Jonathan Haidt: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives

706,468 views ใƒป 2008-09-18

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Moshe Hadad ืขืจื™ื›ื”: uriel schachter
00:18
Suppose that two American friends are traveling together in Italy.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”
ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช "ื“ื•ื“" ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืืœื ื’'ืœื•,
00:22
They go to see Michelangelo's "David,"
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคืกืœ
00:24
and when they finally come face-to-face with the statue,
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืงื•ืคืื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื.
00:26
they both freeze dead in their tracks.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ -- ื ืงืจื ืœื• ืื“ื --
00:28
The first guy -- we'll call him Adam --
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ืžืฉื•ืชืง ืžื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
00:30
is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form.
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00:33
The second guy -- we'll call him Bill --
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ -- ื ืงืจื ืœื• ื‘ื™ืœ --
00:35
is transfixed by embarrassment, at staring at the thing there in the center.
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ืžืฉื•ืชืง ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ื ื•ืขืฅ ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคืกืœ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
00:40
So here's my question for you:
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™ ืืœื™ื›ื:
00:42
Which one of these two guys was more likely to have voted for George Bush,
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ืžื™ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืคื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ,
ื•ืžื™ - ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ?
00:46
which for Al Gore?
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00:48
I don't need a show of hands,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืจืžืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
00:49
because we all have the same political stereotypes.
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
ื›ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื™ืœ,
00:52
We all know that it's Bill.
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00:54
And in this case, the stereotype corresponds to reality.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืค ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
00:57
It really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives
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ื–ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืจื ื™ื
01:01
on a major personality trait called openness to experience.
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ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืฉื "ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”".
01:04
People who are high in openness to experience
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืžืื“ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
01:06
just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.
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ืžืฉืชื•ืงืงื™ื ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืžื‘ื—ืจ, ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื.
01:10
People low on it like things that are familiar,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืืžื™ื ื™ื.
01:12
that are safe and dependable.
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01:16
If you know about this trait,
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ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
01:17
you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ืืžื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืจื•ืื™-ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
01:20
like why artists are so different from accountants.
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01:22
You can predict what kinds of books they like to read,
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ืœื ื‘ื ืื™ืœื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื,
01:25
what kinds of places they like to travel to
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ
01:27
and what kinds of food they like to eat.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื.
ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:29
Once you understand this trait,
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01:30
you can understand why anybody would eat at Applebee's,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืื›ืœ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื” ืขืžืžื™ืช -- ืœื ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
01:33
but not anybody that you know.
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01:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:40
This trait also tells us a lot about politics.
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ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:43
The main researcher of this trait, Robert McCrae,
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื™, ืื•ืžืจ,
01:45
says that "Open individuals have an affinity
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"ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืœื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช --
01:48
for liberal, progressive, left-wing political views ..."
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01:50
They like a society which is open and changing,
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"ื”ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” --
01:53
"... whereas closed individuals prefer
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"ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืžืจื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช".
01:55
conservative, traditional, right-wing views."
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01:57
This trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join.
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ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคื™ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
ืื– ื”ื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
02:01
Here's the description of a group I found on the web.
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02:03
What kinds of people would join
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœ"ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช,
02:05
"a global community ... welcoming people from every discipline and culture,
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"ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:09
who seek a deeper understanding of the world,
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"ื•ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ืืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื•?"
02:11
and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all"?
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ื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฉื TED.
02:14
This is from some guy named Ted.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:16
Well, let's see now.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื”: ืื ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื‘ืืช ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™,
02:17
If openness predicts who becomes liberal,
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02:20
and openness predicts who becomes a TEDster,
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ื•ืื ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื‘ืืช ืžื™ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘-TED
02:22
then might we predict that most TEDsters are liberal?
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ื”ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘-TED ื”ื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ?
02:25
Let's find out.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ืจืจ.
ืื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ ืื ืืชื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื - ืฉืžืืœื ื™ื -
02:27
I'll ask you to raise your hand, whether you are liberal, left of center --
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02:30
on social issues, primarily --
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
02:32
or conservative.
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ืื• ืฉืžืจื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช
02:33
And I'll give a third option,
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02:34
because I know there are libertarians in the audience.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื’ื ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ืจื™ืื ื™ื.
ืื– ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ --
02:37
So please raise your hand -- in the simulcast rooms too.
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ื’ื ืืชื, ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™.
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืจืื• ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ --
02:40
Let's let everybody see who's here.
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื, ืฉืžืืœื ื™ื.
02:41
Please raise your hand if you'd say that you're liberal or left of center.
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
02:45
Please raise your hand high right now. OK.
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02:47
Please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian.
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ื ื ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ ืื ืืชื ืœื™ื‘ืจื˜ืจื™ืื ื™ื (ื“ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช).
02:50
OK. About two dozen.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฉืจื™ื.
ื•ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืžืจื ื™ื.
02:53
And please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative.
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ืื—ื“, ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ืืจื‘ืขื”, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” -- ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื• ืขืฉืจื”.
02:57
One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.
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03:01
OK.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
03:03
This is a bit of a problem.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงืœื”.
ื›ื™ ืื ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:06
Because if our goal is to seek a deeper understanding of the world,
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ืœื—ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
03:09
our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder.
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ื”ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื™ืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื ื•,
03:13
Because when people all share values, when people all share morals,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื, ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช,
03:17
they become a team.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
03:18
And once you engage the psychology of teams,
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03:20
it shuts down open-minded thinking.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ืชื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืœืœ ืขืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช.
03:25
When the liberal team loses,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืžืคืกื™ื“ื”...
03:27
[United States of Canada / Jesusland]
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[ื‘ืื“ื•ื: ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง: ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉื•]
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:29
as it did in 2004, and as it almost did in 2000,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจื” ื‘-2004 ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืงืจื” ื‘-2000,
03:31
we comfort ourselves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื—ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
03:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:34
We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ืฆื™ ืžืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
03:38
We think they must be blinded by religion
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ืชืขื•ื•ืจื• ืข"ื™ ื”ื“ืช ืื• ืข"ื™ ืกืชื ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช.
03:41
[Post-election US map: America / Dumbf*ckistan]
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[ื‘ืืžืฆืข: ื˜ืžื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ]
03:44
or by simple stupidity.
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03:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:47
(Applause)
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03:50
(Laughter)
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03:56
So if you think that half of America votes Republican
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ืื– ืื ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ื
04:01
because they are blinded in this way,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืชืขื•ื•ืจื• ื›ืš,
ืื– ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื™ ืืœื™ื›ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื ื›ืœื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืš ืžื•ืกืจื™
04:04
then my message to you is that you're trapped in a moral Matrix,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืš ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
04:07
in a particular moral Matrix.
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04:08
And by "the Matrix," I mean literally the Matrix, like the movie "The Matrix."
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืžืจื™ "ืžื‘ื•ืš", ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืžื‘ื•ืš, ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ "ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก".
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืชื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
04:12
But I'm here today to give you a choice.
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04:14
You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื ื”ืืฉืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
ืื• ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”,
04:19
or you can take the red pill,
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04:20
learn some moral psychology
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ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™.
04:21
and step outside the moral Matrix.
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04:23
Now, because I know --
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข...
04:24
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
04:28
I assume that answers my question.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื™.
04:30
I was going to ask which one you picked, but no need.
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ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš.
ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘"ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช", ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ
04:32
You're all high in openness to experience,
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04:34
and it looks like it might even taste good, and you're all epicures.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื”ืจื™ ืื ื™ื ื™ ื˜ืขื.
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”.
04:38
Anyway, let's go with the red pill, study some moral psychology
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ื ืœืžื“ ืงืฆืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื•ื ืจืื” ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื•.
04:41
and see where it takes us.
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
04:42
Let's start at the beginning: What is morality, where does it come from?
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ืžื”ื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจื”?
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
04:45
The worst idea in all of psychology
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04:47
is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื— ื—ืœืง.
ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืืชื”
04:50
Developmental psychology has shown that kids come into the world
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ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ
04:53
already knowing so much about the physical and social worlds
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื”,
04:56
and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things
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05:00
and hard to learn others.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:01
The best definition of innateness I've seen,
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ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืžื•ึผืœึธื“ --
05:03
which clarifies so many things for me,
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื --
05:05
is from the brain scientist Gary Marcus.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ื’ืืจื™ ืžืจืงื•ืก
05:07
He says, "The initial organization of the brain
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ืฉืื•ืžืจ, "ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ.
05:09
does not depend that much on experience.
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05:11
Nature provides a first draft, which experience then revises.
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"ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกืคืง ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
05:15
'Built-in' doesn't mean unmalleable;
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"'ืžื•ื‘ื ื”' ืื™ื ื ื• 'ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘';
05:17
it means organized in advance of experience."
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"ืืœื 'ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ'."
ืื– ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™?
05:20
OK, so what's on the first draft of the moral mind?
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05:22
To find out, my colleague Craig Joseph and I read through the literature
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื•ืื ื™
ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
05:26
on anthropology, on culture variation in morality
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ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืกืจ
05:29
and also on evolutionary psychology,
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ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช.
05:30
looking for matches:
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ืžื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช,
05:32
What sorts of things do people talk about across disciplines
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื?
05:34
that you find across cultures and even species?
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื—ืžืฉ -- ืืช ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:37
We found five best matches, which we call the five foundations of morality.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื: "ื—ืžืฉืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ".
05:40
The first one is harm/care.
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื–ืง/ื“ืื’ื” ืœื–ื•ืœืช.
05:42
We're all mammals here, we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™
ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ ืœื–ื•ืœืช, ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœื–ื•ืœืช,
05:46
that makes us really bond with others, care for others,
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05:48
feel compassion for others, especially the weak and vulnerable.
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ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ืžืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื.
ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื• ืจื’ืฉ ืขื– ืžืื•ื“ ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ ืฉืžื–ื™ืง.
05:51
It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm.
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื›-70 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
05:55
This moral foundation underlies about 70 percent
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ืžื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘-TED.
05:57
of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.
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05:59
The second foundation is fairness/reciprocity.
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช/ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืคืœื•ืช
06:02
There's actually ambiguous evidence
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06:04
as to whether you find reciprocity in other animals,
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ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
06:06
but the evidence for people could not be clearer.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืžืฉ.
06:08
This Norman Rockwell painting is called "The Golden Rule" --
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ืจื•ืงื•ื•ืœ ื ืงืจื "ื—ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”ื‘",
ื•ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืžืงืจืŸ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
06:11
as we heard from Karen Armstrong, it's the foundation of many religions.
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ืฉืชื™ืืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
06:15
That second foundation underlies the other 30 percent
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืฉืืจ 30 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
06:17
of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.
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ืžื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ื‘-TED.
06:19
The third foundation is in-group/loyalty.
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช/ื ืืžื ื•ืช.
06:21
You do find cooperative groups in the animal kingdom,
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ืื ื• ืืžื ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช --
ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืžื ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช --
06:24
but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
06:28
It's only among humans that you find very large groups of people
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ืจืง ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืฅ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช --
06:31
who are able to cooperate and join together into groups,
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06:34
but in this case, groups that are united to fight other groups.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืืœื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืžืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
06:37
This probably comes from our long history of tribal living, of tribal psychology.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื˜ื™, ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช
06:41
And this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable
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ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืžืขื ื’ืช,
06:44
that even when we don't have tribes, we go ahead and make them,
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื,
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ.
06:47
because it's fun.
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06:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:52
Sports is to war as pornography is to sex.
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ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžื™ืŸ.
06:55
We get to exercise some ancient drives.
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ืื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืžืžืฉ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืกืžื›ื•ืช/ื›ื‘ื•ื“.
06:59
The fourth foundation is authority/respect.
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืขื” ืืฆืœ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
07:01
Here you see submissive gestures
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07:02
from two members of very closely related species.
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ืืš ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื•ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช,
07:05
But authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality
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07:08
as it is in other primates.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืฆืœ ืคืจื™ืžืื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
07:10
It's based on more voluntary deference and even elements of love, at times.
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ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ,
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื.
07:14
The fifth foundation is purity/sanctity.
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื”ืจ/ืงื“ื•ืฉื”.
07:16
This painting is called "The Allegory Of Chastity,"
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ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื–ืจื•ืช"
07:19
but purity is not just about suppressing female sexuality.
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ืืš ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”.
ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
07:22
It's about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea
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ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ
07:25
that tells you that you can attain virtue by controlling what you do with your body
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ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
07:29
and what you put into your body.
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07:30
And while the political right may moralize sex much more,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื•ื”ืจ ืžื™ื ื™,
ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœ.
07:34
the political left is doing a lot of it with food.
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07:36
Food is becoming extremely moralized nowadays.
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”,
07:38
A lot of it is ideas about purity,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื”ืจ,
ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื• ืื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื’ื•ืฃ.
07:40
about what you're willing to touch or put into your body.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:43
I believe these are the five best candidates
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07:45
for what's written on the first draft of the moral mind.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืฆืจื•ื‘ ื›ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™.
ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื–ื”, ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื”.
07:48
I think this is what we come with, a preparedness to learn all these things.
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07:52
But as my son Max grows up in a liberal college town,
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ืื•ืœื ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™, ืžืงืก, ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืจืช ืงื•ืœื’' ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช
07:55
how is this first draft going to get revised?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืชืคืชื— ืืฆืœื• ื”ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•?
ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”
07:58
And how will it end up being different
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07:59
from a kid born 60 miles south of us, in Lynchburg, Virginia?
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ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ืขืจ ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ืžืื” ืง"ืž ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
ื‘ืœื™ื ืฆ'ื‘ืจื’ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื”?
08:02
To think about culture variation, let's try a different metaphor.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช.
ืื ื‘ืืžืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช --
08:06
If there really are five systems at work in the mind,
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08:08
five sources of intuitions and emotions,
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช --
08:10
then we can think of the moral mind as one of those audio equalizers
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™
ื›ืขืœ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืชื“ืจื™ื
08:13
that has five channels,
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08:14
where you can set it to a different setting on every channel.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื ื•ืกืง ื•ื’'ืก ื’ืจืื, ื•ืื ื•ื›ื™,
08:17
My colleagues Brian Nosek and Jesse Graham and I
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืฉืช ื‘ืืชืจ www.YourMorals.org
08:20
made a questionnaire, which we put up on the web at www.YourMorals.org.
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ื”, 30,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื’ื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
08:25
And so far, 30,000 people have taken this questionnaire, and you can, too.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
08:29
Here are the results from about 23,000 American citizens.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื›-23,000 ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื.
08:33
On the left are the scores for liberals;
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื,
08:35
on the right, conservatives; in the middle, moderates.
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข - ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื ื™ื.
08:37
The blue line shows people's responses on the average of all the harm questions.
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ื”ืงื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืจืื” ืืช ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ "ื ื–ืง"
08:41
So as you see, people care about harm and care issues.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื›ืคืช ืžื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื–ืง ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืœื–ื•ืœืช.
08:44
They highly endorse these sorts of statements all across the board,
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ื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื’ื ืจื•ืื™ื,
08:47
but as you also see,
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08:48
liberals care about it a little more than conservatives; the line slopes down.
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ืœืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืื›ืคืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืฉืžืจื ื™ื -- ื”ืงื• ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข
ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘"ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช".
08:52
Same story for fairness.
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08:53
But look at the other three lines.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื,
08:55
For liberals, the scores are very low.
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ืืฆืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช.
ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืœื, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืกืจ.
08:57
They're basically saying, "This is not morality.
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08:59
In-group, authority, purity -- this has nothing to do with morality. I reject it."
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"ืœ'ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช', 'ืกืžื›ื•ืช', 'ื˜ื•ื”ืจ' ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืกืจ. ืื ื™ ื“ื•ื—ื” ืื•ืชื."
ืืš ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื.
09:03
But as people get more conservative, the values rise.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจืš ื“ื•-ืขืจื•ืฆื™,
09:05
We can say liberals have a two-channel or two-foundation morality.
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ืื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœืช-ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
09:08
Conservatives have more of a five-foundation,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืฉืช-ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื.
09:11
or five-channel morality.
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09:12
We find this in every country we look at.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื•.
ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ 1,100 ืงื ื“ื™ื.
09:14
Here's the data for 1,100 Canadians. I'll flip through a few other slides.
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ืื ื™ ืืจืคืจืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช.
ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“, ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
09:17
The UK, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Eastern Europe,
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ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื”.
09:20
Latin America, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.
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09:24
Notice also that on all of these graphs,
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื’ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืชืœื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘"ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช", "ืกืžื›ื•ืช" ื•"ื˜ื•ื”ืจ".
09:26
the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ,
09:29
which shows that, within any country,
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09:31
the disagreement isn't over harm and fairness.
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ "ื ื–ืง" ื•"ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช".
09:33
I mean, we debate over what's fair,
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ื›ื•ืœื -- ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื• ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืžื” ื–ื” "ื”ื•ื’ืŸ" --
09:35
but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื–ืง ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช.
ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช
09:39
Moral arguments within cultures
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ื ืกื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช, ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื”ืจ.
09:41
are especially about issues of in-group, authority, purity.
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09:44
This effect is so robust, we find it no matter how we ask the question.
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”.
09:47
In a recent study, we asked people,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
09:49
suppose you're about to get a dog,
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ืฉืืœื ื•: "ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘.
"ื‘ื—ืจืช ื’ื–ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
09:51
you picked a particular breed, learned about the breed.
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"ื•ืœืžื“ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข.
09:53
Suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent-minded
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"ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืœืžื“ืช ืฉื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
09:56
and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal.
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"ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ื?"
ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื™ื™, ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ!"
09:59
If you're a liberal, you say, "That's great!"
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ื›ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืœืš ืชื‘ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”."
10:01
because liberals like to say, "Fetch! Please."
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:03
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉืžืจืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืฉืš.
10:08
But if you're a conservative, that's not so attractive.
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ืื ืืชื” ืฉืžืจืŸ, ื•ืœืžื“ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœื‘ ื ืืžืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•,
10:11
If you're conservative and learn that a dog's extremely loyal
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10:14
to its home and family
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ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืžื”ืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ื ืœื–ืจื™ื,
10:15
and doesn't warm up to strangers,
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10:16
for conservatives, loyalty is good; dogs ought to be loyal.
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ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืืžื ื•ืช ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ -- ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื™ื.
10:19
But to a liberal,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืจืฅ ืœืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ืช.
10:20
it sounds like this dog is running for the Republican nomination.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:23
(Laughter)
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืชืืžืจื•, ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
10:25
You might say, OK, there are differences between liberals and conservatives,
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ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืฉืžืจื ื™ื™ื,
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื?
10:28
but what makes the three other foundations moral?
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10:30
Aren't they the foundations of xenophobia, authoritarianism and puritanism?
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ื”ืื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื–ืจื™ื", "ืกืžื›ื•ืชื ื•ืช" ื•"ื˜ื”ืจื ื•ืช"?
ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืœืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื?
10:34
What makes them moral?
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10:35
The answer, I think, is contained in this incredible triptych from Hieronymus Bosch,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก ื‘ื•ืฉ,
"ื’ืŸ ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื."
10:39
"The Garden of Earthly Delights."
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ื‘ืœื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืจื’ืข ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
10:41
In the first panel, we see the moment of creation.
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10:43
All is ordered, all is beautiful,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ, ื”ื›ืœ ื™ืคื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช
10:45
all the people and animals are doing what they're supposed to be doing,
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื.
10:49
are where they're supposed to be.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
10:50
But then, given the way of the world, things change.
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10:53
We get every person doing whatever he wants,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืจื•ื—ื,
ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:55
with every aperture of every other person and every other animal.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60.
10:58
Some of you might recognize this as the '60s.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:00
(Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข, ืžืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70
11:02
But the '60s inevitably gives way to the '70s,
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11:05
where the cuttings of the apertures hurt a little bit more.
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ื•ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:08
Of course, Bosch called this hell.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืฉ ืงืจื ืœื–ื” "ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื".
ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
11:11
So this triptych, these three panels,
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11:15
portray the timeless truth that order tends to decay.
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ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืกื“ืจ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื“ืขื•ืš.
11:19
The truth of social entropy.
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ื”ืืžืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
11:21
But lest you think this is just some part of the Christian imagination
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ืืš ืืœ ืœื›ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืกืชื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™,
11:24
where Christians have this weird problem with pleasure,
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ื•ืฉืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืขื ืขื•ื ื’,
ื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช,
11:27
here's the same story, the same progression,
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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ื ื™ื™ืฆ'ืจ" ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
11:29
told in a paper that was published in "Nature" a few years ago,
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ืฉื‘ื• ืืจื ืกื˜ ืคื”ืจ ื•ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’ืื›ื˜ืจ ื ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืขืฉืข ื‘ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”,
11:32
in which Ernst Fehr and Simon Gรคchter had people play a commons dilemma,
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11:36
a game in which you give people money,
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืกืฃ,
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง,
11:38
and then, on each round of the game,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืจื•ื ื›ืกืฃ ืœืงื•ืคื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช,
11:40
they can put money into a common pot,
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11:42
then the experimenter doubles what's there,
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ื•ืื– ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉื‘ืงื•ืคื”,
ื•ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืžืชื—ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื.
11:44
and then it's all divided among the players.
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ื–ืืช ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช
11:46
So it's a nice analog for all sorts of environmental issues,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื•
11:49
where we're asking people to make a sacrifice
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืžื”ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
11:51
and they don't really benefit from their own sacrifice.
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11:53
You really want everybody else to sacrifice,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื™ืงืจื™ื‘,
11:55
but everybody has a temptation to free ride.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื ืžืชืคืชื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชืคื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื” --
11:58
What happens is that, at first, people start off reasonably cooperative.
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12:01
This is all played anonymously.
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ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื•ืœื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืœื•ื ืฉื --
12:03
On the first round, people give about half of the money that they can.
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ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืชื ื• ื›ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืชืช.
12:06
But they quickly see other people aren't doing so much.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•, "ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
12:09
"I don't want to be a sucker. I won't cooperate."
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ืคืจืื™ื™ืจ. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”."
12:11
So cooperation quickly decays
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ื•ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื“ื•ืขืš ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืž"ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžื“ื™", ืœ"ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœื•ื".
12:13
from reasonably good down to close to zero.
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12:15
But then -- and here's the trick --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– -- ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง --
ืคื”ืจ ื•ื’ืื›ื˜ืจ ืืžืจื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™,
12:17
Fehr and Gรคchter, on the seventh round, told people,
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"ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ.
12:20
"You know what? New rule.
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12:21
If you want to give some of your own money
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"ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื”, ืจืฉืื™ ืœืชืช ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืกืคื•
"ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืชื ื•."
12:23
to punish people who aren't contributing,
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12:26
you can do that."
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12:27
And as soon as people heard about the punishment issue going on,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ,
12:30
cooperation shoots up.
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ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื•ืกืง.
12:32
It shoots up and it keeps going up.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืกืง ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืœื•ืช.
12:33
Lots of research shows that to solve cooperative problems, it really helps.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
12:37
It's not enough to appeal to people's good motives.
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ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
12:39
It helps to have some sort of punishment.
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ืืช ืจืง ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ืื• ืจื›ื™ืœื•ืช,
12:41
Even if it's just shame or embarrassment or gossip,
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ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืขื•ื ืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื,
12:44
you need some sort of punishment
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12:45
to bring people, when they're in large groups, to cooperate.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืœืฉืชืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
12:48
There's even some recent research suggesting that religion --
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ื™ืฉื ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืช --
ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืœ, ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืœ --
12:51
priming God, making people think about God --
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12:53
often, in some situations, leads to more cooperative, more pro-social behavior.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื–ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคืจื•-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:58
Some people think that religion is an adaptation
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ื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชืืžื”
13:00
evolved both by cultural and biological evolution
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
13:03
to make groups to cohere,
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13:04
in part for the purpose of trusting each other
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”,
ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
13:07
and being more effective at competing with other groups.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
13:09
That's probably right, although this is a controversial issue.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
13:12
But I'm particularly interested in religion and the origin of religion
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืช,
ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืช ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื ื• ื•ืœืžืขื ื ื•.
13:16
and in what it does to us and for us,
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ื›ื™ ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืคืœื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
13:18
because I think the greatest wonder in the world is not the Grand Canyon.
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ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
13:21
The Grand Canyon is really simple --
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืœืขื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืจื•ื—, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืžืŸ,
13:23
a lot of rock and a lot of water and wind and a lot of time,
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13:26
and you get the Grand Canyon.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ืœื ื›ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
13:28
It's not that complicated.
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ื”ื ื” ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš:
13:29
This is what's complicated:
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13:30
that people lived in places like the Grand Canyon, cooperating with each other,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ,
ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืื• ืฉื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
13:34
or on the savannahs of Africa or the frozen shores of Alaska.
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ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœืกืงื”, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•
13:37
And some of these villages grew into the mighty cities of Babylon
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืขืจื™ ื”ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืจื•ืžื ื•ื˜ื ื•ืฆ'ื˜ื™ื˜ืœืืŸ (ื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืืฆ'ืงื™ืช)
13:40
and Rome and Tenochtitlan.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
13:42
How did this happen?
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ื–ื”ื• ื ืก ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืงืฉื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืžืืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื ื“ ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
13:43
It's an absolute miracle, much harder to explain than the Grand Canyon.
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13:46
The answer, I think, is that they used every tool in the toolbox.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืชื‘ืขื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:50
It took all of our moral psychology to create these cooperative groups.
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ื›ืŸ, ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื–ืง ืœื–ื•ืœืช,
13:53
Yes, you need to be concerned about harm, you need a psychology of justice.
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ื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง.
13:56
But it helps to organize a group if you have subgroups,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
13:59
and if those subgroups have some internal structure,
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ื•ื›ืฉืœืื•ืชืŸ ืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™,
ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
14:02
and if you have some ideology that tells people
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14:04
to suppress their carnality -- to pursue higher, nobler ends.
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ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืฃ ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืฆื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืื•ื™ื•ืช.
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืœื‘ ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืจื ื™ื.
14:09
Now we get to the crux of the disagreement between liberals and conservatives:
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14:12
liberals reject three of these foundations.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ืœื! ื”ื‘ื” ื ืคืืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช."
14:15
They say, "Let's celebrate diversity, not common in-group membership,"
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"ื”ื‘ื” ื ืคืงืคืง ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช"
14:18
and, "Let's question authority," and, "Keep your laws off my body."
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ื•ื’ื, "ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™."
14:21
Liberals have very noble motives for doing this.
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ืœืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื ืืฆืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช.
14:23
Traditional authority and morality can be quite repressive and restrictive
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ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื›ืื ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื›ืœืคื™ ื ืฉื™ื, ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื.
14:27
to those at the bottom, to women, to people who don't fit in.
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ืื– ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื.
14:30
Liberals speak for the weak and oppressed.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืฆื“ืง, ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืชื•ื”ื•.
14:32
They want change and justice, even at the risk of chaos.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘, "ื“ื™ ืœืงื˜ืจ, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืžื”ืคื›ื”."
14:35
This shirt says, "Stop bitching, start a revolution."
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ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘"ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”", ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
14:37
If you're high in openness to experience, revolution is good; it's change, it's fun.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ.
ืฉืžืจื ื™ื, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช.
14:41
Conservatives, on the other hand, speak for institutions and traditions.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืกื“ืจ, ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
14:45
They want order, even at some cost, to those at the bottom.
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14:47
The great conservative insight is that order is really hard to achieve.
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ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกื“ืจ.
ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจ ื•ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื•.
14:51
It's precious, and it's really easy to lose.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืง ืืžืจ, "ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื
14:53
So as Edmund Burke said, "The restraints on men,
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14:55
as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among their rights."
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"ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•."
ื–ื” ื ืืžืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื•ื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
14:59
This was after the chaos of the French Revolution.
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” --
15:01
Once you see that liberals and conservatives
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ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ื•ืœืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžื” ืœืชืจื•ื,
15:03
both have something to contribute,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช --
15:05
that they form a balance on change versus stability,
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15:08
then I think the way is open to step outside the moral Matrix.
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™.
15:11
This is the great insight
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ื–ืืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืืกื™ืืชื™ื•ืช.
15:13
that all the Asian religions have attained.
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15:16
Think about yin and yang.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื ื’.
15:17
Yin and yang aren't enemies; they don't hate each other.
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ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื ื’ ืื™ื ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื. ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื ื’ ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื.
ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื ื’ ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”,
15:20
Yin and yang are both necessary, like night and day,
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15:22
for the functioning of the world.
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ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
15:24
You find the same thing in Hinduism.
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื.
ื‘ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืื™ื–ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืœื™ื.
15:26
There are many high gods in Hinduism.
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ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื ื•ื™ืฉื ื•, ื”ืžืฉืžืจ, ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ื”, ื”ื”ื•ืจืก.
15:28
Two of them are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
15:31
This image, actually, is both of those gods
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15:33
sharing the same body.
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15:34
You have the markings of Vishnu on the left,
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ืžืฉืžืืœ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืฉื ื•,
15:36
so we could think of Vishnu as the conservative god.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™.
ื•ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื”,
15:39
You have the markings of Shiva on the right -- Shiva's the liberal god.
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ืฉื™ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ -- ื•ื”ื ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื”.
15:42
And they work together.
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15:43
You find the same thing in Buddhism.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื.
ืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
15:45
These two stanzas contain, I think, the deepest insights
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ืื™-ืคืขื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ.
15:48
that have ever been attained into moral psychology.
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15:50
From the Zen master Sฤ“ngcร n:
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ืื•ืžืจ ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื”ื–ืŸ ืกื ื’ ื˜ืกืืŸ:
15:52
"If you want the truth to stand clear before you, never be 'for' or 'against.'
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"ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืฉื”ืืžืช ืชืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš, ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื“ ืื• ื ื’ื“.
15:57
The struggle between 'for' and 'against' is the mind's worst disease."
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"ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ื‘ืขื“' ื•'ื ื’ื“' ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ."
16:00
Unfortunately, it's a disease that has been caught
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื–ืืช ืžื—ืœื” ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
16:03
by many of the world's leaders.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ,
16:05
But before you feel superior to George Bush,
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ื‘ื˜ืจื ืชืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืื‘ืŸ, ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื: ื”ืื ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ืš?
16:07
before you throw a stone, ask yourself:
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16:09
Do you accept this?
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16:11
Do you accept stepping out of the battle of good and evil?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ "ื˜ื•ื‘" ืœ"ืจืข"?
16:14
Can you be not for or against anything?
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื "ื‘ืขื“" ื•ืœื "ื ื’ื“"?
16:17
So what's the point? What should you do?
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ืื– ืžื”ื• ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœ? ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
16:20
Well, if you take the greatest insights
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ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื”
16:23
from ancient Asian philosophies and religions
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ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ,
16:25
and combine them with the latest research on moral psychology,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
16:28
I think you come to these conclusions:
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฆื“ืงื ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฆื‘ ืข"ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”
16:30
that our righteous minds were designed by evolution
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
16:33
to unite us into teams,
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16:35
to divide us against other teams
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16:36
and then to blind us to the truth.
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ื•ืœืขื•ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืืžืช.
16:39
So what should you do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืœื ืœื”ืชืืžืฅ?
16:41
Am I telling you to not strive?
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16:43
Am I telling you to embrace Sฤ“ngcร n and stop,
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื ื’ ื˜ืกืืŸ ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ,
16:46
stop with the struggle of for and against?
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ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื‘ืขื“" ื•"ื ื’ื“"?
ืœื, ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื. ืื™ื ื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช.
16:49
No, absolutely not. I'm not saying that.
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16:51
This is an amazing group of people who are doing so much,
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ื–ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ,
16:54
using so much of their talent,
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ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืฉืจื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ื›ืžื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื›ืกืฃ,
16:56
their brilliance, their energy, their money,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื --
16:58
to make the world a better place,
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16:59
to fight wrongs,
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ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื•ื•ืœ, ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
17:01
to solve problems.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืกืžื ืชื” ืคืื•ื•ืจ ื•ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื”
17:04
But as we learned from Samantha Power
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17:06
in her story about Sรฉrgio Vieira de Mello,
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ืขืœ ืกืจื’'ื™ื• ื•ื™ื™ืจื” ื“ื” ืžืื™ื•,
17:11
you can't just go charging in, saying, "You're wrong, and I'm right,"
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขื” ื•ืื ื™ ืฆื•ื“ืง."
17:15
because, as we just heard, everybody thinks they are right.
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ื›ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ืฉืžืขื ื•, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื“ืง.
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ
17:19
A lot of the problems we have to solve
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17:20
are problems that require us to change other people.
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
17:23
And if you want to change other people,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
17:25
a much better way to do it is to first understand who we are --
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ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•;
ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื ื•,
17:29
understand our moral psychology,
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17:30
understand that we all think we're right --
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ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื;
17:33
and then step out,
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ื•ืื– ืœืฆืืช ืžื–ื” --
17:34
even if it's just for a moment, step out -- check in with Sฤ“ngcร n.
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ื•ืœื• ืจืง ืœืจื’ืข, ืœืฆืืช ืžื–ื” -- ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืกื ื’ ื˜ืกืืŸ.
17:38
Step out of the moral Matrix,
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ืœืฆืืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื‘ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืกืจ,
17:40
just try to see it as a struggle playing out,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•
17:42
in which everybody thinks they're right, and even if you disagree with them,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื,
ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš -- ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื™ื ืš ืžืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื --
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
17:46
everybody has some reasons for what they're doing.
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17:48
Step out.
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ืฆืื• ืžื–ื”.
17:49
And if you do that, that's the essential move to cultivate moral humility,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคื— ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืฆื“ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
17:53
to get yourself out of this self-righteousness,
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17:55
which is the normal human condition.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืžื”.
17:57
Think about the Dalai Lama.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืžื”:
17:58
Think about the enormous moral authority of the Dalai Lama.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืขื ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
18:01
It comes from his moral humility.
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ืื– ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœ - ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™,
18:05
So I think the point --
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18:06
the point of my talk and, I think, the point of TED --
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœ TED,
18:10
is that this is a group that is passionately engaged
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืืช-ืœื”ื˜
18:13
in the pursuit of changing the world for the better.
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ืฉืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:15
People here are passionately engaged
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืœื”ื‘
18:17
in trying to make the world a better place.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:19
But there is also a passionate commitment to the truth.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื” ื’ื ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืœืืžืช.
18:23
And so I think the answer is to use that passionate commitment to the truth
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ื–ืืช ืœืืžืช
18:28
to try to turn it into a better future for us all.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
18:31
Thank you.
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:32
(Applause)
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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