Jonathan Haidt: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives

ジョナサン・ハイト リベラル派と保守派のモラルの根源を語る

翻訳: Caoli Price 校正: Aiko McLean

Suppose that two American friends are traveling together in Italy.

アメリカ人 ダチ2人でイタリア旅行

They go to see Michelangelo's "David,"

ミケランジェロの「ダビデ像」を見に行った

and when they finally come face-to-face with the statue,

ご対面で見事

they both freeze dead in their tracks.

2人揃って立ちすくんだ

The first guy -- we'll call him Adam --

1人目 アダムは

is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form.

人間の完成美に ただただ愕然

The second guy -- we'll call him Bill --

2人目 ビルは

is transfixed by embarrassment, at staring at the thing there in the center.

真ん中のモノに ただただ狼狽

So here's my question for you:

さて ここで質問です

Which one of these two guys was more likely to have voted for George Bush,

どちらがジョージ・ブッシュに投票するでしょう？

which for Al Gore?

またどちらがアル・ゴアに

I don't need a show of hands,

挙手はけっこうです

because we all have the same political stereotypes.

政治的ステレオタイプは似たり寄ったりですから

We all know that it's Bill.

言うまでもなく ビルですよね

And in this case, the stereotype corresponds to reality.

この場合 ステレオタイプと現実は一致します

It really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives

リベラル派の方が 性格特性の1つ―

on a major personality trait called openness to experience.

開放性が段違いに高いのです

People who are high in openness to experience

開放性が高いと こういうのを求めます

just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.

目新しさ 変化 広がり 新思想 旅行

People low on it like things that are familiar,

低いと 慣れた安全で信頼できるものを好みます

that are safe and dependable.

これを押さえておくと

If you know about this trait,

you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior,

人間行動の 多くの謎が解けます―

なぜ芸術家と会計士が かくも違うのか...

like why artists are so different from accountants.

You can predict what kinds of books they like to read,

彼らの好む本や

好きな旅行先

what kinds of places they like to travel to

食べ物の好みなどが予想できます

and what kinds of food they like to eat.

すると分かります　皆さんの周りが

Once you understand this trait,

you can understand why anybody would eat at Applebee's,

人気ファミレス"Applebee's"に行かない理由が

but not anybody that you know.

(Laughter)

（笑）

This trait also tells us a lot about politics.

この特性は政治にも影響します

The main researcher of this trait, Robert McCrae,

研究の第一人者ロバート・マクレイ曰く

says that "Open individuals have an affinity

“開放的な人がリベラル派 進歩 左派を好むのに対し”

for liberal, progressive, left-wing political views ..."

They like a society which is open and changing,

オープンで変化する社会ですね

“閉鎖的な人は保守派 伝統 右派を好む”

"... whereas closed individuals prefer

conservative, traditional, right-wing views."

This trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join.

この特性は 参加グループにも影響します

Here's the description of a group I found on the web.

こんなコミュニティをネットで見つけたのですが

What kinds of people would join

どんな人が参加しているのでしょう？

"a global community ... welcoming people from every discipline and culture,

“人類の より良い未来のため

より深く世界を理解したい方は

who seek a deeper understanding of the world,

分野や文化を問わず 大歓迎！”

and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all"?

えぇ これTEDが書いてました

This is from some guy named Ted.

（笑）

Well, let's see now.

さて開放性が リベラルや

If openness predicts who becomes liberal,

and openness predicts who becomes a TEDster,

TED人間になる 決め手なら

then might we predict that most TEDsters are liberal?

大抵のTED人間はリベラル？

Let's find out.

調べてみましょう

先程の社会問題に対して

I'll ask you to raise your hand, whether you are liberal, left of center --

on social issues, primarily --

リベラル／中道左派か

or conservative.

保守派かそれから

And I'll give a third option,

because I know there are libertarians in the audience.

会場に多い自由主義派かで聞きます

いきますよ 手を挙げてください

So please raise your hand -- in the simulcast rooms too.

放送室の方もいいですか

では いきます

Let's let everybody see who's here.

Please raise your hand if you'd say that you're liberal or left of center.

リベラル派／中道左派の方？

高く挙げてください

Please raise your hand high right now. OK.

Please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian.

では自由主義派の方？

OK. About two dozen.

はい...約25人ですね

And please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative.

では保守派／中道右派の方？

1 2 3 4 5... 約8人か10人ですね

One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.

OK.

ふむ これはいささか厄介です…

This is a bit of a problem.

TEDのゴールが “より深く世界を理解”

Because if our goal is to seek a deeper understanding of the world,

することなら

our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder.

モラルの多様性に欠けるとまずいのです

Because when people all share values, when people all share morals,

同じ価値観やモラルの人が集まると

they become a team.

チームが生まれます　チーム心理が芽生えると―

And once you engage the psychology of teams,

it shuts down open-minded thinking.

柔軟な思考を妨げます

When the liberal team loses,

2004年や おおかた2000年のように敗れると

[United States of Canada / Jesusland]

as it did in 2004, and as it almost did in 2000,

リベラル・チームは慰め合います

we comfort ourselves.

(Laughter)

（笑）

We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team.

アメリカ半分が 別チームに投票した弁明をします

We think they must be blinded by religion

神がかりにあったかノータリンなんだろう…と話します

[Post-election US map: America / Dumbf*ckistan]

or by simple stupidity.

（笑）

(Laughter)

(Applause)

（拍手）

(Laughter)

ホントにそんな理由で 共和党を

So if you think that half of America votes Republican

because they are blinded in this way,

支持しているとお考えなら

then my message to you is that you're trapped in a moral Matrix,

失礼ですが モラル・マトリックスに

in a particular moral Matrix.

引っかかっていますよ

And by "the Matrix," I mean literally the Matrix, like the movie "The Matrix."

まさに映画「マトリックス」の”マトリックス”です

But I'm here today to give you a choice.

だが 今日ここで選択肢をあげよう

You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions,

この青を飲めば 甘美な妄想は続く

この赤を飲めば

or you can take the red pill,

learn some moral psychology

モラル心理学の何たるかと

and step outside the moral Matrix.

Now, because I know --

モラル・マトリックスの外を覗かせよう

(Applause)

（拍手）

I assume that answers my question.

…多数決を

I was going to ask which one you picked, but no need.

するまでもありませんね

You're all high in openness to experience,

皆さん さすが開放性が高い！

and it looks like it might even taste good, and you're all epicures.

それに美食家ですね　赤おいしそう

ともあれ 赤を飲みましょう

Anyway, let's go with the red pill, study some moral psychology

モラル心理学入門のはじまり

and see where it takes us.

ここから始めましょう

Let's start at the beginning: What is morality, where does it come from?

モラリティとは？どこから来るのか？

The worst idea in all of psychology

心理学上最悪の見解は

is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.

“誕生時 精神は真っ白” です

Developmental psychology has shown that kids come into the world

発達心理学は こう示しています

人は物理・社会的な知識を

already knowing so much about the physical and social worlds

多く備えて誕生するため

and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things

ある種のものは容易に習得できるが

and hard to learn others.

その逆も然りである

The best definition of innateness I've seen,

脳科学者ゲイリー・マーカスが

which clarifies so many things for me,

非常に納得のいく

is from the brain scientist Gary Marcus.

”生得性”の定義をしています

He says, "The initial organization of the brain

“脳の初期構造は さして経験に根付いていない

does not depend that much on experience.

Nature provides a first draft, which experience then revises.

先天性が初稿を書き 経験が改訂する

'Built-in' doesn't mean unmalleable;

生来は普遍とは違う―

it means organized in advance of experience."

それは経験と共に編さんされる”

OK, so what's on the first draft of the moral mind?

ではモラルの初稿には何が？

To find out, my colleague Craig Joseph and I read through the literature

私は同僚のクレイグ・ジョセフと共に

人類学の文献を読みました

on anthropology, on culture variation in morality

モラル思考様式の差異を調べ

and also on evolutionary psychology,

進化心理学の文献を読み漁りました

looking for matches:

宗教を超えた普遍的なテーマとは？

What sorts of things do people talk about across disciplines

that you find across cultures and even species?

文化や種を超えた共通点は?

そして 5つのものに行き当たりました

We found five best matches, which we call the five foundations of morality.

5つのモラリティの根源です

The first one is harm/care.

1. 危害／親切

We're all mammals here, we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming

人間は神経やホルモンの働きもあって

that makes us really bond with others, care for others,

絆を結んだり 慕ったりします

feel compassion for others, especially the weak and vulnerable.

弱いものには同情します

It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm.

加害者には 強い感情を抱きます

TEDで耳にする モラル発言の

This moral foundation underlies about 70 percent

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

7割はこれに根差しています

The second foundation is fairness/reciprocity.

2. 公正さ／互恵関係

There's actually ambiguous evidence

他の動物に 互恵関係が

as to whether you find reciprocity in other animals,

認められるかは曖昧ですが

but the evidence for people could not be clearer.

人間に限って言えば 絶対です

This Norman Rockwell painting is called "The Golden Rule" --

この絵は ノーマン・ロックウェルの「黄金律」です

絵の中には カレン・アームストロングの

as we heard from Karen Armstrong, it's the foundation of many religions.

宗教の根底を表す言葉があります

That second foundation underlies the other 30 percent

TEDのモラル発言の

of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.

残り3割はこれです

The third foundation is in-group/loyalty.

3. グループ性／忠誠

You do find cooperative groups in the animal kingdom,

動物界にも群れは存在しますが

しかし これらは全て―

but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings.

小規模集団か血縁集団です

It's only among humans that you find very large groups of people

巨大な集団を結成し

who are able to cooperate and join together into groups,

一丸となるのは人間だけです

but in this case, groups that are united to fight other groups.

戦争には 部族生活と同族意識の

This probably comes from our long history of tribal living, of tribal psychology.

長い歴史が背景にあるのでしょう

And this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable

同族意識は心地よく―

that even when we don't have tribes, we go ahead and make them,

私達は ことあるごとに

嬉々として部族を結成します

because it's fun.

(Laughter)

（笑）

Sports is to war as pornography is to sex.

スポーツと戦争は ポルノと性交の関係と同じです

We get to exercise some ancient drives.

太古からの欲望を満たしてくれます

4. 権威／尊敬

The fourth foundation is authority/respect.

Here you see submissive gestures

霊長類が服従を示していますが

from two members of very closely related species.

人間にとっての権威は

But authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality

as it is in other primates.

力や残忍性にでなく

It's based on more voluntary deference and even elements of love, at times.

自発的な敬意に基づきます

時には愛の要素も入ります

The fifth foundation is purity/sanctity.

5. 純粋さ／高潔さ

This painting is called "The Allegory Of Chastity,"

この絵は「The Allegory Of Chastity」です

but purity is not just about suppressing female sexuality.

ここでの純粋さは 女性の純潔だけでなく

It's about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea

自分の体になす行為の制御ー

that tells you that you can attain virtue by controlling what you do with your body

摂取するものの制御は

美徳だとする―

価値体系や思想のことです

and what you put into your body.

And while the political right may moralize sex much more,

右派が性のモラルにこだわるよう

the political left is doing a lot of it with food.

左派は食のモラルにこだわります

Food is becoming extremely moralized nowadays.

最近目立つ 食のモラル化は

A lot of it is ideas about purity,

この純粋さが

about what you're willing to touch or put into your body.

関係しています

I believe these are the five best candidates

以上5つが モラルの初稿に

for what's written on the first draft of the moral mind.

書かれていると思います

I think this is what we come with, a preparedness to learn all these things.

少なくとも

この5つを備えて誕生するはずです

But as my son Max grows up in a liberal college town,

リベラルな大学都市に暮らす息子の初稿は

how is this first draft going to get revised?

どう改訂されていくでしょう？

And how will it end up being different

100キロ先のバージニア州リンチバーグで育つのと

from a kid born 60 miles south of us, in Lynchburg, Virginia?

どんな差が出るのでしょう？

To think about culture variation, let's try a different metaphor.

こう考えてみてください

精神上に 直感や感情の源が

If there really are five systems at work in the mind,

five sources of intuitions and emotions,

5系統あるなら

then we can think of the moral mind as one of those audio equalizers

モラルは5チャンネルの

イコライザーと言えます

that has five channels,

where you can set it to a different setting on every channel.

各チャンネルは個々に設定できます

私は同僚のブライアン・ノセクと ジェシー・グラハムと共に

My colleagues Brian Nosek and Jesse Graham and I

アンケートを作りここに公開しました www.YourMorals.org.

made a questionnaire, which we put up on the web at www.YourMorals.org.

既に3万人が回答しています

And so far, 30,000 people have taken this questionnaire, and you can, too.

Here are the results from about 23,000 American citizens.

こちらが結果です

アメリカ国民 23,000人のデータです

On the left are the scores for liberals;

左から リベラル派

on the right, conservatives; in the middle, moderates.

穏便派　保守派です

The blue line shows people's responses on the average of all the harm questions.

青から見ていきます

青は危害系の平均スコアです

So as you see, people care about harm and care issues.

皆関心がありますね

They highly endorse these sorts of statements all across the board,

三派とも強い支持を示しています

比較すると

but as you also see,

liberals care about it a little more than conservatives; the line slopes down.

リベラル派の関心の方が上です

緑の公正さも同様です

Same story for fairness.

But look at the other three lines.

残りの3つにご注目ください

For liberals, the scores are very low.

リベラル派のスコアは低いです

They're basically saying, "This is not morality.

リベラル派は “グループ性 権威 純粋さは

In-group, authority, purity -- this has nothing to do with morality. I reject it."

モラルではない！”と言っています

保守的になるほどスコアは上がります

But as people get more conservative, the values rise.

リベラルな人は2チャンネル

We can say liberals have a two-channel or two-foundation morality.

2つのモラリティの根源を持ち

Conservatives have more of a five-foundation,

保守的な人は 5つのモラリティの根源

5チャンネルを持つわけです

or five-channel morality.

We find this in every country we look at.

国が違っても同じです

カナダ人 1,100人のデータです

Here's the data for 1,100 Canadians. I'll flip through a few other slides.

いくつかスライドをご覧に入れます　イギリス…

The UK, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Eastern Europe,

オーストラリアとニュージーランド 西ヨーロッパ 東ヨーロッパです

Latin America, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.

ラテンアメリカ 中東 東アジア 南アジアです

Notice also that on all of these graphs,

お気づきでしょうか

the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity,

どの国でも 同じ3線が急勾配です

which shows that, within any country,

逆に言えば危害 公正さに

the disagreement isn't over harm and fairness.

意見の相違はありません

I mean, we debate over what's fair,

この2つが重要という点においては

but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter.

皆の意見が一致しています

Moral arguments within cultures

モラル論争の主なテーマは

are especially about issues of in-group, authority, purity.

グループ性 権威 純粋さの3点です

This effect is so robust, we find it no matter how we ask the question.

どう質問しても 相違は顕著に表れます

In a recent study, we asked people,

これはどうでしょう

suppose you're about to get a dog,

犬を飼うとしましょう

you picked a particular breed, learned about the breed.

好きな犬種を選びました

その犬種の特性を調べたら

Suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent-minded

独立心旺盛で 飼い主を

and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal.

対等視することが分かりました

If you're a liberal, you say, "That's great!"

リベラル派なら “まあ 素敵！”　犬相手でも

because liberals like to say, "Fetch! Please."

公平に “取って来て下さい！”

(Laughter)

（笑）

But if you're a conservative, that's not so attractive.

保守派なら こんな犬はごめんです

If you're conservative and learn that a dog's extremely loyal

保守派は 飼い主や家には忠実で

to its home and family

他人を警戒する犬がいい

and doesn't warm up to strangers,

for conservatives, loyalty is good; dogs ought to be loyal.

“犬たるもの忠実であれ" です

But to a liberal,

ところがリベラル派にはそんな犬…

it sounds like this dog is running for the Republican nomination.

共和党に立候補しそうで恐ろしい

(Laughter)

（笑）

こうお思いでしょう？　“なるほど...

You might say, OK, there are differences between liberals and conservatives,

リベラル派と保守派が違うのは分かった”

but what makes the three other foundations moral?

“しかし 他の3つは違うだろ？”

Aren't they the foundations of xenophobia, authoritarianism and puritanism?

“ただの 部外者嫌いに

権威主義に 禁欲主義だろ？”

What makes them moral?

“どこがモラル？”

The answer, I think, is contained in this incredible triptych from Hieronymus Bosch,

答えとして ヒエロニムス・ボスの3枚のパネル

「快楽の園」をお見せします

"The Garden of Earthly Delights."

1枚目は 天地創造です

In the first panel, we see the moment of creation.

All is ordered, all is beautiful,

調和のとれた美しい世界　人も動物も―

all the people and animals are doing what they're supposed to be doing,

在るべき場所で やるべき事をしています

are where they're supposed to be.

But then, given the way of the world, things change.

ところが世の習わしで 事態は変化します

We get every person doing whatever he wants,

誰もが自分勝手になります

with every aperture of every other person and every other animal.

動物も人も一緒くたに 快楽追求です

Some of you might recognize this as the '60s.

60年代のようとも言えます

(Laughter)

（笑）

しかし否応なく70年代が訪れます

But the '60s inevitably gives way to the '70s,

where the cuttings of the apertures hurt a little bit more.

快楽追求の付けが回ってきます

Of course, Bosch called this hell.

ボスは「地獄」と題しました

So this triptych, these three panels,

この3枚が表すのは

秩序崩壊という永遠の真理です

portray the timeless truth that order tends to decay.

The truth of social entropy.

社会衰退の真理です

But lest you think this is just some part of the Christian imagination

しかしこれが 快楽と折り合いの悪い―

where Christians have this weird problem with pleasure,

キリスト教の寓話だと思われないよう

もう一つのお話を紹介しましょう

here's the same story, the same progression,

told in a paper that was published in "Nature" a few years ago,

数年前のネイチャー誌に載っていました

in which Ernst Fehr and Simon Gächter had people play a commons dilemma,

アーンスト・フェールとサイモン・ガッチャーの 「共有地ジレンマ」ゲームです

a game in which you give people money,

プレイヤーにお金を渡し

and then, on each round of the game,

ラウンド毎に

they can put money into a common pot,

共有の壺に入金してもらいます

then the experimenter doubles what's there,

実験者は 壺内の金額を2倍にし

and then it's all divided among the players.

最後にプレイヤーで等分するというゲームです

So it's a nice analog for all sorts of environmental issues,

環境問題の取り組みに似ていますね

where we're asking people to make a sacrifice

皆の犠牲が必要だが

and they don't really benefit from their own sacrifice.

そこに見返りは特に無し

You really want everybody else to sacrifice,

他人には犠牲を奨励するが

but everybody has a temptation to free ride.

自分はただ乗りしたい

ゲーム開始直後は 皆わりと協力的です

What happens is that, at first, people start off reasonably cooperative.

This is all played anonymously.

ちなみに匿名での参加です

On the first round, people give about half of the money that they can.

皆 限度額の半分くらい入金します

But they quickly see other people aren't doing so much.

しかし思います “やっているのは自分だけ...

"I don't want to be a sucker. I won't cooperate."

馬鹿みる前にやめよう”

So cooperation quickly decays

それで協調性は一気に下降

from reasonably good down to close to zero.

But then -- and here's the trick --

そこへ このトリックが

Fehr and Gächter, on the seventh round, told people,

7ラウンド目に登場します

“新しいルールです

"You know what? New rule.

If you want to give some of your own money

持ち金で 非協力的なプレイヤーに

to punish people who aren't contributing,

罰則を与えることも可能です”

you can do that."

And as soon as people heard about the punishment issue going on,

罰則の要素が加わった途端に

cooperation shoots up.

協調性は上昇し

It shoots up and it keeps going up.

壺は潤いました

Lots of research shows that to solve cooperative problems, it really helps.

研究が示すよう 集団を動かすのに

It's not enough to appeal to people's good motives.

立派な動機だけでは不十分です

It helps to have some sort of punishment.

何らかの罰の要素―

Even if it's just shame or embarrassment or gossip,

例えば 恥ずかしさ

決まり悪さ 陰口があると

you need some sort of punishment

to bring people, when they're in large groups, to cooperate.

協調性が高まります

There's even some recent research suggesting that religion --

最近の研究では

priming God, making people think about God --

神について考えるだけで

often, in some situations, leads to more cooperative, more pro-social behavior.

向社会的な行動を促すことが 分かりました

Some people think that religion is an adaptation

宗教は 信頼関係を築き

evolved both by cultural and biological evolution

集団の結束力を強めようとする―

to make groups to cohere,

また 他集団に勝ろうとする―

in part for the purpose of trusting each other

様々な試行錯誤の中で

and being more effective at competing with other groups.

発展したと考える人もいます

That's probably right, although this is a controversial issue.

私もそう考えます

論争中の問題ですけどね

But I'm particularly interested in religion and the origin of religion

私は宗教の起源や

影響や効果に 多大な関心があります

and in what it does to us and for us,

グランド・キャニオンが世界の不思議だとは思いません

because I think the greatest wonder in the world is not the Grand Canyon.

The Grand Canyon is really simple --

グランド・キャニオンは 至って単純です

a lot of rock and a lot of water and wind and a lot of time,

大量の岩と水と風 それに時間さえあれば

and you get the Grand Canyon.

グランド・キャニオンの出来上がりです

It's not that complicated.

簡単です

This is what's complicated:

何が 不思議かと言えば

that people lived in places like the Grand Canyon, cooperating with each other,

グランド・キャニオンや

アフリカのサバンナや

or on the savannahs of Africa or the frozen shores of Alaska.

アラスカの氷着岸に共同体があったことや

And some of these villages grew into the mighty cities of Babylon

バビロンやローマのような都市が登場したことです

and Rome and Tenochtitlan.

How did this happen?

一体どうやって？

It's an absolute miracle, much harder to explain than the Grand Canyon.

まるで奇跡です!

The answer, I think, is that they used every tool in the toolbox.

おそらく あらゆる側面において

モラル心理学をフル活用し

It took all of our moral psychology to create these cooperative groups.

共同体を作ったのでしょう

Yes, you need to be concerned about harm, you need a psychology of justice.

危害や公正への懸念に加え

モラル心理学は

But it helps to organize a group if you have subgroups,

集団をサブグループで統制し

and if those subgroups have some internal structure,

価値体系を確立し

and if you have some ideology that tells people

肉欲を制御しつつ

to suppress their carnality -- to pursue higher, nobler ends.

生産性を上げるのに 役立ったはずです

そういう経緯をたどり 今―

Now we get to the crux of the disagreement between liberals and conservatives:

二派の衝突に至っています

liberals reject three of these foundations.

リベラル派が拒否するからです

“多様性を称え 部外者にも門を開こう！”

They say, "Let's celebrate diversity, not common in-group membership,"

“権威を疑おう！”

and, "Let's question authority," and, "Keep your laws off my body."

”個人に命の選択権を！”

Liberals have very noble motives for doing this.

これには気高い動機があります

Traditional authority and morality can be quite repressive and restrictive

伝統的な権威やモラリティは 時に抑圧的で

to those at the bottom, to women, to people who don't fit in.

下層グループ 女性 はみだし者には窮屈です

Liberals speak for the weak and oppressed.

リベラル派はそれを代弁します

They want change and justice, even at the risk of chaos.

無秩序になろうとも 変革や正義を求めます

Tシャツにあります “グチる前に 革命だ”

This shirt says, "Stop bitching, start a revolution."

If you're high in openness to experience, revolution is good; it's change, it's fun.

開放性が高いと 革命は歓迎です

物事が変わって愉快ですから

Conservatives, on the other hand, speak for institutions and traditions.

反して 保守派は制度や伝統の代弁者です

下層グループが犠牲になろうとも 秩序を求めます

They want order, even at some cost, to those at the bottom.

The great conservative insight is that order is really hard to achieve.

秩序が得難いと知っているのです

貴重であり かつ失いやすいものです

It's precious, and it's really easy to lose.

So as Edmund Burke said, "The restraints on men,

エドマンド・バーク曰く “制約は

as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among their rights."

自由と同様 権利として認められるべきだ”

フランス革命後 無秩序だったのです

This was after the chaos of the French Revolution.

お分かりでしょうか

Once you see that liberals and conservatives

両派が変化と安定の

both have something to contribute,

that they form a balance on change versus stability,

均衡を保っているのです

then I think the way is open to step outside the moral Matrix.

だから モラルマトリックスから出ましょう

This is the great insight

これはアジアの宗教の説くところです

that all the Asian religions have attained.

Think about yin and yang.

“陰陽”を考えてみてください

Yin and yang aren't enemies; they don't hate each other.

陰と陽は敵同士ではありません

Yin and yang are both necessary, like night and day,

世の成り立ちに 両方必要です

for the functioning of the world.

夜と昼のように

You find the same thing in Hinduism.

ヒンドゥー教においても同様です

There are many high gods in Hinduism.

世界維持の神 ビシュヌと

Two of them are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.

崩壊の神 シヴァがいます

This image, actually, is both of those gods

これは両神が1体をシェアしています

sharing the same body.

You have the markings of Vishnu on the left,

言ってみれば ビシュヌは

so we could think of Vishnu as the conservative god.

保守派の神

You have the markings of Shiva on the right -- Shiva's the liberal god.

シヴァは

リベラル派の神で 二神は協力します

And they work together.

You find the same thing in Buddhism.

仏教でも同じです

These two stanzas contain, I think, the deepest insights

モラル心理学の叡智が

この2行に凝縮されています

that have ever been attained into moral psychology.

From the Zen master Sēngcàn:

禅師の僧璨の言葉です

"If you want the truth to stand clear before you, never be 'for' or 'against.'

“真実を掴みたければ 賛成も反対もするな

賛否の論争は 精神を蝕む”

The struggle between 'for' and 'against' is the mind's worst disease."

Unfortunately, it's a disease that has been caught

まさにその通りです

多くの指導者を蝕みました

by many of the world's leaders.

しかし ジョージ・ブッシュに優越感を覚える前に

But before you feel superior to George Bush,

before you throw a stone, ask yourself:

自分に問いかけてみましょう

Do you accept this?

Do you accept stepping out of the battle of good and evil?

善悪の戦いから 踏み出せますか？

Can you be not for or against anything?

賛成も反対もしないと誓えますか？

So what's the point? What should you do?

では何をしたらいいのでしょう

Well, if you take the greatest insights

アジアの哲学や宗教の

from ancient Asian philosophies and religions

いにしえの教えと

and combine them with the latest research on moral psychology,

モラル心理学の叡智を

合わせるとこうなるでしょう

I think you come to these conclusions:

“自分が正しい” と思う人間のさがは

that our righteous minds were designed by evolution

to unite us into teams,

他集団に優る必要性から

to divide us against other teams

and then to blind us to the truth.

発達したものである

So what should you do?

ではどうしろと？　がんばるなということ？

Am I telling you to not strive?

Am I telling you to embrace Sēngcàn and stop,

僧璨を受け入れ―

stop with the struggle of for and against?

論争をやめろということ？

No, absolutely not. I'm not saying that.

違います そうではありません

This is an amazing group of people who are doing so much,

ご来場の皆さんは 偉業を成す素晴らしい集団です

using so much of their talent,

才能 才気 そして活力 財力を使い

their brilliance, their energy, their money,

to make the world a better place,

世界をより良くし

to fight wrongs,

悪と戦い 問題解決に挑みます

to solve problems.

But as we learned from Samantha Power

サマンサ・パワーのセルジオ・ヴィエイラ・デ・メロの話にあるよう

in her story about Sérgio Vieira de Mello,

こういうことは言えないのです―

you can't just go charging in, saying, "You're wrong, and I'm right,"

“あなたは間違っていて 私が正しい”

because, as we just heard, everybody thinks they are right.

皆自分が正しいと思っていますから

A lot of the problems we have to solve

私達の抱える問題の多くは

are problems that require us to change other people.

人を変えなければ解決しません

And if you want to change other people,

人を変えるのであれば まずは

a much better way to do it is to first understand who we are --

己を知り 己のモラル心理を知ることです

understand our moral psychology,

understand that we all think we're right --

自分が正しいと思う 人間のさがを理解し

and then step out,

even if it's just for a moment, step out -- check in with Sēngcàn.

たとえ一瞬だけでも 僧璨を思い出し

Step out of the moral Matrix,

モラルマトリックスの外へ出てください

just try to see it as a struggle playing out,

渦中の人物が皆

in which everybody thinks they're right, and even if you disagree with them,

自分が正しいと主張するのが見えます

あなたが賛成するかは別として

everybody has some reasons for what they're doing.

皆それなりの理由をもっています

Step out.

踏み出しましょう

And if you do that, that's the essential move to cultivate moral humility,

それがモラルに対し謙虚になる最善の方法です

to get yourself out of this self-righteousness,

それが独り善がりに

陥らない鍵です

which is the normal human condition.

ダライ・ラマを考えてみてください

Think about the Dalai Lama.

Think about the enormous moral authority of the Dalai Lama.

絶大な道徳的権威です

It comes from his moral humility.

それは彼の謙虚さから来るものです

So I think the point --

お伝えしたいのはこれです

the point of my talk and, I think, the point of TED --

私の思う TEDの存在価値は

is that this is a group that is passionately engaged

世界をより良い場所にするため

in the pursuit of changing the world for the better.

情熱を傾ける この集団にあります

People here are passionately engaged

皆さんとても熱心に

in trying to make the world a better place.

活動しておられる

But there is also a passionate commitment to the truth.

真理の追求にも熱心です

And so I think the answer is to use that passionate commitment to the truth

だから その情熱で真理を求め

それを持って世界をより良くしてください

to try to turn it into a better future for us all.

Thank you.

ご清聴ありがとうございました

(Applause)

（拍手）