Jonathan Haidt: The moral roots of liberals and conservatives

713,463 views ใƒป 2008-09-18

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Bob Samuel ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:18
Suppose that two American friends are traveling together in Italy.
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ุจูุฑุถ ุฃู† ุฅุซู†ูŠู† ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุก ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ู…ุณุงูุฑูˆู† ู…ุนุงู‹ ูู‰ ุฅูŠุทุงู„ูŠุง .
00:22
They go to see Michelangelo's "David,"
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ู„ุงุจุฏ ู…ู† ุฃู† ูŠุฑูˆุง ุซู…ุซุงู„ ุฏุงููŠุฏ ู„ู…ุงูŠูƒู„ ุฃู†ุฌู„ูˆ
00:24
and when they finally come face-to-face with the statue,
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ูˆุฃุฎูŠุฑุงู‹ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูˆุงุฌู‡ูˆู† ุงู„ุชู…ุซุงู„ ูˆุฌู‡ุงู‹ ู„ูˆุฌู‡ ,
00:26
they both freeze dead in their tracks.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุชุฌู…ุฏูˆู† ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู†ู‡ู… ูƒุงู„ู…ูˆุชู‰ .
00:28
The first guy -- we'll call him Adam --
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ุงู„ุดุงุจ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ -- ุณู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุขุฏู… --
00:30
is transfixed by the beauty of the perfect human form.
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ู…ุฐู‡ูˆู„ ู…ู† ุฌู…ุงู„ ุงู„ุชุญูุฉ ู„ู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ .
00:33
The second guy -- we'll call him Bill --
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ุงู„ุดุงุจ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠ -- ุณู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ ุจูŠู„ --
00:35
is transfixed by embarrassment, at staring at the thing there in the center.
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ู…ุฐู‡ูˆู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุญุฑุงุฌ ุจุงู„ุชุญุฏูŠู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ุดูŠุฆ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฑูƒุฒ .
00:40
So here's my question for you:
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ู†ุง ุณุคุงู„ูŠ ู„ูƒู… :
00:42
Which one of these two guys was more likely to have voted for George Bush,
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ู…ูŽู† ู…ูู† ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุดุงุจูŠู† ุชุธู†ูˆู† ุฃู†ู‡ ู‚ุฏ ุฅู†ุชุฎุจ ุฌูˆุฑุฌ ุจูˆุด ,
00:46
which for Al Gore?
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ูˆู…ู† ุฅู†ุชุฎุจ ุขู„ ุบูˆุฑ ุŸ
00:48
I don't need a show of hands,
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ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชุฑูุนูˆุง ุฃูŠุฏูŠูƒู…
00:49
because we all have the same political stereotypes.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒู„ู†ุง ู„ู†ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ู†ู…ุทูŠ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠ .
00:52
We all know that it's Bill.
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ูƒู„ู†ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุฃู†ู‡ ุจูŠู„ .
00:54
And in this case, the stereotype corresponds to reality.
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ูˆููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ , ุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุงู„ู†ู…ุทูŠ ูŠุชู„ุงุฆู… ู…ุน ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน .
00:57
It really is a fact that liberals are much higher than conservatives
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ููŠ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃู† ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฑุฑูŠู† ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู†
01:01
on a major personality trait called openness to experience.
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ููŠ ุณู…ุฉ ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ูุชุงุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ.
01:04
People who are high in openness to experience
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุฏูŽุนู…ูˆู† ุงู„ุฅู†ูุชุงุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุฃูƒุซุฑ
01:06
just crave novelty, variety, diversity, new ideas, travel.
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ู„ู‡ู… ุฑุบุจุฉ ุดุฏูŠุฏุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฌุฏูŠุฏ , ุงู„ุฅุฎุชู„ุงู , ุงู„ุชุนุฏุฏูŠุฉ , ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ , ุงู„ุณูุฑ .
01:10
People low on it like things that are familiar,
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ู…ุชุฃุซุฑูŠู† ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ูŠุญุจูˆู† ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ุนุชุงุฏุฉ , ุงู„ุขู…ู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุนุชู…ุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ.
01:12
that are safe and dependable.
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ู„ูˆ ุชุนุฑููˆุง ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ ,
01:16
If you know about this trait,
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01:17
you can understand a lot of puzzles about human behavior,
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ุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุฃู† ุชูู‡ู…ูˆุง ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู„ุบุงุฒ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠ .
ุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆุง ุฃู† ุชูู‡ู…ูˆุง ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุงู„ูู†ุงู†ูŠู† ู…ุฎุชู„ููŠู† ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงุณุจูŠู† .
01:20
like why artists are so different from accountants.
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01:22
You can predict what kinds of books they like to read,
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ุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฃู† ุชุฎู…ู†ูˆุง ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุชุจ ูŠูุถู„ูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠู‚ุฑุฃูˆุง ,
ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ูŠูุถู„ูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุฒูˆุฑูˆุง ,
01:25
what kinds of places they like to travel to
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ูˆุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ูŠูˆุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุฃูƒู„ูˆุง .
01:27
and what kinds of food they like to eat.
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ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ุชูู‡ู…ูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ , ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชูู‡ู…ูˆุง
01:29
Once you understand this trait,
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01:30
you can understand why anybody would eat at Applebee's,
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ูŠูุถู„ ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ุงู„ุฃูƒู„ ูู‰ ู…ุทุงุนู… ุขุจู„ุจูŠูŠุฒ , ู„ูƒู† ู„ูŠุณ ุฃูŠ ุดุฎุต ู…ู† ู…ุนุงุฑููƒู… .
01:33
but not anybody that you know.
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01:34
(Laughter)
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( ุถุญูƒ )
01:40
This trait also tells us a lot about politics.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ .
01:43
The main researcher of this trait, Robert McCrae,
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ุงู„ุจุงุญุซ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ , ุฑูˆุจุฑุช ู…ูƒุฑุงูŠ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ,
01:45
says that "Open individuals have an affinity
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" ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ุชูุชุญูŠู† ู„ู‡ู… ุดุนูˆุฑ ู‚ูˆูŠ ู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠุฉ , ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู…ูŠุฉ , ูˆุฌู‡ุงุช ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑูŠุฉ " --
01:48
for liberal, progressive, left-wing political views ..."
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01:50
They like a society which is open and changing,
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุญุจูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุณุชุญุฏุซ ูˆู…ุชุบูŠุฑ --
" ููŠ ุญูŠู† ุงู„ุฃูุฑุงุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุชุตููˆู† ุจุงู„ุญุฏุฉ ูŠูุถู„ูˆู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู† , ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ , ุฃุฑุงุก ุงู„ุฌู†ุงุญ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†ูŠ "
01:53
"... whereas closed individuals prefer
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01:55
conservative, traditional, right-wing views."
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01:57
This trait also tells us a lot about the kinds of groups people join.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ ุชุฎุจุฑู†ุง ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุนู† ุฃู†ูˆุน ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดุงุฑูƒ .
02:01
Here's the description of a group I found on the web.
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุชูˆุตูŠู ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆุฌุฏุชู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุฑู†ุช .
02:03
What kinds of people would join
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ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุดุงุฑูƒ ููŠ ู…ุฌุชู…ุน ุนุงู„ู…ูŠ
02:05
"a global community ... welcoming people from every discipline and culture,
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ูˆุชุฑุญุจ ุจุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุฎู„ููŠุฉ ุฏุฑุงุณูŠุฉ ูˆูƒู„ ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ,
ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุจุญุซ ููŠ ูู‡ู… ุฃุนู…ู‚ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ,
02:09
who seek a deeper understanding of the world,
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ูˆู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฃู…ู„ ุฃู† ูŠุญู’ูˆู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูู‡ู… ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ู†ุง ูƒู„ู†ุง ุŸ
02:11
and who hope to turn that understanding into a better future for us all"?
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ู† ุดุฎุต ุฅุณู…ู‡ ุชูŠุฏ .
02:14
This is from some guy named Ted.
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( ุถุญูƒ )
02:16
Well, let's see now.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ , ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ุงู„ุขู† , ุฅุฐุง ุชูˆู‚ุน ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ู…ุชูุชุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠุตุจุญ ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠ ,
02:17
If openness predicts who becomes liberal,
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02:20
and openness predicts who becomes a TEDster,
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ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุชูˆู‚ุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุถูˆุงู‹ ููŠ ุชูŠุฏ ,
02:22
then might we predict that most TEDsters are liberal?
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ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ูุฎู…ู† ุฃู† ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู„ูŠูŠู† ู„ุชูŠุฏ ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูŠู† ุŸ
02:25
Let's find out.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุจุญุซ .
ุฃู†ุง ุณุฃุณุฃู„ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฑูุนูˆุง ุฃูŠุฏูŠูƒู… , ุณูˆุงุก ุฃู†ุช ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠ , ู…ุญุงูุธ ุฃูˆ ูˆุณุท --
02:27
I'll ask you to raise your hand, whether you are liberal, left of center --
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02:30
on social issues, primarily --
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ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุฃุณุงุณุงู‹ ,
02:32
or conservative.
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ุฃูˆ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูˆู† , ูˆุณูˆู ุฃุนุทูŠ ุฅุฎุชูŠุงุฑ ุซุงู„ุซ ,
02:33
And I'll give a third option,
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02:34
because I know there are libertarians in the audience.
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุนุฑู ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุฏุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูŠู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงู‡ุฏูŠู† .
ู„ุฐุง , ุงู„ุขู† , ู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒู… ุฅุฑูุนูˆุง ุฃูŠุฏูŠูƒู… --
02:37
So please raise your hand -- in the simulcast rooms too.
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ุชุญุช ููŠ ุบุฑู ุงู„ุจุซ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ,
ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ูƒู„ู†ุง ู†ุฑู‰ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง .
02:40
Let's let everybody see who's here.
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02:41
Please raise your hand if you'd say that you're liberal or left of center.
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ู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒู… ุฅุฑูุนูˆุง ุฃูŠุฏูŠูƒู… ู„ุชู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ุฃู†ูƒู… ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ุฃูˆ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูˆู† ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูˆุณุท.
ู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒู… ุฅุฑูุนูˆุง ุฃูŠุฏูŠูƒู… ุนุงู„ูŠุงู‹ ุงู„ุขู† . ุญุณู†ุงู‹ .
02:45
Please raise your hand high right now. OK.
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02:47
Please raise your hand if you'd say you're libertarian.
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ู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒู… ุฅุฑูุนูˆุง ุฃูŠุฏูŠูƒู… ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒ ุชุญุฑุฑูŠ .
02:50
OK. About two dozen.
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ุฃูˆูƒ , ุญูˆุงู„ู‰ -- 24 .
02:53
And please raise your hand if you'd say you are right of center or conservative.
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ูˆู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒู… ุฅุฑูุนูˆุง ุฃูŠุฏูŠูƒู… ู„ุชู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง ู…ู† ูŠู…ูŠู† ุงู„ูˆุณุท ุฃูˆ ุฃู†ูƒู… ู…ุญุงูุธูˆู† .
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 -- ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 8 ุฃูˆ ุนุดุฑุฉ .
02:57
One, two, three, four, five -- about eight or 10.
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03:01
OK.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ . ู‡ุฐุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ .
03:03
This is a bit of a problem.
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ุจุณุจุจ ู„ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุฏูู†ุง ู‡ูˆ ูู‡ู… ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ,
03:06
Because if our goal is to seek a deeper understanding of the world,
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ู„ุฅุฏุฑุงูƒ ูู‡ู… ุฃุนู…ู‚ ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู… ,
03:09
our general lack of moral diversity here is going to make it harder.
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ุฅูุชู‚ุงุฑู†ุง ุงู„ุนุงู… ู„ู„ุชู†ูˆุน ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุณูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ุง ุฃุตุนุจ .
03:13
Because when people all share values, when people all share morals,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุชุดุงุฑูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… , ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุชุดุงุฑูƒ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงุช ,
03:17
they become a team.
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ูุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุตุจุญูˆู† ูุฑูŠู‚ , ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูŠุชุฏุฎู„ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจุงู„ูุฑู‚ ,
03:18
And once you engage the psychology of teams,
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03:20
it shuts down open-minded thinking.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุบู„ู‚ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุนุฏ ู„ู„ุฅู†ูุชุงุญ .
03:25
When the liberal team loses,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุฎูู‚ ุงู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠ , ู…ุซู„ู…ุง ุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุนุงู… 2004 ,
03:27
[United States of Canada / Jesusland]
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03:29
as it did in 2004, and as it almost did in 2000,
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ูˆู…ุซู„ู…ุง ูƒุงุฏ ุฃู† ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ 2000 , ู†ุญู† ู†ุฑูŠุญ ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง .
03:31
we comfort ourselves.
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03:33
(Laughter)
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( ุถุญูƒ )
03:34
We try to explain why half of America voted for the other team.
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ู†ุญู† ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ุดุฑุญ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ุตูŽูˆุช ู†ุตู ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ู„ู„ูุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑ .
03:38
We think they must be blinded by religion
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ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุงุจุฏ ูˆุฃู†ู‡ู… ุนู…ูŠุงู† ุจุงู„ุฏูŠู† , ุฃูˆ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุฃุบุจูŠุงุก .
03:41
[Post-election US map: America / Dumbf*ckistan]
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03:44
or by simple stupidity.
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( ุถุญูƒ )
03:45
(Laughter)
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03:47
(Applause)
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( ุชุตููŠู‚ )
03:50
(Laughter)
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ู„ุฐุง , ุฅุฐุง ุฅุนุชู‚ุฏุชู… ุฃู† ู†ุตู ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠูŠู† ุฅู†ุชุฎุจูˆุง ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู†
03:56
So if you think that half of America votes Republican
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04:01
because they are blinded in this way,
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ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ุนู…ูŠุงู† ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ,
04:04
then my message to you is that you're trapped in a moral Matrix,
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ุฅุฐุง ุฑุณุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ูƒู… ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ูƒู… ู…ุญุฌูˆุฒูŠู† ููŠ ุดูŠุก ูŠุณู…ู‰ ู…ุตููˆูุฉ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ,
04:07
in a particular moral Matrix.
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ููŠ ู…ุตููˆูุฉ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุฎุงุตุฉ .
04:08
And by "the Matrix," I mean literally the Matrix, like the movie "The Matrix."
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ูˆุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ , ุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุฃู‚ุตุฏ ุงู„ู…ุตููˆูุฉ ุญุฑููŠุงู‹ ู…ุซู„ ููŠู„ู… " ุงู„ู…ุตููˆูุฉ . "
04:12
But I'm here today to give you a choice.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ู„ุฃุนุทูŠูƒู… ุฅุฎุชูŠุงุฑ .
04:14
You can either take the blue pill and stick to your comforting delusions,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ุงู„ูƒุจุณูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฒุฑู‚ุงุก ูˆุชุธู„ูˆู† ููŠ ุฃูˆู‡ุงู…ูƒู… ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุญุฉ ,
ุฃูˆ ุฃู† ุชุฃุฎุฐูˆุง ุงู„ูƒุจุณูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ,
04:19
or you can take the red pill,
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04:20
learn some moral psychology
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ุชุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุตุญูŠุญุฉ ูˆุฃู† ุชุฎุฑุฌูˆุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุตููˆูุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ .
04:21
and step outside the moral Matrix.
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04:23
Now, because I know --
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ุงู„ุขู† , ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุนุฑู --
04:24
(Applause)
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( ุชุตููŠู‚ )
04:28
I assume that answers my question.
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ุฃูˆูƒ , ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฌูŠุจ ุณุคุงู„ูŠ .
04:30
I was going to ask which one you picked, but no need.
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ูƒู†ุช ุณุฃุณุฃู„ูƒู… ุฃูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ู…ุง ุฅุฎุชุฑุชู… , ู„ูƒู† ู„ุง ุญูˆุฌุฉ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ.
04:32
You're all high in openness to experience,
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ูƒู„ูƒู… ู…ูŠุงู„ูˆู† ู„ู„ุนู‚ู„ ุงู„ู…ุชูุชุญ ู„ุชุฌุฑุจูˆุง , ูˆุจุฌุงู†ุจ ุฐู„ูƒ ,
04:34
and it looks like it might even taste good, and you're all epicures.
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ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุฌูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชุฐูˆู‚ , ูˆูƒู„ูƒู… ุฐูˆุงู‚ูŠู† .
ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูŠ ุงู„ุฃุญูˆุงู„ , ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ู…ุน ุงู„ูƒุจุณูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก .
04:38
Anyway, let's go with the red pill, study some moral psychology
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฏุฑุณ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ูˆู†ุฑู‰ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃูŠู† ุชุฃุฎุฐู†ุง .
04:41
and see where it takes us.
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ุฏุนู†ุง ู†ุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ .
04:42
Let's start at the beginning: What is morality, where does it come from?
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ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ูุถูŠู„ุฉ ูˆู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุตุฏุฑู‡ุง ุŸ
04:45
The worst idea in all of psychology
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ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณูˆุฃ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณ
04:47
is the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth.
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ู‡ูŠ ููƒุฑุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ ู‡ูˆ ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุฌูˆูุงุก ุนู†ุฏ ุงู„ู…ูŠู„ุงุฏ .
04:50
Developmental psychology has shown that kids come into the world
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ุฃู† ุชุทูˆุฑ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุฃุธู‡ุฑ
ุฃู† ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„ ูŠุฃุชูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆู‡ู… ูŠุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ
04:53
already knowing so much about the physical and social worlds
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ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุงุฏูŠุงุช ูˆ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ,
04:56
and programmed to make it really easy for them to learn certain things
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ูˆุฃู†ู‡ู… ู…ุจุฑู…ุฌูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุชุนู„ู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ู…ูุญุฏุฏุฉ ูŠูƒูˆู† ููŠ ู…ู†ุชู‡ู‰ ุงู„ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ
05:00
and hard to learn others.
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ูˆุตุนุจ ู„ุชุนู„ูŠู… ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† .
05:01
The best definition of innateness I've seen,
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ุฃุญุณู† ุชุนุฑูŠู ู„ ( ู‚ุฏุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฅุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ู„ู„ุชุนู„ู… ) ุนุฑูุชู‡ --
05:03
which clarifies so many things for me,
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ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุดุฑุญ ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู„ูŠ --
05:05
is from the brain scientist Gary Marcus.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ูŠ ุฌุงุฑูŠ ู…ุฑู‚ุณ .
05:07
He says, "The initial organization of the brain
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ูŠู‚ูˆู„ , " ุงู„ู…ู†ุธูˆู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุฎ ู„ุง ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ .
05:09
does not depend that much on experience.
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05:11
Nature provides a first draft, which experience then revises.
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ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุชูˆู‘ู„ุฏ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ , ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ ุจุฏูˆุฑู‡ุง ุชุฃุชูŠ ู„ุชุนุฏู„ู‡ุง ูˆุชู†ู‚ุญู‡ุง .
05:15
'Built-in' doesn't mean unmalleable;
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ูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู…ุตู†ูˆุน ูƒู„ู‡ ู…ุนุงู‹ ู„ุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ุบูŠุฑ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุชุฃุซุฑ :
05:17
it means organized in advance of experience."
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู†ู‡ ู…ูู†ุธู… ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฎุจุฑุฉ . "
05:20
OK, so what's on the first draft of the moral mind?
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ุฃูˆูƒ , ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู„ู„ุนู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ ุŸ
05:22
To find out, my colleague Craig Joseph and I read through the literature
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ู„ุชุฌุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ , ุฒู…ูŠู„ู‰ ูƒุฑูŠุฌ ุฌูˆุฒูŠู , ูˆุฃู†ุง
ู‚ุฑุฃู†ุง ุฎู„ุงู„ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุซุฑุจูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ( ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ) ,
05:26
on anthropology, on culture variation in morality
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ุนู† ุชุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚
05:29
and also on evolutionary psychology,
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ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุนู† ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑูŠ , ู„ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃูŠ ุชุทุงุจู‚ .
05:30
looking for matches:
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ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุนู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ุฃูˆ ูŠุชู‡ุฐุจูˆู† ,
05:32
What sorts of things do people talk about across disciplines
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05:34
that you find across cultures and even species?
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุฏู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุงุช ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุนุจุฑ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠ ุŸ
ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฎู…ุณ -- ุฃูุถู„ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุชุดุงุจู‡ู‡ ,
05:37
We found five best matches, which we call the five foundations of morality.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณู…ูŠู‡ุง ุฃุณุณ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณ .
05:40
The first one is harm/care.
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ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุถุฑุฑ .
05:42
We're all mammals here, we all have a lot of neural and hormonal programming
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ู†ุญู† ูƒู„ู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุซุฏูŠูŠุงุช ู‡ู†ุง , ูƒู„ู†ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงูŠุง ุนุตุจูŠุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ุฑู…ูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุดุฑุฉ
05:46
that makes us really bond with others, care for others,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุนู„ู†ุง ูุนู„ูŠุงู‹ ู…ุฌุชู…ุนูŠู† ู…ุนุงู‹ , ู†ู‡ุชู… ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† ,
05:48
feel compassion for others, especially the weak and vulnerable.
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ู†ุญุณ ุจุงู„ุดูู‚ุฉ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† , ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุต ุงู„ุถุนูŠู ูˆุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนุฑุถุฉ ู„ู„ุถุฑุฑ .
05:51
It gives us very strong feelings about those who cause harm.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุนุทูŠู†ุง ุดุนูˆุฑ ู‚ูˆูŠ ูุนู„ูŠ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุณุจุจูˆู† ุถุฑุฑ .
ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณุจุจ ููŠ ุญูˆุงู„ู‰ 70 %
05:55
This moral foundation underlies about 70 percent
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05:57
of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌู…ู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณู…ุนุชู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุชูŠุฏ .
05:59
The second foundation is fairness/reciprocity.
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ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ุนุฏู„ ุฃูˆ ุชุจุงุฏู„ ุงู„ู†ูุนูŠุฉ .
06:02
There's actually ambiguous evidence
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฏู„ูŠู„ ุบูŠุฑ ูˆุงุถุญ
06:04
as to whether you find reciprocity in other animals,
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ููŠ ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏ ู…ุจุงุฏู„ุฉ ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† ,
06:06
but the evidence for people could not be clearer.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฏู„ูŠู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูˆุถุญ .
06:08
This Norman Rockwell painting is called "The Golden Rule" --
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ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุงู„ุฑุณุงู… ู†ูˆุฑู…ุงู† ุฑูˆูƒูˆูŠู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุณู…ู‰ " ุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฐู‡ุจูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุนุงู…ู„ุงุช , "
ูˆู‚ุฏ ุณู…ุนู†ุง ุนู†ู‡ุง ู…ู† ูƒุงุฑูŠู† ุฃุฑู…ุณุชุฑูˆู†ุฌ , ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ,
06:11
as we heard from Karen Armstrong, it's the foundation of many religions.
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ูƒุงู„ู‚ุงุนุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฏูŠุงู† .
06:15
That second foundation underlies the other 30 percent
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุจุจ ุงู„ 30 % ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰
06:17
of the moral statements I've heard here at TED.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนุจูŠุฑุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนู†ูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุณู…ุนุชู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ูู‰ ุชูŠุฏ .
06:19
The third foundation is in-group/loyalty.
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ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ ุงู„ุซุงู„ุซุฉ ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุก ู„ู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ .
06:21
You do find cooperative groups in the animal kingdom,
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏูˆุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ --
ุชุฌุฏูˆู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ู…ุชุนุงูˆู†ุฉ --
06:24
but these groups are always either very small or they're all siblings.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุฏุงุฆู…ุง ุฅู…ุง ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฃูˆ ูƒู„ู‡ู… ูŠุนุชุจุฑูˆู† ุฅุฎูˆุฉ .
06:28
It's only among humans that you find very large groups of people
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ูู‚ุท ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏูˆุง ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
06:31
who are able to cooperate and join together into groups,
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุนุงูˆู† , ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุถู…ุงู… ู…ุนุงู‹ ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช --
06:34
but in this case, groups that are united to fight other groups.
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ู‡ , ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ู…ุนุงู‹ ู„ุชู‚ุงุชู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ .
06:37
This probably comes from our long history of tribal living, of tribal psychology.
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ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุชุงุฑูŠุฎู†ุง ุงู„ุทูˆูŠู„ ู…ุน ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจู„ูŠุฉ , ู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจู„ูŠุฉ .
06:41
And this tribal psychology is so deeply pleasurable
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุจู„ูŠุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ุญู‚ ู…ู…ุชุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
06:44
that even when we don't have tribes, we go ahead and make them,
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ุญุชู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ู‚ุจุงุฆู„ ,
ู†ุฐู‡ุจ ูˆู†ู†ุดุฃู‡ุง ู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ุชุนุฉ .
06:47
because it's fun.
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06:49
(Laughter)
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( ุถุญูƒ )
06:52
Sports is to war as pornography is to sex.
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ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุถุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุฑุจ ูƒู…ุง ุงู„ุฃูู„ุงู… ุงู„ุฎู„ูŠุนุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฌู†ุณ .
06:55
We get to exercise some ancient drives.
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ู„ุงุจุฏ ู„ู†ุง ู…ู† ุฃู† ู†ุชุฏุฑุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู… , ุฑุบุจุงุช ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ .
ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุฅุญุชุฑุงู… .
06:59
The fourth foundation is authority/respect.
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07:01
Here you see submissive gestures
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ู‡ู†ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุฅูŠู…ุงุฆุงุช ุฎุถูˆุน ู…ู† ุนุถูˆูŠู† ู‚ุฑูŠุจูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุตู„ุฉ ุจู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูˆุงุญุฏ --
07:02
from two members of very closely related species.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุจุดุฑ ู„ุง ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุงุณ ุงู„ู‚ูˆุฉ ูˆุงู„ูˆุญุดูŠุฉ ,
07:05
But authority in humans is not so closely based on power and brutality
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07:08
as it is in other primates.
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ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ููŠ ูƒู†ุงุฆุณ ุฅู†ุฌู„ุชุฑุง .
07:10
It's based on more voluntary deference and even elements of love, at times.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุถูˆุน ุจู†ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุญุชุฑุงู… ,
ูˆุญุชู‰ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุญุจ , ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู† .
07:14
The fifth foundation is purity/sanctity.
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ุงู„ุณู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงู…ุณุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุก ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฏุณูŠุฉ .
07:16
This painting is called "The Allegory Of Chastity,"
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชุณู…ู‰ " ุฑู…ุฒ ุงู„ุนูุฉ ,"
07:19
but purity is not just about suppressing female sexuality.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุก ู„ุง ูŠุชุนู„ู‚ ูู‚ุท ุจูƒุจุญ ุฌู…ุงุญ ุดุนูˆุฑ ุงู„ุฃู†ุซู‰ .
07:22
It's about any kind of ideology, any kind of idea
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ุฅู†ู‡ ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃูŠุฏูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ . ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃููƒุงุฑ
07:25
that tells you that you can attain virtue by controlling what you do with your body
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ูŠุฎุจุฑูƒ ุฃู†ูƒ ุชุณุชุทูŠุน ุฃู† ุชุธู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุจุฑุงุกุฉ ุงู„ุฃุทูุงู„
ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ููŠู…ุง ุชูุนู„ ุจุฌุณุฏูƒ .
ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุญูƒู… ุจู…ุง ุชูˆูุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุณุฏูƒ .
07:29
and what you put into your body.
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07:30
And while the political right may moralize sex much more,
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ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠุญูƒู… ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ูˆูŠุฏูŠู† ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ .
07:34
the political left is doing a lot of it with food.
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ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณูŠ ูŠู…ุงุฑุณู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ู…ุน ุงู„ุทุนุงู… .
07:36
Food is becoming extremely moralized nowadays.
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ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุฃุตุจุญ ุดูŠุก ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุญูƒู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃูŠุงู… ,
07:38
A lot of it is ideas about purity,
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ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฃููƒุงุฑ ุนู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุก ,
07:40
about what you're willing to touch or put into your body.
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ุนู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุชู„ู…ุณ ุฃูˆ ุชุฑูŠุฏ ุฅุฏุฎุงู„ู‡ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฌุณุฏูƒ .
07:43
I believe these are the five best candidates
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฎู…ุณ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ
07:45
for what's written on the first draft of the moral mind.
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ู„ู…ุง ูƒูุชุจ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุณูˆุฏุฉ ู„ู„ุนู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ .
07:48
I think this is what we come with, a preparedness to learn all these things.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ,
ุฅุณุชุนุฏุงุฏ ู„ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุนู† ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก .
07:52
But as my son Max grows up in a liberal college town,
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒู…ุง ูŠุดุจ ุฅุจู†ูŠ ู…ุงูƒุณ ููŠ ู…ุฏูŠู†ุฉ ุฌุงู…ุนูŠุฉ ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠุฉ ,
07:55
how is this first draft going to get revised?
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ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ู„ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุณูˆุฏุฉ ุฃู† ุชูุนุฏู„ ูˆ ุชูู†ู‚ุญ ุŸ
07:58
And how will it end up being different
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ูˆูƒูŠู ุณุชู†ุชู‡ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ูƒูˆู†ู‡ุง ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
07:59
from a kid born 60 miles south of us, in Lynchburg, Virginia?
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ุนู† ุทูู„ ูŠูˆู„ูุฏ 60 ู…ูŠู„ ุฌู†ูˆุจู†ุง ููŠ ู„ูŠู†ุดุจุฑุฌ , ููŠุฑุฌูŠู†ูŠุง ุŸ
08:02
To think about culture variation, let's try a different metaphor.
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ู„ูƒู‰ ู†ููƒุฑ ุจุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุงุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ , ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุฃุฎุฐ ู…ุซุงู„ ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ู .
ู„ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ --
08:06
If there really are five systems at work in the mind,
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08:08
five sources of intuitions and emotions,
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ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ู„ู„ุญุฏุณ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุดุงุนุฑ --
08:10
then we can think of the moral mind as one of those audio equalizers
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ุฅุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุนู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ
ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ู…ู†ุธู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุตูˆุงุช ู„ู‡ุง ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ,
08:13
that has five channels,
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08:14
where you can set it to a different setting on every channel.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุถุจุทู‡ุง ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูŠุฏ ููŠ ูƒู„ ู‚ู†ุงุฉ .
ูˆุฒู…ูŠู„ุงูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ , ุจุฑุงูŠุงู† ู†ูˆุณูŠูƒ ูˆ ุฌูŠุณูŠ ุฌุฑุงู‡ุงู… ูˆ ุฃู†ุง ,
08:17
My colleagues Brian Nosek and Jesse Graham and I
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ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู‚ุงุฆู…ุฉ ุจุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ , ูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูˆู‚ุนู†ุง ุงู„ุฃู„ูƒุชุฑูˆู†ูŠ www.YourMorals.org
08:20
made a questionnaire, which we put up on the web at www.YourMorals.org.
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ูˆุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู† , 30,000 ุดุฎุต ู‚ุฏ ุฃุฌุงุจูˆุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุงุณุฆู„ุฉ , ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู†ุชู… ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ .
08:25
And so far, 30,000 people have taken this questionnaire, and you can, too.
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08:29
Here are the results from about 23,000 American citizens.
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ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ .
ู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ ู…ู† ุญูˆุงู„ู‰ 23,000 ุดุฎุต ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒูŠ ุงู„ุฌู†ุณูŠุฉ .
08:33
On the left are the scores for liberals;
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ุฑุณู…ุช ุฃุฑู‚ุงู… ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูŠู† ,
08:35
on the right, conservatives; in the middle, moderates.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูˆู† . ูˆููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ู…ุนุชุฏู„ูˆู† .
08:37
The blue line shows people's responses on the average of all the harm questions.
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ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุฃุฒุฑู‚ ูŠูˆุถุญ ุฅุณุชุฌุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุณุฆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุงู„ุถุฑุฑ .
08:41
So as you see, people care about harm and care issues.
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ู„ุฐุง , ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชู‡ุชู… ุจู…ุณุงุฆู„ ุงู„ุถุฑุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฑุนุงูŠุฉ.
08:44
They highly endorse these sorts of statements all across the board,
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุนุทูˆู† ุฏุนู… ูƒุจูŠุฑ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุงุก
ุนุจุฑ ูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ู†ุตุฉ , ู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ,
08:47
but as you also see,
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08:48
liberals care about it a little more than conservatives; the line slopes down.
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ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ูŠู‡ุชู…ูˆู† ุจู‡ุง ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูˆู† , ุงู„ุฎุท ูŠู†ุญุฏุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณูู„ .
ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ุนุฏู„ .
08:52
Same story for fairness.
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08:53
But look at the other three lines.
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃู†ุธุฑูˆุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซ ุฎุทูˆุท ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ,
08:55
For liberals, the scores are very low.
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ุงู„ู…ุนุงุฑุถุฉ ู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูŠู† ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ .
08:57
They're basically saying, "This is not morality.
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ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ุฏุงุฆู…ุงู‹ , " ู„ุง, ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุงู‹ .
08:59
In-group, authority, purity -- this has nothing to do with morality. I reject it."
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ููŠ ุฌู…ุงุนุงุช ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ , ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุก -- ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ูŠุณุช ู„ู‡ุง ุนู„ุงู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ . ุฃู†ุง ุฃุฑูุถู‡ุง . "
ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ู…ุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃุตุจุญูˆุง ู…ุญุงูุธูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ , ุงู„ู‚ูŠู… ุชุฑุชูุน .
09:03
But as people get more conservative, the values rise.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู† ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ู„ู‡ู… -- ู†ูˆุนุง ู…ุง ู‚ู†ุงุชูŠู† ,
09:05
We can say liberals have a two-channel or two-foundation morality.
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ุฃูˆ ุณู…ุชูŠู† ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุชูŠู† ุฃุณุงุณูŠุชูŠู† .
09:08
Conservatives have more of a five-foundation,
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ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูˆู† ู„ู‡ู… ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู…ุจุงุฏุฆ ,
ุฃูˆ ุฎู…ุณุฉ ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ .
09:11
or five-channel morality.
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09:12
We find this in every country we look at.
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ูˆุฌุฏู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ูƒู„ ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ู†ุธุฑู†ุง ุฅู„ูŠู‡ุง .
ู‡ู†ุง ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ู„ 1,100 ู…ูˆุงุทู† ูƒู†ุฏูŠ .
09:14
Here's the data for 1,100 Canadians. I'll flip through a few other slides.
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ุณุฃุชุตูุญ ุณุฑูŠุนุงู‹ ุจุนุถ ุตูˆุฑ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ .
09:17
The UK, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe, Eastern Europe,
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ุงู„ู…ู…ู„ูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ , ุฃุณุชุฑุงู„ูŠุง , ู†ูŠูˆ ุฒูŠู„ุงู†ุฏ . ุบุฑุจ ุฃูˆุฑุจุง , ุดุฑู‚ ุฃูˆุฑุจุง ,
09:20
Latin America, the Middle East, East Asia and South Asia.
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ุฃู…ุฑูŠูƒุง ุงู„ู„ุงุชูŠู†ูŠุฉ , ุงู„ุดุฑู‚ ุงู„ุฃูˆุณุท . ุดุฑู‚ ุฃุณูŠุง ูˆ ุฌู†ูˆุจู‡ุง .
09:24
Notice also that on all of these graphs,
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ู„ุงุญุธ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฃู† ููŠ ูƒู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฑุณูˆู… ,
09:26
the slope is steeper on in-group, authority, purity,
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ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ู…ู†ุญุฏุฑุฉ ููŠ ุฌุฒุก ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ , ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุก .
09:29
which shows that, within any country,
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ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุฃู† ุฏุงุฎู„ ูƒู„ ุฏูˆู„ุฉ ,
09:31
the disagreement isn't over harm and fairness.
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ุงู„ุฅุฎุชู„ุงู ู„ูŠุณ ุจุณุจุจ ุงู„ุถุฑุฑ ูˆุงู„ุนุฏู„ .
09:33
I mean, we debate over what's fair,
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ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ -- ุฃู‚ุตุฏ , ู†ุญู† ู†ุชู†ุงุธุฑ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนุฏู„ --
09:35
but everybody agrees that harm and fairness matter.
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ู…ู†ุง ูŠูˆุงูู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุงู„ุถุฑุฑ ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุตุงู ุฃู…ุฑ ู…ู‡ู… .
09:39
Moral arguments within cultures
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ุงู„ุฅุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุงุช
09:41
are especially about issues of in-group, authority, purity.
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ู‡ูŠ ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุต ุนู† ู…ุดูƒู„ุงุช ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช , ูƒุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ , ุงู„ู†ู‚ุงุก .
09:44
This effect is so robust, we find it no matter how we ask the question.
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุฌูŠุฏ ู„ู„ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ูˆุฌุฏู†ุงู‡ ุฃูŠู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ .
09:47
In a recent study, we asked people,
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ููŠ ุฏุฑุงุณุฉ ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ,
09:49
suppose you're about to get a dog,
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ุณุฃู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุนู…ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุฑุบุจุชู‡ู… ููŠ ุฅู…ุชู„ุงูƒ ูƒู„ุจ .
09:51
you picked a particular breed, learned about the breed.
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ูˆุฅุฎุชุฑุชู… ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ,
ุนู„ู…ุชู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ ุนู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ .
09:53
Suppose you learn that this particular breed is independent-minded
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ุจุฅูุชุฑุงุถ ุฃู†ูƒู… ุนุฑูุชู… ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ ู„ู‡ุง ุนู‚ู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุณุชู‚ู„ุฉ ,
09:56
and relates to its owner as a friend and an equal.
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ูˆุชุชุนู„ู‚ ุจุตุงุญุจู‡ุง ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงู‹ ูƒุตุฏูŠู‚ ูˆู…ุณุงูˆูŠุฉ ู„ู‡ ุŸ
09:59
If you're a liberal, you say, "That's great!"
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ูู„ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒ ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠ ุณุชู‚ูˆู„ , " ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุดูŠุก ุนุธูŠู… ! "
10:01
because liberals like to say, "Fetch! Please."
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ูŠูˆุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง " ุฃุญุถุฑ ู„ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง , ู…ู† ูุถู„ูƒ ."
10:03
(Laughter)
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( ุถุญูƒ )
10:08
But if you're a conservative, that's not so attractive.
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูˆ ุงู†ูƒ ู…ุญุงูุธ , ูุฅู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ูŠุณ ุดูŠุก ุฌุฐุงุจ .
10:11
If you're conservative and learn that a dog's extremely loyal
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ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒ ู…ุญุงูุธ , ูˆุนุฑูุช ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒู„ุจ ูˆููŠู‘ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
10:14
to its home and family
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ู„ู„ุฃุณุฑุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู…ู†ุฒู„ , ูˆู„ุง ูŠุญุณ ุจุงู„ูˆุฏ ุณุฑูŠุนุงู‹ ุชุฌุงู‡ ุงู„ุบุฑุจุงุก ,
10:15
and doesn't warm up to strangers,
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10:16
for conservatives, loyalty is good; dogs ought to be loyal.
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ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู† -- ุญุณู†ุงู‹ , ุงู„ูˆู„ุงุก ุตูุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ -- ุงู„ูƒู„ุงุจ ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ุฃูˆููŠุงุก .
10:19
But to a liberal,
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูŠู† , ุฅู†ู‡ ุจู…ุซุงุจุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูƒู„ุจ
10:20
it sounds like this dog is running for the Republican nomination.
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ุณูŠุฑุดุญ ู†ูุณู‡ ู„ู„ุฅู†ุชุฎุงุจุงุช ุนู† ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู† .
10:23
(Laughter)
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( ุถุญูƒ )
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุฃู† ุชู‚ูˆู„ูˆุง , ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ,
10:25
You might say, OK, there are differences between liberals and conservatives,
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชู„ุงูุงุช ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู† ,
10:28
but what makes the three other foundations moral?
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ุณู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ุŸ
10:30
Aren't they the foundations of xenophobia, authoritarianism and puritanism?
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ุฃู„ุง ุชุนุชุจุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุช ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฎูˆู ู…ู† ุงู„ุบุฑุจุงุก
ูˆุณู„ุทุฉ ุฅุณุชุจุฏุงุฏูŠุฉ ูˆุจูŠูˆุฑูŠุชุงู†ุฒู…ูŠุฉ ( ุณู„ุทุฉ ุฏูŠู†ูŠุฉ ) ุŸ
10:34
What makes them moral?
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ู…ุง ุงู„ุฐู‰ ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุฎู„ู‚ ุŸ
10:35
The answer, I think, is contained in this incredible triptych from Hieronymus Bosch,
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ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ , ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ , ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ุนุธู…ุฉ ูˆุฌู…ุงู„ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฑุณุงู… ุงู„ุดู‡ูŠุฑ ู‡ูŠุฑูˆู†ูŠู…ุณ ุจูˆุด ,
" ุญุฏูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุณุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฏู†ูŠูˆูŠุฉ . "
10:39
"The Garden of Earthly Delights."
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ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุฌุฒุก , ู†ุฑู‰ ู„ุญุธุฉ ุงู„ุฎู„ู‚ .
10:41
In the first panel, we see the moment of creation.
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10:43
All is ordered, all is beautiful,
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ุงู„ูƒู„ ู…ูู†ุธู… , ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุฌู…ูŠู„ , ูƒู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูˆุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช
10:45
all the people and animals are doing what they're supposed to be doing,
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ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ู…ุง ูŠููุชุฑุถ ุฃู†ู‡ู… ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† , ุญูŠุซ ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠููุชุฑุถ ุจู‡ู… ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆุง .
10:49
are where they're supposed to be.
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10:50
But then, given the way of the world, things change.
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ู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง , ุจู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… , ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุชุชุบูŠุฑ .
10:53
We get every person doing whatever he wants,
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ู†ุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ูŠูุนู„ ู…ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏ ,
10:55
with every aperture of every other person and every other animal.
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ู…ุน ูƒู„ ุซู‚ุจ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ูˆูƒู„ ุญูŠูˆุงู† ุฃุฎุฑ .
10:58
Some of you might recognize this as the '60s.
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ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุฑุจู…ุง ูŠุฏุฑูƒ ุงู„ุญู‚ุจุฉ ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุณุชูŠู†ุงุช .
11:00
(Laughter)
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( ุถุญูƒ )
ู„ูƒู† ุญู‚ุจุฉ ุงู„ุณุชูŠู†ุงุช ุชู…ู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุจุนูŠู†ุงุช ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู‚ุฏุฑูŠุฉ
11:02
But the '60s inevitably gives way to the '70s,
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11:05
where the cuttings of the apertures hurt a little bit more.
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ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู† ุงู„ุซู‚ูˆุจ ูŠุถุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ .
11:08
Of course, Bosch called this hell.
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ุจุงู„ุทุจุน , ุจูˆุด ุณู…ุงู‡ุง ุงู„ุฌุญูŠู… .
11:11
So this triptych, these three panels,
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ู„ุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ูˆุญุฉ ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซูŠุฉ , ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฌุฒุงุก ุงู„ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ,
ุชูุตูˆุฑ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุจุฏูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุณุชู…ูŠู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู† ุชุถู…ุญู„ .
11:15
portray the timeless truth that order tends to decay.
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11:19
The truth of social entropy.
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ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ .
11:21
But lest you think this is just some part of the Christian imagination
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ู„ูƒู† ู„ูƒูŠ ู„ุง ุชุธู†ูˆู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูู‚ุท ุฌุฒุก ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฎูŠู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญูŠุฉ
11:24
where Christians have this weird problem with pleasure,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ุงู„ู…ุณูŠุญูŠู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุชุนุฉ ,
ู‡ู†ุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู‚ุตุฉ , ู†ูุณ ุฎุทูˆุงุช ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ,
11:27
here's the same story, the same progression,
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11:29
told in a paper that was published in "Nature" a few years ago,
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ู‚ุฏ ุณูุฑุฏุช ูู‰ ูˆุฑู‚ุฉ ูˆู†ูุดุฑุช ููŠ ู…ุฌู„ุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนุฉ ู…ู†ุฐ ุณู†ูˆุงุช ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ,
11:32
in which Ernst Fehr and Simon Gรคchter had people play a commons dilemma,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ููŠู‡ุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุงู† ุงู„ุฅู‚ุชุตุงุฏูŠุงู† ุฅุฑู†ุณุช ููŠุฑ ูˆ ุณูŠู…ูˆู† ุฌุงุดุชู†ุฑ ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ู… ุฃู†ุงุณ ูŠู„ุนุจูˆู† ู„ุนุจุฉ ู…ุดุชุฑูƒุฉ .
11:36
a game in which you give people money,
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ู„ุนุจุฉ ุญูŠุซ ุชุนุทูŠ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู†ู‚ูˆุฏ ,
11:38
and then, on each round of the game,
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ูˆูู‰ ูƒู„ ุฏูˆุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ,
11:40
they can put money into a common pot,
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ูŠุถุนูˆู† ู†ู‚ูˆุฏ ููŠ ูˆุนุงุก ู…ุดุชุฑูƒ ,
11:42
then the experimenter doubles what's there,
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูุฎุชุจุฑ ูŠุถุงุนู ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุนุงุก ,
11:44
and then it's all divided among the players.
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ูˆุจุนุฏู‡ุง ูŠูู‚ุณู… ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุนุงุก ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู„ุงุนุจูŠู† .
11:46
So it's a nice analog for all sorts of environmental issues,
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ู„ุฐุง ุฅู†ู‡ ู†ุธุงู… ู„ูƒู„ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆูŠุฉ
11:49
where we're asking people to make a sacrifice
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ุญูŠุซ ู†ุณุฃู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู„ุนู…ู„ ุชุถุญูŠุฉ
11:51
and they don't really benefit from their own sacrifice.
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ูˆู‡ู… ุฃู†ูุณู‡ู… ู„ุง ูŠุณุชููŠุฏูˆู† ู…ู† ุชุถุญูŠุชู‡ู… ุงู„ุดุฎุตูŠุฉ .
11:53
You really want everybody else to sacrifice,
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ู„ูƒู†ูƒู… ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุชุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ุฃุฎุฑ ุฃู† ูŠุถุญูŠ ,
11:55
but everybody has a temptation to free ride.
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ูŠุนูŠุด ุนู„ู‰ ุฅุบุฑุงุก ุฃู† ูŠุฑุจุญ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ูŠุถุญูŠ .
ูˆู…ุง ูŠุญุฏุซ ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ู‡ูˆ , ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุจุฏุฃ ุจุชุนุงูˆู† ู…ู†ุทู‚ูŠ --
11:58
What happens is that, at first, people start off reasonably cooperative.
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12:01
This is all played anonymously.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูƒู„ู‡ ูŠุนู…ู„ ู…ุนุง ุจุบู…ูˆุถ --
12:03
On the first round, people give about half of the money that they can.
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ููŠ ุฃูˆู„ ุฌูˆู„ุฉ , ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุนุทูŠ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู†ุตู ู…ุง ูŠุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‚ูˆุฏ .
12:06
But they quickly see other people aren't doing so much.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ู… ุณุฑูŠุนุงู‹ ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† , " ุฃุชุนุฑู , ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ู…ุฌู‡ูˆุฏ ูƒุจูŠุฑ ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ.
12:09
"I don't want to be a sucker. I won't cooperate."
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ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃูƒูˆู† ู…ุบูู„ . ุฃู†ุง ู„ู† ุฃุชุนุงูˆู† . "
12:11
So cooperation quickly decays
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุณุฑุนุงู† ู…ุง ูŠูุณุฏ ุงู„ุชุนุงูˆู† ู…ู† ู…ู†ุทู‚ ุฌูŠุฏ , ุฅู†ุญุฏุงุฑุงู‹ ุฅู„ู‰ ุตูุฑ .
12:13
from reasonably good down to close to zero.
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12:15
But then -- and here's the trick --
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ู„ูƒู† ุนู†ุฏู‡ุง -- ูˆู‡ู†ุง ุงู„ุญูŠู„ุฉ --
12:17
Fehr and Gรคchter, on the seventh round, told people,
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ููŠุฑ ูˆ ุฌูŠุดุชุฑ ู‚ุงู„ูˆุง -- ููŠ ุงู„ุฌูˆู„ุฉ ุงู„ุณุงุจุนุฉ ุฃุฎุจุฑูˆุง ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ,
" ุฃุชุนุฑููˆู† " ุดุฑุท ุฌุฏูŠุฏ .
12:20
"You know what? New rule.
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12:21
If you want to give some of your own money
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ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุชู… ุฃู† ุชุนุทูˆุง ุจุนุถ ู…ู† ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ูƒู… ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ
12:23
to punish people who aren't contributing,
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ู„ู…ุนุงู‚ุจุฉ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุชุจุฑุน , ุชุณุชุทูŠุนูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ . "
12:26
you can do that."
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12:27
And as soon as people heard about the punishment issue going on,
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ูˆุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุณู…ุงุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุนู‚ุงุจ ูˆุชุทุจูŠู‚ู‡ ,
12:30
cooperation shoots up.
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ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุชุจุฑุน ูŠุญุฏุซ .
12:32
It shoots up and it keeps going up.
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ูˆุฅุฒุฏุงุฏ ูˆุฅุณุชู…ุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ .
12:33
Lots of research shows that to solve cooperative problems, it really helps.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุชูุธู‡ุฑ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ูƒูŠ ุชุญู„ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุชุนุงูˆู†ูŠุฉ ู…ุชุฏุงุฎู„ุฉ , ูุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ูŠุณุงุนุฏ .
12:37
It's not enough to appeal to people's good motives.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ูƒุงููŠุงู‹ ุฃู† ุชุฑุงู‡ู† ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏูˆุงูุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ,
12:39
It helps to have some sort of punishment.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู‚ุงุจ .
12:41
Even if it's just shame or embarrassment or gossip,
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ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุจุงู„ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุฅุญุฑุงุฌ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ู‚ูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ู‚ุงู„ ,
ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู‚ุงุจ ู„ุฃู† ุชุฌู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ,
12:44
you need some sort of punishment
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12:45
to bring people, when they're in large groups, to cooperate.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู†ูˆู† ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ , ู„ู„ุชุนุงูˆู† ู…ุนุงู‹ .
12:48
There's even some recent research suggesting that religion --
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุจุญุงุซ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ ุชู‚ุชุฑุญ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู† --
12:51
priming God, making people think about God --
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ูŠู‚ุตุฏูˆู† ุงู„ู„ู‡ , ุฃู† ุชุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชููƒุฑ ุจุงู„ู„ู‡ --
12:53
often, in some situations, leads to more cooperative, more pro-social behavior.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ , ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุชู‚ูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุนุงูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ , ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุฅุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠ ุชุนุงูˆู†ูŠ ุฃูƒุซุฑ .
12:58
Some people think that religion is an adaptation
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ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุชุธู† ุฃู† ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู†ุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุชุฃู‚ู„ู…
13:00
evolved both by cultural and biological evolution
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ุชุทูˆุฑุช ู…ู† ูƒู„ุง ุงู„ุซู‚ุงูุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ
13:03
to make groups to cohere,
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ู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุชุชุญุฏ ,
13:04
in part for the purpose of trusting each other
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ููŠ ุฌุฒุก ู…ู†ู‡ุง ู„ุบุฑุถ ุงู„ุซู‚ุฉ ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† ,
13:07
and being more effective at competing with other groups.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุฃุซูŠุฑุงู‹ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงูุณุฉ ู…ุน ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุฃุฎุฑู‰ .
13:09
That's probably right, although this is a controversial issue.
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ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุญุชู…ู„ ุตุญูŠุญุงู‹ ,
ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุบู… ู…ู† ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู„ุฌุฏู„ .
13:12
But I'm particularly interested in religion and the origin of religion
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ู„ูƒู† ุฃู†ุง ู‡ู†ุง ู…ู‡ุชู… ุจุงู„ุฃุฎุต ุจุงู„ุฏูŠุงู†ุฉ ,
ูˆู…ู†ุดุฃ ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู†ุฉ , ูˆููŠู…ุง ุชูุนู„ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ู†ุง ูˆ ู„ุฃุฌู„ู†ุง .
13:16
and in what it does to us and for us,
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ู„ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุนุธู… ุฃุนุฌูˆุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุฌุฑุงู†ุฏ ูƒุงู†ูŠูˆู† ( ุงู„ุฃุฎุฏูˆุฏ ุงู„ุฃุนุธู… - ุฃุฑูŠุฒูˆู†ุง )
13:18
because I think the greatest wonder in the world is not the Grand Canyon.
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13:21
The Grand Canyon is really simple --
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ุงู„ุฌุฑุงู†ุฏ ูƒุงู†ูŠูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุจุณูŠุท .
13:23
a lot of rock and a lot of water and wind and a lot of time,
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตุฎูˆุฑ , ูˆุฌุงุก ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ูˆ ุงู„ุฑูŠุงุญ , ูˆูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ,
13:26
and you get the Grand Canyon.
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ูˆุชุญุตู„ูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงู† ูƒุงู†ูŠูˆู† .
13:28
It's not that complicated.
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ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ .
13:29
This is what's complicated:
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ูุนู‚ุฏ ,
13:30
that people lived in places like the Grand Canyon, cooperating with each other,
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ุฃู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู†ุงุณ ุชุนูŠุด ููŠ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฌุฑุงู†ุฏ ูƒุงู†ูŠูˆู† ,
ุชุชุนุงูˆู† ู…ุน ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ , ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณุงูุงู†ุง ููŠ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ,
13:34
or on the savannahs of Africa or the frozen shores of Alaska.
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ุฃูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุณูˆุงุญู„ ุฃู„ุงุณูƒุง ุงู„ู…ุชุฌู…ุฏุฉ , ูˆุจุนุถ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู‚ูุฑู‰
13:37
And some of these villages grew into the mighty cities of Babylon
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ุงู„ุชู‰ ู†ุดุฃุช ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏู† ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ู„ุจุงุจู„ , ูˆุฑูˆู…ุง , ูˆุชูŠู†ูˆุชุดุชูŠุชู„ุงู†ุฏ ( ุงู„ู…ูƒุณูŠูƒ ).
13:40
and Rome and Tenochtitlan.
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13:42
How did this happen?
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ูƒูŠู ุญุฏุซ ุฐู„ูƒ ุŸ
13:43
It's an absolute miracle, much harder to explain than the Grand Canyon.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุนุฌุฒุฉ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ , ุฃุตุนุจ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุชูˆุถูŠุญ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฌุฑุงู†ุฏ ูƒุงู†ูŠูˆู† .
13:46
The answer, I think, is that they used every tool in the toolbox.
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ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ , ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ , ุฃู†ู‡ู… ู‚ุฏ ุฅุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆุง ูƒู„ ุฃุฏุงุฉ ู…ู† ุตู†ุฏูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฃุฏูˆุงุช .
ุฅุณุชุบุฑู‚ุช ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุนู„ูˆู…ู†ุง ุงู„ู†ูุณูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ
13:50
It took all of our moral psychology to create these cooperative groups.
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ู„ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุนุงูˆู†ุฉ .
13:53
Yes, you need to be concerned about harm, you need a psychology of justice.
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ู†ุนู… , ุชุญุชุงุฌูˆู† ู„ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู…ู‡ุชู…ูŠู† ุจุงู„ุถุฑุฑ ,
ุชุญุชุงุฌูˆุง ุนู„ู… ู†ูุณ ู„ู„ุนุฏุงู„ุฉ .
13:56
But it helps to organize a group if you have subgroups,
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุณุงุนุฏ ููŠ ุชู†ุธูŠู… ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒู… ุชู…ู„ูƒูˆู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ,
13:59
and if those subgroups have some internal structure,
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ูˆู„ูˆ ุฃู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู„ู‡ู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุจู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏุงุฎู„ูŠุฉ ,
14:02
and if you have some ideology that tells people
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ูˆู„ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒู… ู„ูƒู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃูŠุฏูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฎุจุฑ ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
14:04
to suppress their carnality -- to pursue higher, nobler ends.
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ุฃู† ุชู‚ู…ุน ุฃูˆ ุชูƒุจุญ ุดู‡ูˆุงู†ูŠุชู‡ู… , ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุฃุนู„ู‰ , ู„ุฃู†ุจู„ ุงู„ุบุงูŠุงุช .
ูˆุงู„ุขู† ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃู‡ู… ู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุฎุชู„ุงู
14:09
Now we get to the crux of the disagreement between liberals and conservatives:
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ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู† .
14:12
liberals reject three of these foundations.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ูŠุฑูุถูˆู† ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู…ุงุช .
ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† " ู„ุง , ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุญุชูู„ ุจุงู„ุชุนุฏุฏูŠุฉ , ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู‡ู… ุฃู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ุฃุนุถุงุก ุฏุงุฎู„ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ."
14:15
They say, "Let's celebrate diversity, not common in-group membership,"
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† , " ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุณุฃู„ ุงู„ุณู„ุทุงุช . "
14:18
and, "Let's question authority," and, "Keep your laws off my body."
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† , " ู„ุง ุชุฌุนู„ ู‚ูˆุงู†ูŠู†ูƒู… ุชู‚ุชุฑุจ ู…ู† ุฌุณุฏูŠ . "
14:21
Liberals have very noble motives for doing this.
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ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ู„ู‡ู… ุฏูˆุงูุน ู†ุจูŠู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ .
14:23
Traditional authority and morality can be quite repressive and restrictive
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ุงู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ , ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ , ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ู…ุง ู‚ู…ุนูŠุฉ ,
14:27
to those at the bottom, to women, to people who don't fit in.
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ูˆู…ูู‚ูŠุฏุฉ ู„ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู‚ุงุจุนูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญุถูŠุถ , ู„ู„ู†ุณุงุก , ู„ู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠุชู„ุงุฆู…ูˆู† ู…ุนู‡ุง .
14:30
Liberals speak for the weak and oppressed.
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ู„ุฐุง ูุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูˆู† ูŠุชุญุฏุซูˆู† ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุถุนูŠู ูˆุงู„ู…ุธู„ูˆู… .
14:32
They want change and justice, even at the risk of chaos.
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ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ูˆุนุฏุงู„ุฉ , ุญุชู‰ ููŠ ุจุฃุฎุฐ ู…ุฌุงุฒูุฉ ุงู„ููˆุถู‰ .
ูุงู†ู„ุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ูˆู„ุฏ ู…ูƒุชูˆุจ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง , " ุฃูˆู‚ู ุงู„ุชุฐู…ุฑ , ุฅุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ . "
14:35
This shirt says, "Stop bitching, start a revolution."
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14:37
If you're high in openness to experience, revolution is good; it's change, it's fun.
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ู„ูˆ ุฅู†ูƒู… ู…ุฌุงู‡ุฑูˆู† ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ู„ุชุฎุชุจุฑูˆุง , ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ ,
ุฅู†ู‡ ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ , ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุชุนุฉ .
14:41
Conservatives, on the other hand, speak for institutions and traditions.
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ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูˆู† , ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฌุงู†ุจ ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑ , ูŠุชุญุฏุซูˆู† ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ู…ุคุณุณุงุช ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ .
ุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู† ู†ุธุงู… , ุญุชู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุณุงุจ ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุญุถูŠุถ .
14:45
They want order, even at some cost, to those at the bottom.
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14:47
The great conservative insight is that order is really hard to achieve.
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ูุทู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูˆู† ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ู‡ูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุจุงู„ูุนู„ ุตุนุจ ุงู„ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ .
ุฅู†ู‡ ู„ุดูŠุก ุซู…ูŠู† , ูˆู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ุณู‡ู„ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฃู† ุชูู‚ุฏู‡ .
14:51
It's precious, and it's really easy to lose.
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14:53
So as Edmund Burke said, "The restraints on men,
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ูƒู…ุง ู‚ุงู„ ุฅุฏู…ูˆู†ุฏ , " ุงู„ู‚ูŠูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ ,
14:55
as well as their liberties, are to be reckoned among their rights."
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ูุถู„ุงู‹ ุนู† ุญุฑูŠุงุชู‡ู… , ู„ุงุจุฏ ูˆุฃู† ุชุคุฎุฐ ููŠ ุงู„ุฅุนุชุจุงุฑ ู…ุน ุญู‚ูˆู‚ู‡ู… . "
ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุชุดูˆูŠุด ุงู„ุญุงุฏุซ ู…ู† ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ .
14:59
This was after the chaos of the French Revolution.
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ู„ุฐุง ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ -- ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุฃู† ุชุฑู‰
15:01
Once you see that liberals and conservatives
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ุฃู† ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠูŠู† ูˆุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู† ู„ู‡ู… ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู…ุง ูŠุณุงู‡ู…ูˆู† ุจู‡ ,
15:03
both have something to contribute,
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15:05
that they form a balance on change versus stability,
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ูุฅู†ู‡ู… ูŠุดูƒู„ูˆู† ุชูˆุงุฒู† ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ุฅุณุชู‚ุฑุงุฑ --
15:08
then I think the way is open to step outside the moral Matrix.
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ูุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู…ูุชูˆุญ ู„ู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุตููˆูุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ .
15:11
This is the great insight
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฌุนู„ุช ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฏูŠุงู†ุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณูŠูˆูŠุฉ ู‚ุฏ ู†ุฌุญุช .
15:13
that all the Asian religions have attained.
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15:16
Think about yin and yang.
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ููƒุฑ ููŠ ูŠู† ูˆ ูŠุงู†ุฌ .
15:17
Yin and yang aren't enemies; they don't hate each other.
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ูŠู† ูˆ ูŠุงู†ุฌ ู„ูŠุณูˆุง ุฃุนุฏุงุก . ูŠู† ูˆ ูŠุงู†ุฌ ู„ุง ูŠูƒุฑู‡ูˆู† ุจุนุถู‡ู… ุงู„ุจุนุถ .
15:20
Yin and yang are both necessary, like night and day,
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ูƒู„ ู…ู† ูŠู† ูˆูŠุงู†ุฌ ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ , ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠู„ ูˆ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑ ,
15:22
for the functioning of the world.
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุชุชุงุจุน ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… .
15:24
You find the same thing in Hinduism.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏูˆุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูˆุณูŠุฉ .
15:26
There are many high gods in Hinduism.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃู„ู‡ุฉ ุงู„ุนุธูŠู…ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏูˆุณูŠุฉ .
15:28
Two of them are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.
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ุฅุซู†ูŠู† ู…ู†ู‡ู… ู‡ู…ุง ูุดู†ูŠูˆ ุงู„ุญุงูุธ , ูˆุดูŠูุง ุงู„ู…ุฏู…ุฑ .
15:31
This image, actually, is both of those gods
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ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉ ุชุฌู…ุน ูƒู„ ู…ู† ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ุฃู„ู‡ุฉ ูŠุชุดุงุฑูƒูˆุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฌุณุฏ .
15:33
sharing the same body.
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15:34
You have the markings of Vishnu on the left,
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ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ูุดู†ูŠูˆ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ,
15:36
so we could think of Vishnu as the conservative god.
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ู„ุฐุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ููƒุฑ ุจูุดู†ูŠูˆ ูƒุฅู„ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุงูุธูŠู† .
15:39
You have the markings of Shiva on the right -- Shiva's the liberal god.
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ุชุฑูˆู† ุงู„ุนู„ุงู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจุดูŠูุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู† ,
ุดูŠูุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฅู„ู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠุจุฑุงู„ูŠ -- ูˆู‡ู…ุง ูŠุนู…ู„ุงู† ู…ุนุงู‹ .
15:42
And they work together.
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15:43
You find the same thing in Buddhism.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุฌุฏูˆุง ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุงู„ุจูˆุฐูŠุฉ .
15:45
These two stanzas contain, I think, the deepest insights
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ู‡ุฐูŠู† ุงู„ุดูƒู„ูŠู† ูŠูˆุญูŠุงู† , ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ , ุจุฃุนู…ู‚ ุฑุคูŠุฉ
ู†ุฌุญุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุนู…ุงู‚ ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ .
15:48
that have ever been attained into moral psychology.
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15:50
From the Zen master Sฤ“ngcร n:
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู† ู„ูˆุฑุฏ ุงู„ุณูŠู†ุฌ-ุชุณุงู† ( ุนู‚ูŠุฏุฉ ุตูŠู†ูŠุฉ ) :
15:52
"If you want the truth to stand clear before you, never be 'for' or 'against.'
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" ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุช ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ ุฃู† ุชู‚ู ุจูˆุถูˆุญ ุจุฌุงู†ุจูƒ , ู„ุง ุชูƒู† ุฃุจุฏุงู‹ ู…ุน ุฃูˆ ุถุฏ ,
ุงู„ุตุฑุงุน ุจูŠู† "ู…ุน" ุฃูˆ "ุถุฏ" ุฃู„ุง ูˆู‡ูˆ ุฃุณูˆุฃ ู…ุฑุถ ู„ู„ุนู‚ู„ . "
15:57
The struggle between 'for' and 'against' is the mind's worst disease."
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16:00
Unfortunately, it's a disease that has been caught
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ู„ุณูˆุก ุงู„ุญุธ ุงู„ุขู† , ุฅู†ู‡ ู…ุฑุถ
ู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุงุจ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู‚ุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… .
16:03
by many of the world's leaders.
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ู„ูƒู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ุชุญุณูˆุง ุฃู†ูƒู… ุฃูุถู„ ู…ู† ุฌูˆุฑุฌ ุจูˆุด ,
16:05
But before you feel superior to George Bush,
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16:07
before you throw a stone, ask yourself:
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ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ุชุฑู…ูˆุง ุญุฌุฑ , ุฅุณุฃู„ูˆุง ุฃู†ูุณูƒู… : ู‡ู„ ุชู‚ุจู„ูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุŸ
16:09
Do you accept this?
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16:11
Do you accept stepping out of the battle of good and evil?
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ู‡ู„ ุชู‚ุจู„ูˆู† ุฃู† ุชุฎุฑุฌูˆุง ุฎุงุฑุฌ ู…ุนุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ุฎูŠุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ุดุฑ ุŸ
16:14
Can you be not for or against anything?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ุชูƒูˆู†ูˆุง ู„ุง ู…ุน ุฃูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุถุฏ ุฃู‰ ุดูŠุก ุŸ
16:17
So what's the point? What should you do?
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ุฅุฐุง ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‡ุฏู ุŸ ู…ุง ุงู„ู…ูุฑูˆุถ ุฃู† ุชูุนู„ูˆู‡ ุŸ
16:20
Well, if you take the greatest insights
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ , ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐุชู… ุฃุนุธู… ุญูƒู…ุฉ
16:23
from ancient Asian philosophies and religions
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูู„ุณูุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฏูŠู…ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุฏูŠุงู† ,
16:25
and combine them with the latest research on moral psychology,
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ูˆุฃู† ุชุฌู…ุนูˆู‡ุง ู…ุน ุฃุฎุฑ ุฃุจุญุงุซ ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุงู„ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ ,
ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ูƒู… ุณุชุตู„ูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุฅุณุชู†ุชุงุฌุงุช :
16:28
I think you come to these conclusions:
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ุฃู† ุนู‚ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุตุงู„ุญ ูƒุงู† ู‚ุฏ ุตูู…ู… ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ
16:30
that our righteous minds were designed by evolution
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16:33
to unite us into teams,
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ุจู‡ุฏู ุฅุชุญุงุฏู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ูุฑู‚ , ู„ุชู‚ุณูŠู… ุฃู†ูุณู†ุง ุถุฏ ูุฑู‚ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
16:35
to divide us against other teams
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16:36
and then to blind us to the truth.
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ูŠู‚ูˆุฏู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ .
16:39
So what should you do?
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ู„ุฐุง ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ ุŸ ู‡ู„ ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู„ูƒู… ู„ุง ุชูƒุงูุญูˆุง ุŸ
16:41
Am I telling you to not strive?
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16:43
Am I telling you to embrace Sฤ“ngcร n and stop,
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ู‡ู„ ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุฃู† ุชุนุชู†ู‚ูˆุง ุนู‚ูŠุฏุฉ ุณูŠู†ุฌ ุชุณุงู† ูˆุฃู† ุชูˆู‚ููˆุง ,
16:46
stop with the struggle of for and against?
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ุฃู† ุชูˆู‚ููˆุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุตุฑุงุน ุจูŠู† "ู…ุน" ูˆ "ุถุฏ" ุŸ
16:49
No, absolutely not. I'm not saying that.
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ู„ุง , ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู„ุง . ุฃู†ุง ู„ุง ุฃู‚ูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง .
16:51
This is an amazing group of people who are doing so much,
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฑุงุฆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠูุนู„ูˆู† ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ,
16:54
using so much of their talent,
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ูŠุณุชุฎุฏู…ูˆู† ูƒุซูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ู…ูˆุงู‡ุจู‡ู… , ุฐูƒุงุฆู‡ู… , ุทุงู‚ุชู‡ู… , ุฃู…ูˆุงู„ู‡ู… ,
16:56
their brilliance, their energy, their money,
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16:58
to make the world a better place,
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ู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ูƒุงู† ุฃูุถู„ , ู„ู„ู‚ุชุงู„ --
16:59
to fight wrongs,
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ู„ู…ุญุงุฑุจุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎุทุงุก , ู„ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ .
17:01
to solve problems.
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17:04
But as we learned from Samantha Power
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒู…ุง ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุง ู…ู† ุณุงู…ู†ุซุง ุจูˆุฑ ููŠ ู‚ุตุชู‡ุง
17:06
in her story about Sรฉrgio Vieira de Mello,
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ุนู† ุณูŠุฑุฌู‰ ููŠุงุฑุง ุฏูŠ ู…ูŠู„ูˆ ( ุฏุจู„ูˆู…ุงุณู‰ ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„ูŠ ) , ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ุงู„ุชุณุฑุน ููŠ
17:11
you can't just go charging in, saying, "You're wrong, and I'm right,"
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ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ , " ุฃู†ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฎุทุฃ , ูˆุฃู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุตูˆุงุจ ."
17:15
because, as we just heard, everybody thinks they are right.
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ุจุณุจุจ , ูƒู…ุง ุณู…ุนู†ุง , ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุตูˆุงุจ .
17:19
A lot of the problems we have to solve
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ุนู†ุฏู†ุง ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุชุญุชุงุฌ ู„ู„ุญู„
17:20
are problems that require us to change other people.
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ูˆู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุชุชุทู„ ู…ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุบูŠู’ุฑ ุฃู†ุงุณ ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† .
17:23
And if you want to change other people,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุฃุฑุฏุชู… ุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุฃู†ุงุณ ุฃุฎุฑูŠู† , ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃูุถู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู„ููุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
17:25
a much better way to do it is to first understand who we are --
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃูˆู„ุง ุฃู† ู†ูู‡ู… ู…ู† ู†ุญู† -- ู†ูู‡ู… ูู„ุณูุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ,
17:29
understand our moral psychology,
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17:30
understand that we all think we're right --
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ู†ูู‡ู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ูƒู„ู†ุง ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุตูˆุงุจ -- ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ุง ู†ุชุญุฑูƒ --
17:33
and then step out,
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17:34
even if it's just for a moment, step out -- check in with Sฤ“ngcร n.
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ุญุชู‰ ูˆู„ูˆ ู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ , ู†ุณูŠุฑ -- ู†ุจุญุซ ููŠ ุนู‚ูŠุฏุฉ ุณูŠู†ุฌ - ุชุณุงู† .
17:38
Step out of the moral Matrix,
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ู†ุฎุฑุฌ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ู…ุตููˆู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ,
17:40
just try to see it as a struggle playing out,
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ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ู†ุฑุงู‡ุง ูƒุตุฑุงุน ุฃูˆ ูƒูุงุญ ูŠุชุทูˆุฑ ู„ู„ุฃูุถู„
17:42
in which everybody thinks they're right, and even if you disagree with them,
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ุญูŠุซ ุฃู† ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ูŠุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุตูˆุงุจ ,
ูˆูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ , ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„ ูŠู…ู„ูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ -- ุญุชู‰ ู„ูˆ ุฃู†ูƒู… ู„ุง ุชูˆุงูู‚ูˆู† ู…ุนู‡ู… --
17:46
everybody has some reasons for what they're doing.
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ูƒู„ ุดุฎุต ู„ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ู…ุง ูŠุฌุนู„ู‡ ูŠูุนู„ ู…ุง ูŠูุนู„ .
17:48
Step out.
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ุฃุฎุฑุฌูˆุง .
17:49
And if you do that, that's the essential move to cultivate moral humility,
406
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ูˆู„ูˆ ูุนู„ุชู… ุฐู„ูƒ , ูุฅู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุฎุทูˆุฉ ุงู„ุฌูˆู‡ุฑูŠุฉ ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชู‡ุฐูŠุจ ุชูˆุงุถุน ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ ,
17:53
to get yourself out of this self-righteousness,
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ู„ุชุฎุฑุฌูˆุง ุจุฃู†ูุณูƒู… ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจุฑ ุงู„ุฐุงุชูŠ ,
ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ .
17:55
which is the normal human condition.
408
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ููƒุฑูˆุง ุจุงู„ุฏู„ุงูŠ ู„ุงู…ุง .
17:57
Think about the Dalai Lama.
409
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17:58
Think about the enormous moral authority of the Dalai Lama.
410
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ููƒุฑูˆุง ุจุงู„ูƒู… ุงู„ู‡ุงุฆู„ ู„ู„ุณู„ุทุฉ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุฏู„ุงูŠ ู„ุงู…ุง --
18:01
It comes from his moral humility.
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ูˆุฃู† ู…ุตุฏุฑู‡ุง ู…ู† ุชูˆุงุถุนู‡ ุงู„ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠ .
18:05
So I think the point --
412
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ู„ุฐุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ู‡ุฏู -- ู…ู‚ุตุฏ ุญุฏูŠุซูŠ ,
18:06
the point of my talk and, I think, the point of TED --
413
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ู‡ุฏู -- ู…ู‚ุตุฏ ุชูŠุฏ ,
18:10
is that this is a group that is passionately engaged
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ู‡ูˆ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุฅุฑุชุจุทุช ุจุฅู„ุชุฒุงู… ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ
18:13
in the pursuit of changing the world for the better.
415
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ู„ู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุจุชุบูŠูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู„ู„ุฃูุถู„ .
18:15
People here are passionately engaged
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ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ู‡ู†ุง ุชุชุดุงุฑูƒ ุจุญู…ุงุณ
18:17
in trying to make the world a better place.
417
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ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู„ุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ู…ูƒุงู† ุฃูุถู„ .
18:19
But there is also a passionate commitment to the truth.
418
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฅู„ุชุฒุงู… ุดุบูˆู ุจุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ .
18:23
And so I think the answer is to use that passionate commitment to the truth
419
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ูˆู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฅุฌุงุจุฉ ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ู†ุณุชุบู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฅู„ุชุฒุงู… ุงู„ู…ุชุญู…ุณ
ุจู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู„ุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ูุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุฃูุถู„ ู„ู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ .
18:28
to try to turn it into a better future for us all.
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18:31
Thank you.
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ุฃุดูƒุฑูƒู… .
18:32
(Applause)
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( ุชุตููŠู‚ )
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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