje-reciprocitet.

There's actually ambiguous evidence

Postoje proturječni dokazi

as to whether you find reciprocity in other animals,

o tome da li postoji reciprocitet među drugim životinjama,

but the evidence for people could not be clearer.

ali među ljudima dokazi su vrlo uvjerljivi.

This Norman Rockwell painting is called "The Golden Rule" --

Ova slika Normana Rockwella se zove "Zlatno pravilo"

i čuli smo o ovome od Karen Armstrong

as we heard from Karen Armstrong, it's the foundation of many religions.

kako je temelj mnogih religija.

That second foundation underlies the other 30 percent

Taj drugi temelj nosi preostalih 30%

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

moralnih izjava koje sam čuo ovdje na TED-u.

The third foundation is in-group/loyalty.

Treći temelj je odanost grupi.

You do find cooperative groups in the animal kingdom,

Grupe možete naći u životinjskom carstvu

- možete pronaći surađivačke grupe -

but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings.

ali one su uvijek ili vrlo male ili su svi braća i sestre.

It's only among humans that you find very large groups of people

Samo među ljudima možete pronaći vrlo velike grupe

who are able to cooperate and join together into groups,

koje surađuju, ujedinjuju s drugim grupama

but in this case, groups that are united to fight other groups.

a u ovom slučaju, grupe koje su ujedinjene da se bore s drugim grupama.

This probably comes from our long history of tribal living, of tribal psychology.

Ovo je vjerojatno posljedica naše duge povijesti plemenskog života, plemenske psihologije

And this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable

I ova plemenska psihologija je toliko duboko ugodna

that even when we don't have tribes, we go ahead and make them,

da čak i kad nemamo plemena

mi ih sami stvorimo jer je to zabavno.

because it's fun.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Sports is to war as pornography is to sex.

Sport je za rat isto što je pornografija za seks.

We get to exercise some ancient drives.

Vježbamo neki pradavni nagon.

Četvrti temelj je autoritet-poštovanje.

The fourth foundation is authority/respect.

Here you see submissive gestures

Ovdje vidite geste pokornosti između dvaju jedinki vrlo srodnih vrsta

from two members of very closely related species.

ali autoritet kod ljudi nije tako snažno temeljen na moći i brutalnosti

But authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality

as it is in other primates.

kao što je kod drugih primata.

It's based on more voluntary deference and even elements of love, at times.

Više se temelji na dobrovoljnom poštovanju

ponekad čak s elementima ljubavi.

The fifth foundation is purity/sanctity.

Peti temelj je čistoća-svetost.

This painting is called "The Allegory Of Chastity,"

Ova slika se zove "Alegorija čednosti"

but purity is not just about suppressing female sexuality.

ali čistoća se ne svodi samo na potiskivanje ženske seksualnosti.

It's about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea

Ona se odnosi na bilo kakvu ideologiju ili ideju

that tells you that you can attain virtue by controlling what you do with your body

koja vam kaže da ćete postići čestitost

kontrolirajući što radite sa svojim tijelom,

kontrolirajući što stavljate u svoje tijelo.

and what you put into your body.

And while the political right may moralize sex much more,

I dok politička desnica možda puno više moralizira seks,

the political left is doing a lot of it with food.

politička ljevica stvarno puno naglašava hranu.

Food is becoming extremely moralized nowadays.

Hrana danas postaje iznimno moralizirana

A lot of it is ideas about purity,

i puno te moralizacije je u ideji čistoće,

about what you're willing to touch or put into your body.

o tome što ste spremni dodirnuti ili staviti u vaše tijelo.

I believe these are the five best candidates

Vjerujem kako su ovih pet stavki najbolji kandidati

for what's written on the first draft of the moral mind.

za ono što je napisano u prvom nacrtu moralnog uma.

I think this is what we come with, a preparedness to learn all these things.

Mislim da s ovim dolazimo,

barem pripremljeni da sve to naučimo.

But as my son Max grows up in a liberal college town,

Ali, kako moj sin Max odrasta u liberalnom, sveučilišnom gradu

how is this first draft going to get revised?

kako će se ovaj prvi nacrt revidirati?

And how will it end up being different

I kako će na kraju postati drugačiji

from a kid born 60 miles south of us, in Lynchburg, Virginia?

od djeteta rođenog 100 kilometara južnije, u Virginiji?

To think about culture variation, let's try a different metaphor.

Razmišljajući o kulturnoj varijaciji, pokušajmo s drugačijom metaforom.

Ako stvarno postoji pet sustava koji djeluju u mozgu

If there really are five systems at work in the mind,

five sources of intuitions and emotions,

- pet izvora intuicije i emocija -

then we can think of the moral mind as one of those audio equalizers

možemo li smatrati moralni um

kao nekakvo pojačalo zvuka s pet kanala

that has five channels,

where you can set it to a different setting on every channel.

na kojem možete podesiti posebno svaki kanal?

Moje kolege: Brian Nosek, Jesse Graham i ja,

My colleagues Brian Nosek and Jesse Graham and I

napravili smo upitnik koji je objavljen na www.YourMorals.org.

made a questionnaire, which we put up on the web at www.YourMorals.org.

Dosad ga je popunilo 30 000 ljudi, možete i vi.

And so far, 30,000 people have taken this questionnaire, and you can, too.

Here are the results from about 23,000 American citizens.

I evo rezultata.

Ovo su rezultati od otprilike 23 000 američkih građana.

On the left are the scores for liberals;

Na lijevoj strani sam nacrtao rezultate za liberale,

on the right, conservatives; in the middle, moderates.

na desnoj za konzervativce, u sredini su umjereni.

The blue line shows people's responses on the average of all the harm questions.

Plava crta pokazuje odgovore

u prosjeku za sva pitanja o brižnosti.

So as you see, people care about harm and care issues.

Vidite kako je ljudima stalo po pitanju oštećenja i brižnosti.

They highly endorse these sorts of statements all across the board,

Svi jako podržavaju ovu vrstu izjava

ali možete također vidjeti

but as you also see,

liberals care about it a little more than conservatives; the line slopes down.

kako je liberalima malo više stalo nego konzervativcima, crta se spušta.

Ista priča je s pravednošću.

Same story for fairness.

But look at the other three lines.

Ali pogledajte preostale tri linije,

For liberals, the scores are very low.

za liberale ljestvica je vrlo nisko.

They're basically saying, "This is not morality.

Liberali u načelu govore: "Ovo nije moral."

In-group, authority, purity -- this has nothing to do with morality. I reject it."

"Autoritet u grupi, čistoća - te stvari nemaju veze s moralom."

Ali, kako ljudi postaju konzervativniji, vrijednosti rastu.

But as people get more conservative, the values rise.

Mogli bi reći kako liberali imaju neku vrstu dvokanalne,

We can say liberals have a two-channel or two-foundation morality.

dvo-temeljne moralnosti.

Conservatives have more of a five-foundation,

Konzervativci imaju više pet-temeljnu,

moralnost s pet kanala.

or five-channel morality.

We find this in every country we look at.

To vidimo u svim zemljama.

Evo podataka o 1100 Kanađana.

Here's the data for 1,100 Canadians. I'll flip through a few other slides.

Proći ću preko par slajdova:

The UK, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Eastern Europe,

Velika Britanija, Australija, Novi Zeland, Zapadna Europa, Istočna Europa,

Latin America, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.

Latinska Amerika, Bliski Istok, Istočna Azija i Južna Azija.

Notice also that on all of these graphs,

Primijetite kako je kod svih ovih grupa

the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity,

pad strmiji na odanosti, autoritetu, čistoći.

which shows that, within any country,

Što nam govori da u svakoj zemlji

the disagreement isn't over harm and fairness.

neslaganje nije o brižnosti i poštenju.

I mean, we debate over what's fair,

Svi, kad raspravljamo o tome što je ispravno,

but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter.

svi se slažu kako su brižnost i poštenje važni.

Moral arguments within cultures

Moralna razilaženja unutar kultura

are especially about issues of in-group, authority, purity.

uglavnom se tiču odanosti grupi, poštivanju autoriteta i čistoći.

This effect is so robust, we find it no matter how we ask the question.

Ovaj učinak je toliko robusan da ga nalazimo bez obzira kako postavimo pitanje.

In a recent study, we asked people,

U jednoj nedavnoj studiji

suppose you're about to get a dog,

pitali smo ljude da zamisle kako će dobiti psa.

you picked a particular breed, learned about the breed.

Odabrali ste neku pasminu,

i saznali ste novu informaciju o toj pasmini.

Suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent-minded

Zamislimo da ste saznali kako ova je pasmina samosvojna,

and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal.

i smatra svog vlasnika prijateljem i jednakim sebi?

If you're a liberal, you say, "That's great!"

Ako ste liberal, rekli bi ste: "Hej, to je super!"

because liberals like to say, "Fetch! Please."

zato što liberali vole reći "Hvataj, molim!"

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But if you're a conservative, that's not so attractive.

Ali ako ste konzervativni, to vam se baš i ne sviđa.

If you're conservative and learn that a dog's extremely loyal

Ako ste konzervativni, i saznate kako je taj pas iznimno odan

to its home and family

svom domu i obitelji i neće se lako sprijateljiti sa strancima,

and doesn't warm up to strangers,

for conservatives, loyalty is good; dogs ought to be loyal.

za konzervativce odanost je dobra - psi bi trebali biti odani.

But to a liberal,

Ali za liberale to zvuči kao da se ovaj pas

it sounds like this dog is running for the Republican nomination.

natječe za republikansku nominaciju.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Mogli bi ste reći: Dobro,

You might say, OK, there are differences between liberals and conservatives,

to su razlike među liberalima i konzervativcima,

but what makes the three other foundations moral?

ali zašto bi ova tri druga temelja bila moralna?

Aren't they the foundations of xenophobia, authoritarianism and puritanism?

Zar to nisu tek temelji ksenofobije,

autoritarnosti i puritanizma?

What makes them moral?

Što ih čini moralnima?

The answer, I think, is contained in this incredible triptych from Hieronymus Bosch,

Mislim da se odgovor nalazi u ovom nevjerojatnom triptihu Hieronymusa Boscha

"Vrt naslade".

"The Garden of Earthly Delights."

Na prvoj ploči vidimo trenutak stvaranja.

In the first panel, we see the moment of creation.

All is ordered, all is beautiful,

Sve je uređeno, sve je lijepo, svi ljudi i životinje

all the people and animals are doing what they're supposed to be doing,

rade što bi i trebali raditi, nalaze se tamo gdje bi i trebali biti.

are where they're supposed to be.

But then, given the way of the world, things change.

Ali tada, jer je svijet takav, stvari se promjene.

We get every person doing whatever he wants,

Svaka osoba počne raditi kako želi

with every aperture of every other person and every other animal.

sa svakim otvorom na svakoj osobi i životinji.

Some of you might recognize this as the '60s.

Neki od vas će prepoznati ovo kao 60-te.

(Laughter)

(smijeh)

Ali 60-te neminovno prelaze u 70-te,

But the '60s inevitably gives way to the '70s,

where the cuttings of the apertures hurt a little bit more.

gdje izrezivanje otvora malo više boli.

Of course, Bosch called this hell.

Naravno, Bosch je ovo nazvao Paklom.

So this triptych, these three panels,

Tako da ovaj triptih, ove tri ploče,

prikazuju svevremensku istinu da red teži propadanju.

portray the timeless truth that order tends to decay.

The truth of social entropy.

Istinu o društvenoj entropiji.

But lest you think this is just some part of the Christian imagination

Da ne biste pomislili da su ovo samo kršćani umislili

where Christians have this weird problem with pleasure,

jer kršćani imaju čudan problem s uživanjem,

evo iste priče, iste progresije,

here's the same story, the same progression,

told in a paper that was published in "Nature" a few years ago,

u članku koji je prije par godina objavljen u časopisu Nature,

in which Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter had people play a commons dilemma,

gdje su Ernst Fehr i Simon Gachter organizirali igru zajedničkog dobra.

a game in which you give people money,

U toj igri ljudima dajete novce

and then, on each round of the game,

i u svakoj rundi

they can put money into a common pot,

oni mogu staviti novac u zajedničku posudu

then the experimenter doubles what's there,

i tada eksperimentator udvostručuje iznos koji je tamo

and then it's all divided among the players.

i podjeli ga sa svim igračima.

So it's a nice analog for all sorts of environmental issues,

To je stvarno zgodna analogija s problemima okoliša

where we're asking people to make a sacrifice

u kojima tražimo od ljudi da se žrtvuju

and they don't really benefit from their own sacrifice.

iako sami nemaju neku korist od svoje žrtve.

You really want everybody else to sacrifice,

Tražite od svih da se žrtvuju

but everybody has a temptation to free ride.

ali svi su u iskušenju da se švercaju.

Ispočetka, ljudi poprilično surađuju

What happens is that, at first, people start off reasonably cooperative.

This is all played anonymously.

- svi igraju anonimno -

On the first round, people give about half of the money that they can.

u prvoj rundi, ljudi daju otprilike polovicu novca.

But they quickly see other people aren't doing so much.

Ali brzo uvide kako drugi nisu baš tako darežljivi.

"I don't want to be a sucker. I won't cooperate."

"Neću biti naivčina i davati."

So cooperation quickly decays

I tako suradnja brzo propada od relativno dobre pa sve do skoro nikakve.

from reasonably good down to close to zero.

But then -- and here's the trick --

Ali onda - i u ovom je trik -

Fehr and Gächter, on the seventh round, told people,

Fehr i Gachter u sedmoj rundi kažu ljudima:

"Znate šta? Novo pravilo.

"You know what? New rule.

If you want to give some of your own money

Možete dati dio svog novca

to punish people who aren't contributing,

kako bi kaznili ljude koji ne pridonose."

you can do that."

And as soon as people heard about the punishment issue going on,

I čim se pročulo kako se uvela kazna,

cooperation shoots up.

suradnja naglo poraste.

It shoots up and it keeps going up.

Poveća se i nastavi rasti.

Lots of research shows that to solve cooperative problems, it really helps.

Istraživanja pokazuju da to pomaže poboljšati surađivanje.

It's not enough to appeal to people's good motives.

Nije dovoljno samo se pozivati na dobrotu,

It helps to have some sort of punishment.

stvarno pomaže imati neku vrstu kazne.

Even if it's just shame or embarrassment or gossip,

Čak i kad je to samo sram, neugoda ili trač,

trebate kaznu da biste pridobili ljude na suradnju

you need some sort of punishment

to bring people, when they're in large groups, to cooperate.

kad se nalaze u velikim grupama.

There's even some recent research suggesting that religion --

Postoje čak i nedavna istraživanja koja sugeriraju kako religija

priming God, making people think about God --

- razmišljanje o Bogu -

often, in some situations, leads to more cooperative, more pro-social behavior.

u nekim situacijama vodi do više surađivanja, pro-društvenog ponašanja.

Some people think that religion is an adaptation

Neki ljudi misle da je religija adaptacija

evolved both by cultural and biological evolution

razvijena kroz kulturnu i biološku evoluciju

to make groups to cohere,

kako bi bolje vezali grupe

in part for the purpose of trusting each other

radi pojačanja međusobnog povjerenja

and being more effective at competing with other groups.

i stoga u prednosti pred drugim grupama.

That's probably right, although this is a controversial issue.

Vjerojatno su u pravu

iako je to kontroverzno pitanje.

But I'm particularly interested in religion and the origin of religion

Ja sam posebno zainteresiran za religiju,

nastanak religije, i kako ona utječe na nas.

and in what it does to us and for us,

Jer ne mislim da je Grand Canyon najveće svjetsko čudo.

because I think the greatest wonder in the world is not the Grand Canyon.

The Grand Canyon is really simple --

Grand Canyon je vrlo jednostavan.

a lot of rock and a lot of water and wind and a lot of time,

To je samo puno kamenja, puno vode i vjetra i puno vremena,

and you get the Grand Canyon.

i dobijete Grand Canyon.

It's not that complicated.

Nije baš složeno.

This is what's complicated:

Ali ono što jest složeno

that people lived in places like the Grand Canyon, cooperating with each other,

je da su ljudi živjeli na mjestima kao što je Grand Canyon,

međusobno surađivali, i na savanama Afrike

or on the savannahs of Africa or the frozen shores of Alaska.

ili na smrznutim obalama Aljaske, i onda su neka od tih sela

And some of these villages grew into the mighty cities of Babylon

izrasla u velebne gradove Babilon, Rim, Tenochtitlan.

and Rome and Tenochtitlan.

How did this happen?

Kako se to dogodilo?

It's an absolute miracle, much harder to explain than the Grand Canyon.

To je čisto čudo, teže za objasniti od Grand Canyona.

The answer, I think, is that they used every tool in the toolbox.

Mislim da je odgovor kako su koristili sve raspoložive alatke.

Bila je potrebna sva naša moralna psihologija

It took all of our moral psychology to create these cooperative groups.

kako bi stvorili ovakve suradničke grupe.

Yes, you need to be concerned about harm, you need a psychology of justice.

Da, treba vam biti stalo do brižnosti,

trebate psihologiju pravde.

But it helps to organize a group if you have subgroups,

Ali za organizaciju stvarno pomaže da imate podgrupe,

and if those subgroups have some internal structure,

i da te podgrupe imaju unutrašnji ustroj,

and if you have some ideology that tells people

da imate ideologiju koja ljudima govori

to suppress their carnality -- to pursue higher, nobler ends.

da potisnu svoju putenost, da teže višim, plemenitijim ciljevima.

I tako stižemo do srži neslaganja

Now we get to the crux of the disagreement between liberals and conservatives:

među liberalima i konzervativcima.

liberals reject three of these foundations.

Jer liberali odbijaju tri ova temelja.

Oni kažu: "Slavimo različitost, umjesto pripadnosti istoj grupi."

They say, "Let's celebrate diversity, not common in-group membership,"

Kažu: "Osporavajmo autoritete."

and, "Let's question authority," and, "Keep your laws off my body."

I kažu: "Ne propisuj zakone o mom tijelu."

Liberals have very noble motives for doing this.

Liberali imaju vrlo plemenite motive za to.

Traditional authority and morality can be quite repressive and restrictive

Tradicionalni autoritet, tradicionalna moralnost mogu biti vrlo represivni

to those at the bottom, to women, to people who don't fit in.

i ograničavajući prema onima na dnu, prema ženama, ljudima koji se ne uklapaju.

Liberals speak for the weak and oppressed.

Zato liberali pričaju o slabima i ugnjetavanima.

They want change and justice, even at the risk of chaos.

Žele promjenu i pravdu, čak riskirajući kaos.

Na majici piše: "Prestani kukati, započni revoluciju."

This shirt says, "Stop bitching, start a revolution."

If you're high in openness to experience, revolution is good; it's change, it's fun.

Ako ste vrlo otvoreni, revolucija je dobra,

nešto novo, nešto uzbudljivo.

Conservatives, on the other hand, speak for institutions and traditions.

Konzervativci, s druge strane, govore o institucijama i tradiciji.

Traže red, čak i ako ga plaćaju oni s dna društva.

They want order, even at some cost, to those at the bottom.

The great conservative insight is that order is really hard to achieve.

Uvid koji konzervativci imaju je da je red teško postići.

Vrlo je dragocjen, i vrlo ga je lako izgubiti.

It's precious, and it's really easy to lose.

So as Edmund Burke said, "The restraints on men,

Kao što je Edmund Burke rekao: "Obuzdavanje ljudi,

as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among their rights."

jednako kao i sloboda, trebalo bi se smatrati njihovim pravom."

To je bilo nakon kaosa Francuske revolucije.

This was after the chaos of the French Revolution.

Jednom kad to uvidite

Once you see that liberals and conservatives

da i liberali i konzervativci mogu nešto pridonijeti,

both have something to contribute,

that they form a balance on change versus stability,

da oni stvaraju ravnotežu između promjene i stabilnosti,

then I think the way is open to step outside the moral Matrix.

mislim da možete izaći iz moralne matrice.

This is the great insight

Ovo je važan uvid koji su dostigle azijske religije.

that all the Asian religions have attained.

Think about yin and yang.

Uzmite jin i jang.

Yin and yang aren't enemies; they don't hate each other.

Jin i jang nisu neprijatelji. Jin i jang se ne mrze.

Yin and yang are both necessary, like night and day,

I jin i jang su neophodni, kao noć i dan,

for the functioning of the world.

kako bi svijet funkcionirao.

You find the same thing in Hinduism.

Istu stvar vidite u hinduizmu.

There are many high gods in Hinduism.

Postoji puno bogova u hinduizmu.

Two of them are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.

Dvojica su Višnu održavatelj i Šiva uništavatelj.

This image, actually, is both of those gods

Ova slika prikazuje obojicu kako dijele isto tijelo.

sharing the same body.

You have the markings of Vishnu on the left,

Imate značajke Višnua na lijevoj strani,

so we could think of Vishnu as the conservative god.

pa možemo misliti o Višnuu kao konzervativnom bogu.

You have the markings of Shiva on the right -- Shiva's the liberal god.

Značajke Šive su na desnoj strani,

Šiva je liberalni bog - i oni rade zajedno.

And they work together.

You find the same thing in Buddhism.

Istu stvar nalazimo u budizmu.

These two stanzas contain, I think, the deepest insights

Mislim da ova dva primjera sadržavaju najdublje uvide

koje smo ikad stekli u moralnoj psihologiji.

that have ever been attained into moral psychology.

From the Zen master Sēngcàn:

Od učitelja Zena Sengcana:

"If you want the truth to stand clear before you, never be 'for' or 'against.'

"Ako želiš da ti se otkrije istina, nikad ne budi za ili protiv,

borba između za i protiv je najgora pošast uma."

The struggle between 'for' and 'against' is the mind's worst disease."

Unfortunately, it's a disease that has been caught

Nažalost, ovo je pošast

koja je zahvatila mnoge svjetske vođe.

by many of the world's leaders.

Ali prije nego se osjetite superiornim Georgeu Bushu,

But before you feel superior to George Bush,

before you throw a stone, ask yourself:

prije nego što bacite kamen, pitajte se: Da li ja to prihvaćam?

Do you accept this?

Do you accept stepping out of the battle of good and evil?

Da li prihvaćate izlazak iz borbe između dobra i zla?

Can you be not for or against anything?

Možete li biti niti za niti protiv ičega?

So what's the point? What should you do?

U čemu je poanta? Što bi trebali učiniti?

Well, if you take the greatest insights

Ako uzmete najveće uvide

from ancient Asian philosophies and religions

drevnih azijskih filozofija i religija,

and combine them with the latest research on moral psychology,

i kombinirate ih s najnovijim istraživanjima o moralnoj psihologiji,

mislim da ćete doći do ovih zaključaka:

I think you come to these conclusions:

kako je naš moralni um stvorila evolucija

that our righteous minds were designed by evolution

to unite us into teams,

kako bi nas udružila u timove, odvojila od drugih timova

to divide us against other teams

and then to blind us to the truth.

i oslijepila za istinu.

So what should you do?

Pa što ćemo? Da li vam govorim da se ne trebate truditi?

Am I telling you to not strive?

Am I telling you to embrace Sēngcàn and stop,

Da li vam govorim da prihvatite Sengcana

stop with the struggle of for and against?

i prestanete s ovom borbom za i protiv?

No, absolutely not. I'm not saying that.

Svakako ne. Ne kažem to.

This is an amazing group of people who are doing so much,

Ovo je zadivljujuća grupa ljudi koja čini puno toga,

using so much of their talent,

koristeći puno svog talenta, genijalnosti, energije, novca,

their brilliance, their energy, their money,

to make the world a better place,

kako bi učinila svijet boljim mjestom

to fight wrongs,

boreći se protiv nepravdi, rješavajući probleme.

to solve problems.

But as we learned from Samantha Power

Ali, kako smo naučili od Samanthe Power u njenoj priči

in her story about Sérgio Vieira de Mello,

o Sergiu Vieiri de Mello, ne možete samo upasti i reći:

you can't just go charging in, saying, "You're wrong, and I'm right,"

"Vi ste u krivu, ja sam u pravu."

because, as we just heard, everybody thinks they are right.

Jer svatko misli da je on u pravu.

A lot of the problems we have to solve

Puno od problema koje trebamo riješiti

are problems that require us to change other people.

su problemi koji zahtijevaju da promijenimo druge ljude.

And if you want to change other people,

I ako želite promijeniti druge, bolji način je

a much better way to do it is to first understand who we are --

da prvo shvatimo kakvi smo - da shvatimo našu moralnu psihologiju,

understand our moral psychology,

understand that we all think we're right --

da shvatimo kako svi mislimo da smo u pravu - i onda izađemo,

and then step out,

even if it's just for a moment, step out -- check in with Sēngcàn.

makar samo na trenutak - sjetimo se Sengcana.

Step out of the moral Matrix,

Izađemo iz moralne matrice,

just try to see it as a struggle playing out,

pokušamo je sagledati kao borbu koja se odvija

in which everybody thinks they're right, and even if you disagree with them,

u kojoj svi misle da su u pravu,

i svatko ima neke razloge - čak i ako se ne slažete s njima -

everybody has some reasons for what they're doing.

svatko ima neke razloge zašto to rade.

Step out.

Izađite.

And if you do that, that's the essential move to cultivate moral humility,

I ako to učinite, to je osnovni korak prema kultiviranju moralne skromnosti,

to get yourself out of this self-righteousness,

odbacivanju moralne superiornosti,

koja je normalan ljudski osjećaj.

which is the normal human condition.

Uzmite Dalaj Lamu.

Think about the Dalai Lama.

Think about the enormous moral authority of the Dalai Lama.

Razmislite kako ima ogroman moralni autoritet

It comes from his moral humility.

koji izlazi iz njegove moralne skromnosti.

So I think the point --

Zato mislim da je poanta mog govora

the point of my talk and, I think, the point of TED --

- a mislim i poanta TEDa -

is that this is a group that is passionately engaged

kako je ovo grupa koja je strastveno angažirana

in the pursuit of changing the world for the better.

u težnji da promijeni svijet na bolje.

People here are passionately engaged

Ljudi ovdje su strastveno angažirani

in trying to make the world a better place.

da svijet postane bolje mjesto.

But there is also a passionate commitment to the truth.

Ali također postoji i strastvena posvećenost istini.

And so I think the answer is to use that passionate commitment to the truth

I stoga mislim da je odgovor iskoristiti ovu strastvenu posvećenost

istini kako bi je pokušali pretvoriti u bolju budućnost za sve nas.

to try to turn it into a better future for us all.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)