Jonathan Haidt: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives

翻译人员: Coco Shen 校对人员: Zachary Lin Zhao

Suppose that two American friends are traveling together in Italy.

想象两个美国人到意大利旅游

They go to see Michelangelo's "David,"

一起去看米开朗基罗的名作“大卫”

and when they finally come face-to-face with the statue,

当他们和巨大石雕面对面时

they both freeze dead in their tracks.

两个人都望着出神

The first guy -- we'll call him Adam --

第一个人﹐我们就叫他亚当吧

is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form.

被完美的人体肌理震慑住了

The second guy -- we'll call him Bill --

第二个人 我们就叫他比尔吧

is transfixed by embarrassment, at staring at the thing there in the center.

也吓傻了 - 被那两腿间的玩意儿

So here's my question for you:

让我试问

Which one of these two guys was more likely to have voted for George Bush,

这两个男人谁比较有可能把票投给小布什

which for Al Gore?

谁投给了高尔﹖

I don't need a show of hands,

大家不用举手

because we all have the same political stereotypes.

因为我们都有一样的刻板印象

We all know that it's Bill.

我们都知道是比尔

And in this case, the stereotype corresponds to reality.

在这个例子里﹐刻板印象反映了事实

It really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives

事实上﹐自由党员的确比保守党员

on a major personality trait called openness to experience.

更容易接受新体验

People who are high in openness to experience

那些喜欢接受新体验的人

just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.

渴望新鲜 多样性 新想法 旅行

People low on it like things that are familiar,

较难接受新体验的人喜欢熟悉 安全 可靠的事物

that are safe and dependable.

如果你知道这些特性

If you know about this trait,

you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior,

你便能了解人类许多难解的行为

了解为什么艺术家和会计师如此不同

like why artists are so different from accountants.

You can predict what kinds of books they like to read,

你可以预测他们喜欢看的书

他们喜欢去的旅游点

what kinds of places they like to travel to

甚至他们的饮食偏好

and what kinds of food they like to eat.

只要你了解这个特性﹐你便能理解

Once you understand this trait,

you can understand why anybody would eat at Applebee's,

为什么这么多人喜欢去连锁餐厅吃饭 但你却一个都不认识

but not anybody that you know.

(Laughter)

(笑声)

This trait also tells us a lot about politics.

这个特性也让我们理解政治

The main researcher of this trait, Robert McCrae,

研究这个性格特质的研究者 Robert McCrae 说

says that "Open individuals have an affinity

“开放的人偏向自由 进步 左翼政治思想”

for liberal, progressive, left-wing political views ..."

They like a society which is open and changing,

他们喜欢一个开放 持续改变的社会

“封闭的人偏好保守 传统 右翼的观点。”

"... whereas closed individuals prefer

conservative, traditional, right-wing views."

This trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join.

这个特质也让我们了解人们所参与的社团组织

Here's the description of a group I found on the web.

这是我在网络上找到的一个组织简介

What kinds of people would join

怎样的人会参加一个全球性的社群

"a global community ... welcoming people from every discipline and culture,

欢迎来自各种文化和学科的人

那些想更深刻理解世界的人

who seek a deeper understanding of the world,

同时也是那些想以这些理解让世界变得更好的人

and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all"?

这是一个叫 TED 的男人写的

This is from some guy named Ted.

(笑声)

Well, let's see now.

那么﹐如果开放性格偏向自由派

If openness predicts who becomes liberal,

and openness predicts who becomes a TEDster,

同时也预知了你会成为 TED 一员

then might we predict that most TEDsters are liberal?

是否大部份的 TED 成员都是自由党呢﹖

Let's find out.

让我们试试

请你举起手﹐不管你是自由党﹐中间偏左

I'll ask you to raise your hand, whether you are liberal, left of center --

on social issues, primarily --

在我们所讨论的议题上

or conservative.

或是保守党﹐还有一个第三选项

And I'll give a third option,

because I know there are libertarians in the audience.

因为我知道观众中还有一些相信自由至上的放任自由主义者

现在﹐举起你的手来

So please raise your hand -- in the simulcast rooms too.

在联播台里的人也是

让每个人看看都是谁

Let's let everybody see who's here.

Please raise your hand if you'd say that you're liberal or left of center.

如果你是自由党或中间偏左﹐请举起手来

请把你的手举高﹐好

Please raise your hand high right now. OK.

Please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian.

请举手如果你是放任自由主义者

OK. About two dozen.

好 差不多有二十多人

And please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative.

如果你觉得你是中间偏右或保守党﹐请举手

1 2 3 4 5 - 大概8 到10人

One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.

OK.

好。这就是问题。

This is a bit of a problem.

如果我们的目标是了解世界

Because if our goal is to seek a deeper understanding of the world,

深刻的进一步了解世界

our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder.

但缺乏道德多样性让了解世界变得更难

Because when people all share values, when people all share morals,

因为当每个人都分享一样的价值观和道德观

they become a team.

便成为一个团队﹐一旦进入团队心理

And once you engage the psychology of teams,

it shuts down open-minded thinking.

原本开放的思想就会闭塞

When the liberal team loses,

当自由队在2004年败选

[United States of Canada / Jesusland]

as it did in 2004, and as it almost did in 2000,

就像在2000年一样﹐我们自我安慰

we comfort ourselves.

(Laughter)

(笑声)

We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team.

我们尝试自我解释为什么有一半美国人投给另外一队

We think they must be blinded by religion

我们想 他们一定是被宗教蒙蔽 或是纯粹愚蠢

[Post-election US map: America / Dumbf*ckistan]

or by simple stupidity.

(笑声)

(Laughter)

(Applause)

(掌声)

(Laughter)

如果你认为投给共和党的另一半美国人

So if you think that half of America votes Republican

because they are blinded in this way,

是因为他们被蒙蔽了

then my message to you is that you're trapped in a moral Matrix,

我想告诉你的是你被道德母体限制住了

in a particular moral Matrix.

某一种特别的道德母体

And by "the Matrix," I mean literally the Matrix, like the movie "The Matrix."

所谓的道德母体﹐就像“黑客任务”里面的大计算机一样

But I'm here today to give you a choice.

但今日我让你有个选择

You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions,

你可以选择蓝色药丸然后保持在舒适的幻觉中

或是选择红色药丸﹐

or you can take the red pill,

learn some moral psychology

了解道德心理学﹐跨越你的道德母体

and step outside the moral Matrix.

Now, because I know --

因为我知道 --

(Applause)

(掌声)

I assume that answers my question.

我想这已经回答了我的问题

I was going to ask which one you picked, but no need.

我本来想问你们要选哪一个﹐我想不需要了

You're all high in openness to experience,

你们都很爱接受新体验﹐更何况

and it looks like it might even taste good, and you're all epicures.

这看起来很可能很可口 能满足你们的美食主义

总而言之﹐让我们选择红色药丸

Anyway, let's go with the red pill, study some moral psychology

让我们学习一些道德心理学﹐看看我们能了解什么

and see where it takes us.

让我们从头开始

Let's start at the beginning: What is morality, where does it come from?

道德是什么﹖它从哪里来﹖

The worst idea in all of psychology

心理学中最糟的想法

is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

便是我们像一张白纸一样出生

Developmental psychology has shown that kids come into the world

发展心理学告诉我们

婴儿来到世界上时已经知道许多

already knowing so much about the physical and social worlds

有关世界和社会

and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things

让他们变得更易学习

and hard to learn others.

却很难向他人学习

The best definition of innateness I've seen,

有关这些与生俱来的天赋

which clarifies so many things for me,

有个人说的很好

is from the brain scientist Gary Marcus.

脑科学家 Gary Marcus

He says, "The initial organization of the brain

他说“脑的初始组织不是来自经验

does not depend that much on experience.

Nature provides a first draft, which experience then revises.

自然提供了第一个版本﹐经验只能修改

'Built-in' doesn't mean unmalleable;

先建不代表不可塑﹔

it means organized in advance of experience."

而是组织先于经验。”

OK, so what's on the first draft of the moral mind?

那么道德的第一个版本是什么﹖

To find out, my colleague Craig Joseph and I read through the literature

我和同事 Craig Joseph

阅读了许多人类学的文献

on anthropology, on culture variation in morality

有关不同文化的道德

and also on evolutionary psychology,

同时也在进化心理学里找相同处

looking for matches:

跨领域的人谈论的时候他们都谈论什么

What sorts of things do people talk about across disciplines

that you find across cultures and even species?

跨文化和跨物种的人又谈论什么﹖

我们总共找到五种

We found five best matches, which we call the five foundations of morality.

我们称它们为五种道德基础

The first one is harm/care.

第一种是伤害-照护

We're all mammals here, we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming

我们都是哺乳类﹐我们都有许多神经和荷尔蒙程序

that makes us really bond with others, care for others,

让我们与他人联结﹐关怀他人

feel compassion for others, especially the weak and vulnerable.

同情他人﹐尤其那些脆弱容易受伤的人

It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm.

让我们对那些造成伤害的人有强烈感觉

这个道德基础含括了我在TED所听到的

This moral foundation underlies about 70 percent

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

七成的道德陈述

The second foundation is fairness/reciprocity.

第二个道德基础是公平-相等

There's actually ambiguous evidence

有一些模糊的证据

as to whether you find reciprocity in other animals,

证明你是否能在其它动物身上找到相互性

but the evidence for people could not be clearer.

但在人类身上的例子却再清楚不过了

This Norman Rockwell painting is called "The Golden Rule" --

这幅 Norman Rockwell 的画叫做“金科玉律”

Karen Armstrong 也告诉我们

as we heard from Karen Armstrong, it's the foundation of many religions.

这是很多宗教的基础

That second foundation underlies the other 30 percent

第二哥道德基础含括了我在TED所听到的

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

另外三成的道德陈诉

The third foundation is in-group/loyalty.

第三个基础是团队忠诚

You do find cooperative groups in the animal kingdom,

你可以在动物里面找到群体

你可以找到合作团队

but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings.

但这些组织通常不是很小或是牠们都是兄弟姐妹

It's only among humans that you find very large groups of people

只有在人类的世界里你看到一大群人

who are able to cooperate and join together into groups,

彼此相处﹐一起合作

but in this case, groups that are united to fight other groups.

但在这例子里﹐团队合作是为了和其它团队斗争

This probably comes from our long history of tribal living, of tribal psychology.

这大概是来自我们长时间的部落生态﹐部落心理

And this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable

这种部落心态实在太愉快了

that even when we don't have tribes, we go ahead and make them,

就算我们已经不在部落里了

我们还是照样因为好玩

because it's fun.

(Laughter)

(笑声)

Sports is to war as pornography is to sex.

运动和战争就像A片和性的关系

We get to exercise some ancient drives.

我们借此发泄那些古老的欲望

第四种道德基础是权威-尊敬

The fourth foundation is authority/respect.

Here you see submissive gestures

从这里你可以看到两种非常接近的物种的服从姿态

from two members of very closely related species.

但人类的权威不是以权力和暴力为基础

But authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality

as it is in other primates.

像其它动物

It's based on more voluntary deference and even elements of love, at times.

而是以自愿的服从﹐

有时候甚至是爱的元素

The fifth foundation is purity/sanctity.

第五种基础是纯洁- 神圣

This painting is called "The Allegory Of Chastity,"

这幅画是“贞节的寓意”

but purity is not just about suppressing female sexuality.

但纯洁不只是压抑女性性欲

It's about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea

而是任何理想﹐任何想法

that tells you that you can attain virtue by controlling what you do with your body

告诉你只要控制你的身体

你便可以成善

只要控制进入你身体的东西

and what you put into your body.

And while the political right may moralize sex much more,

右翼喜欢谈论性方面的道德

the political left is doing a lot of it with food.

左翼喜欢用食物

Food is becoming extremely moralized nowadays.

今日食物变成一种道德指标

A lot of it is ideas about purity,

这些观点也来自纯洁

about what you're willing to touch or put into your body.

有关你愿意触摸和放进身体的东西

I believe these are the five best candidates

我相信这是五个最好的候选人

for what's written on the first draft of the moral mind.

在我们道德思想的初稿上

I think this is what we come with, a preparedness to learn all these things.

我相信这是我们与生俱来的

做好准备要来学习这些东西

But as my son Max grows up in a liberal college town,

但我的儿子 Max 在一个自由派的大学城里长大

how is this first draft going to get revised?

这个初稿将如何被改写﹖

And how will it end up being different

和在我们南部六十里的乡下

from a kid born 60 miles south of us, in Lynchburg, Virginia?

生下来的孩子 又会有什么不同﹖

To think about culture variation, let's try a different metaphor.

当我们想到这些多样文化的时候﹐让我们试试其它隐喻

如果真的有着五种系统在我们想法里

If there really are five systems at work in the mind,

five sources of intuitions and emotions,

五种情绪和直觉的来源

then we can think of the moral mind as one of those audio equalizers

我们可以把道德感

当做音响有五种频道的均衡器

that has five channels,

where you can set it to a different setting on every channel.

你可以在不同频道选择不同的程度

我的同事 Brian Nosek, Jesse Graham 和我

My colleagues Brian Nosek and Jesse Graham and I

做了一个问卷﹐放在www.YourMorals.org网站上

made a questionnaire, which we put up on the web at www.YourMorals.org.

目前为止已经有三万人填写了这个问卷﹐你也可以

And so far, 30,000 people have taken this questionnaire, and you can, too.

Here are the results from about 23,000 American citizens.

结果在这里

这里是两万三千个美国公民的结果

On the left are the scores for liberals;

左边是自由派的分数

on the right, conservatives; in the middle, moderates.

右边是保守派的﹐中间是中立

The blue line shows people's responses on the average of all the harm questions.

蓝线是你们的回应

在所有有关伤害的问题上

So as you see, people care about harm and care issues.

你可以看到﹐人们真的很关心伤害和照护的问题

They highly endorse these sorts of statements all across the board,

他们很支持这方面的陈述

在整个表上﹐但你也可以看到

but as you also see,

liberals care about it a little more than conservatives; the line slopes down.

自由派比保守派更在乎一些﹐线慢慢降了下来

公平也是一样

Same story for fairness.

But look at the other three lines.

但看看其它三条线

For liberals, the scores are very low.

自由派的分数非常低

They're basically saying, "This is not morality.

基本上自由派是说“这根本不是道德。

In-group, authority, purity -- this has nothing to do with morality. I reject it."

团体 权威 纯洁 - 这些东西和道德一点关系也没有。我拒绝。”

但当人越保守﹐这些价值便提升

But as people get more conservative, the values rise.

我们可以说自由派有一种 - 双频

We can say liberals have a two-channel or two-foundation morality.

或是双基础的道德

Conservatives have more of a five-foundation,

保守派则是有五基础

或是五频的道德

or five-channel morality.

We find this in every country we look at.

我们在每个国家都看到一样的情形

这是一千多个加拿大人的数据

Here's the data for 1,100 Canadians. I'll flip through a few other slides.

我会翻过一些其它的国家

The UK, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Eastern Europe,

英国﹐澳洲 纽西兰 西欧 东欧

Latin America, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.

拉丁美洲 中东 中亚 和南亚

Notice also that on all of these graphs,

你可以看到在这些图表上

the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity,

在团体 权威 纯洁的差异更大

which shows that, within any country,

这告诉我们在任何国家

the disagreement isn't over harm and fairness.

歧见并不是来自伤害和公平

I mean, we debate over what's fair,

我们讨论什么是公平

but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter.

但每个人都认同伤害和公平是要紧的

Moral arguments within cultures

在文化中的道德讨论

are especially about issues of in-group, authority, purity.

通常都与团队 权威 纯洁有关

This effect is so robust, we find it no matter how we ask the question.

无论我们怎么提出问题﹐效果还是很明显。

In a recent study, we asked people,

在最近的一项研究中

suppose you're about to get a dog,

我们问人们﹕如果你们要买狗

you picked a particular breed, learned about the breed.

你选择了一种特别的品种

后来你知道有关这些品种的一些事

Suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent-minded

或许你学到这个特别的品种会独立思考

and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal.

并且把主人当做平等的朋友

If you're a liberal, you say, "That's great!"

如果你是自由派你会说“哇!那太好了!”

because liberals like to say, "Fetch! Please."

因为自由派喜欢说“去接!”

(Laughter)

(笑声)

But if you're a conservative, that's not so attractive.

但如果你是保守派﹐这就不是太好

If you're conservative and learn that a dog's extremely loyal

如果你是保守派﹐你知道这只狗对牠的家庭非常忠诚

to its home and family

不会很快地和陌生人混熟

and doesn't warm up to strangers,

for conservatives, loyalty is good; dogs ought to be loyal.

对保守派来说 忠诚很好 狗就是要忠诚

But to a liberal,

但对自由派来说﹐这听起来

it sounds like this dog is running for the Republican nomination.

像是这只狗要参加共和党初选了

(Laughter)

(笑声)

所以你可能说 好

You might say, OK, there are differences between liberals and conservatives,

这就是保守派和自由派的差异

but what makes the three other foundations moral?

但什么让其它三种基础也成为道德呢﹖

Aren't they the foundations of xenophobia, authoritarianism and puritanism?

难道它们不是只是极权主义

排他主义和清教主义的基础吗﹖

What makes them moral?

什么让它们变成道德﹖

The answer, I think, is contained in this incredible triptych from Hieronymus Bosch,

答案﹐我想﹐就存在布殊这个三联图中

“世俗欲望的乐园。”

"The Garden of Earthly Delights."

在第一幅图里﹐我们看到创造世界时

In the first panel, we see the moment of creation.

All is ordered, all is beautiful,

一切都有秩序﹐一些都很美丽﹐所有的人和动物

all the people and animals are doing what they're supposed to be doing,

都在它们应该在的地方做他们应该做的事情

are where they're supposed to be.

But then, given the way of the world, things change.

但因为世俗的一切 事情开始改变

We get every person doing whatever he wants,

人们开始任意而为

with every aperture of every other person and every other animal.

和任何人和任何动物

Some of you might recognize this as the '60s.

在座的某些人可能会发现这是60年代

(Laughter)

(笑声)

但60年代终究被70年代取代

But the '60s inevitably gives way to the '70s,

where the cuttings of the apertures hurt a little bit more.

这些裂缝开始令人痛苦

Of course, Bosch called this hell.

当然 布殊称这为地狱

So this triptych, these three panels,

在这个三联画中﹐三片图

描绘了秩序逐渐腐败的真实

portray the timeless truth that order tends to decay.

The truth of social entropy.

社会消减的事实

But lest you think this is just some part of the Christian imagination

你们可能只会想这只是基督徒的想象

where Christians have this weird problem with pleasure,

因为基督徒老是要跟欢愉过不去

这里有一个一样的故事 一样的演进

here's the same story, the same progression,

told in a paper that was published in "Nature" a few years ago,

在自然杂志中刊登的一篇文章里

in which Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter had people play a commons dilemma,

Ernst Fehr 和 Simon Gachter 要人们思考一个常见的难题

a game in which you give people money,

你给人们钱

and then, on each round of the game,

然后在每一轮游戏结束前

they can put money into a common pot,

他们可以把钱放进一个共享壶里

then the experimenter doubles what's there,

实验者把里面的钱变双份

and then it's all divided among the players.

然后再分给所有玩家

So it's a nice analog for all sorts of environmental issues,

这就像许多环境议题

where we're asking people to make a sacrifice

我们要求人们做出牺牲

and they don't really benefit from their own sacrifice.

他们自己不会从牺牲中得到什么

You really want everybody else to sacrifice,

但你总是要其它人牺牲

but everybody has a temptation to free ride.

但人总有搭便车的想法

刚开始﹐人们较为合作

What happens is that, at first, people start off reasonably cooperative.

This is all played anonymously.

这是无名制的 --

On the first round, people give about half of the money that they can.

第一轮﹐人们给出一半的钱

But they quickly see other people aren't doing so much.

但他们很快知道”说真的﹐其它人没有做这么多。

"I don't want to be a sucker. I won't cooperate."

我才不是笨蛋。我不要合作。“

So cooperation quickly decays

于是合作关系很快的从还不错﹐落到几乎没有

from reasonably good down to close to zero.

But then -- and here's the trick --

但是 - 诀窍在这

Fehr and Gächter, on the seventh round, told people,

Fehr 和 Gachter 在第七轮的时候和每个人说

”好的﹐新规则

"You know what? New rule.

If you want to give some of your own money

如果你要给一些钱

to punish people who aren't contributing,

来惩罚那些没有贡献的人﹐你可以这样做。“

you can do that."

And as soon as people heard about the punishment issue going on,

当人们听到惩罚的时候

cooperation shoots up.

马上变得合作

It shoots up and it keeps going up.

不但合作 而且继续加强

Lots of research shows that to solve cooperative problems, it really helps.

有许多研究表示在解决合作问题上 这有明显的帮助

It's not enough to appeal to people's good motives.

只靠人们的好心并不够

It helps to have some sort of punishment.

有些惩罚会更好

Even if it's just shame or embarrassment or gossip,

就算只是羞辱或是被谈论

你需要惩罚

you need some sort of punishment

to bring people, when they're in large groups, to cooperate.

让人们在大的群体里合作

There's even some recent research suggesting that religion --

甚至有些最近的研究谈到宗教

priming God, making people think about God --

让人们想到神

often, in some situations, leads to more cooperative, more pro-social behavior.

往往让人们懂得合作 更符合社会期待

Some people think that religion is an adaptation

某些人认为宗教是一种适应作用

evolved both by cultural and biological evolution

来自文化和生理进化

to make groups to cohere,

让群体可以合作

in part for the purpose of trusting each other

让人们何以互信

and being more effective at competing with other groups.

在与他人竞争时能够更有效

That's probably right, although this is a controversial issue.

我想这大概是真的

虽然这是个争议性很大的话题

But I'm particularly interested in religion and the origin of religion

但我对宗教特别有兴趣

宗教的来源﹐他为我们和对我们做了什么

and in what it does to us and for us,

因为我认为最大的奇景不是大峡谷

because I think the greatest wonder in the world is not the Grand Canyon.

The Grand Canyon is really simple --

大峡谷很简单

a lot of rock and a lot of water and wind and a lot of time,

很多石头 很多水和风 很多时间

and you get the Grand Canyon.

你就能得到大峡谷

It's not that complicated.

一点也不复杂

This is what's complicated:

复杂的是

that people lived in places like the Grand Canyon, cooperating with each other,

那些住在大峡谷这样的地方的人

彼此合作﹐或在非洲的撒哈拉沙漠

or on the savannahs of Africa or the frozen shores of Alaska.

或在阿拉斯加的冰岸﹐和那些村庄

And some of these villages grew into the mighty cities of Babylon

逐渐变成伟大城市像巴比伦﹐罗马 湖中之城提诺契特兰

and Rome and Tenochtitlan.

How did this happen?

这是怎么发生的﹖

It's an absolute miracle, much harder to explain than the Grand Canyon.

这完全是奇迹﹐比大峡谷更难解释

The answer, I think, is that they used every tool in the toolbox.

答案﹐我想﹐是他们用了所有工具盒里面的工具

用了所有道德心理学

It took all of our moral psychology to create these cooperative groups.

创造了这些合作团队

Yes, you need to be concerned about harm, you need a psychology of justice.

是﹐你需要想到伤害

你需要想到正义

But it helps to organize a group if you have subgroups,

但如果你有一些小团队﹐便很容易组织大团队

and if those subgroups have some internal structure,

这些小团队中有一些内部组织

and if you have some ideology that tells people

如果你有一些理想可以告诉人

to suppress their carnality -- to pursue higher, nobler ends.

压制他们的欲望 去追求更高的 更荣耀的理想

现在我们来到自由派和保守派

Now we get to the crux of the disagreement between liberals and conservatives:

歧义的交会处

liberals reject three of these foundations.

因为自由派拒绝其中三个基础

他们说”不﹐我们应该要支持多样性 不要搞一些小圈圈。“

They say, "Let's celebrate diversity, not common in-group membership,"

他们说”让我们质疑权威。“

and, "Let's question authority," and, "Keep your laws off my body."

他们说”不要给我这些法律。“

Liberals have very noble motives for doing this.

自由派这样做有着崇高的动机

Traditional authority and morality can be quite repressive and restrictive

传统的权威﹐传统的道德 时常压制那些

to those at the bottom, to women, to people who don't fit in.

在底层的人 女人 那些不符合社会标准的人

Liberals speak for the weak and oppressed.

所以自由派为了那些受压迫的弱者说话

They want change and justice, even at the risk of chaos.

他们要改变 要正义 就算可能造成混乱

这个人的衣服上说”少放屁﹐去革命“

This shirt says, "Stop bitching, start a revolution."

If you're high in openness to experience, revolution is good; it's change, it's fun.

如果你很喜欢经历新事 革命是好的

它是改变 它很有趣

Conservatives, on the other hand, speak for institutions and traditions.

保守派﹐在另一边 为传统和制度发声

他们要秩序﹐就算有可能要牺牲底层的人

They want order, even at some cost, to those at the bottom.

The great conservative insight is that order is really hard to achieve.

保守派的心理是 秩序是非常难达成的

很珍贵 很容易就失去了

It's precious, and it's really easy to lose.

So as Edmund Burke said, "The restraints on men,

所以 Edmund Burke 说”人们的束缚

as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among their rights."

和他们的自由﹐是在他们的权利上。“

这是在法国大革命的混乱后

This was after the chaos of the French Revolution.

只要你看清这一点

Once you see that liberals and conservatives

自由派和保守派都能有一些贡献

both have something to contribute,

that they form a balance on change versus stability,

他们能在改变和稳定中找到平衡 --

then I think the way is open to step outside the moral Matrix.

我想重点是试着踏出我们的道德框架

This is the great insight

这是所有亚洲宗教都有的特性

that all the Asian religions have attained.

Think about yin and yang.

想想阴阳

Yin and yang aren't enemies; they don't hate each other.

阴阳不是敌人﹐阴阳不互相仇恨

Yin and yang are both necessary, like night and day,

阴阳都是必须的﹐像日夜

for the functioning of the world.

让世界继续转动

You find the same thing in Hinduism.

你在印度教中也能看到

There are many high gods in Hinduism.

印度教有很多大神

Two of them are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.

其中两位是守护神毗瑟挐﹐和破坏神湿婆

This image, actually, is both of those gods

这个图片是两个神使用同一个身体

sharing the same body.

You have the markings of Vishnu on the left,

左边有毗瑟挐的特质

so we could think of Vishnu as the conservative god.

你可以想他是保护神

You have the markings of Shiva on the right -- Shiva's the liberal god.

右边有湿婆的特质

湿婆是个自由派 - 祂们一起合作

And they work together.

You find the same thing in Buddhism.

你在佛教里也可以找到一样的例子

These two stanzas contain, I think, the deepest insights

这两个小句有深深的寓意

或许是道德心理学从来没达到的境界

that have ever been attained into moral psychology.

From the Zen master Sēngcàn:

来自禅宗的僧璨

"If you want the truth to stand clear before you, never be 'for' or 'against.'

至道无难，唯嫌拣择。

违顺相争，是为心病。“

The struggle between 'for' and 'against' is the mind's worst disease."

Unfortunately, it's a disease that has been caught

很不幸的﹐这种心病

许多世界的伟大领袖都有

by many of the world's leaders.

但在你感觉自己比小布什好很多前

But before you feel superior to George Bush,

before you throw a stone, ask yourself:

在你对他扔石头前﹐先自问﹕我接受吗﹖

Do you accept this?

Do you accept stepping out of the battle of good and evil?

我能跨出善恶论吗﹖

Can you be not for or against anything?

我能不支持和反对任何事情吗

So what's the point? What should you do?

重点是什么 我该怎么做

Well, if you take the greatest insights

你可以在伟大的古代亚洲宗教和哲学里

from ancient Asian philosophies and religions

找到答案

and combine them with the latest research on moral psychology,

将这些答案加上最新的道德心理学研究

你会有这三个结论﹕

I think you come to these conclusions:

我们的脑子被进化所设计

that our righteous minds were designed by evolution

to unite us into teams,

要我们成为一个团队 让我们和其它团队分开

to divide us against other teams

and then to blind us to the truth.

让我们无视真理

So what should you do?

你该怎么做﹖难道我要你放弃努力

Am I telling you to not strive?

Am I telling you to embrace Sēngcàn and stop,

我是要你拥抱僧璨

stop with the struggle of for and against?

然后停止这些支持和反对的想法吗﹖

No, absolutely not. I'm not saying that.

绝对不是。这不是我要说的

This is an amazing group of people who are doing so much,

有许多了不起的人做了许多事

using so much of their talent,

用他们的才能﹐他们的技能 他们的精力和金钱

their brilliance, their energy, their money,

to make the world a better place,

让世界变得更好﹐去争取

to fight wrongs,

打击错误﹐解决问题

to solve problems.

But as we learned from Samantha Power

但就像我们在 Samantha Power 的故事里学到的

in her story about Sérgio Vieira de Mello,

像 Sergio Vieira de Mello﹐你不能直接杀进去

you can't just go charging in, saying, "You're wrong, and I'm right,"

然后说”你错了 我对了“

because, as we just heard, everybody thinks they are right.

因为﹐就像我们刚刚听到的 每个人都以为自己是对的

A lot of the problems we have to solve

有太多我们需要解决的问题

are problems that require us to change other people.

是那些需要我们去改变他人的问题

And if you want to change other people,

如果你想要改变他人﹐一个比较好的方法是

a much better way to do it is to first understand who we are --

先了解我们是谁 -- 了解我们自己的道德心理

understand our moral psychology,

understand that we all think we're right --

了解我们都认为自己是对的﹐然后跨出去

and then step out,

even if it's just for a moment, step out -- check in with Sēngcàn.

就算只是一下子﹐跨出去 想想僧璨

Step out of the moral Matrix,

跨出你的道德框架

just try to see it as a struggle playing out,

尝试当做这只是每个人认为自己是对的人

in which everybody thinks they're right, and even if you disagree with them,

的一种拔河

每个人﹐就算你不认同他们 都有自己的理由

everybody has some reasons for what they're doing.

每个人做事都有自己的理由

Step out.

跨出去

And if you do that, that's the essential move to cultivate moral humility,

如果你这样做﹐你便可以培养道德谦逊

to get yourself out of this self-righteousness,

让你自己离开这个自以为义

一种正常人类的心理

which is the normal human condition.

想想达赖喇嘛

Think about the Dalai Lama.

Think about the enormous moral authority of the Dalai Lama.

想想达赖喇嘛巨大的道德权威

It comes from his moral humility.

这是来自他的道德谦逊

So I think the point --

我想我谈话的重点是

the point of my talk and, I think, the point of TED --

TED的重点是

is that this is a group that is passionately engaged

这是一个热情的想要

in the pursuit of changing the world for the better.

让世界变得更好的团体

People here are passionately engaged

人们热情的希望

in trying to make the world a better place.

让世界变得更好

But there is also a passionate commitment to the truth.

同时也有一种接近真理的希望

And so I think the answer is to use that passionate commitment to the truth

我想答案是保持你的热情﹐寻找真理

然后把它变成更好的未来

to try to turn it into a better future for us all.

Thank you.

谢谢你。

(Applause)

(掌声)